三种过瘤胃胆碱产品性能比较研究

为了评定一种新研发的过瘤胃胆碱的基本性能,试验采用体外模拟与体内试验相结合的方法,测定了此过瘤胃胆碱产品与另外两种国内外过瘤胃胆碱产品的实际包被胆碱含量、口腔降解率、瘤胃降解率、小肠降解率。结果表明:与另外两种产品比较,此过瘤胃胆碱产品在口腔保护方面差异不显著(P0.05),可以看出此产品在口腔内稳定;在瘤胃保护方面稍差,但也能起到较好的保护作用;在小肠释放方面明显优于另外两种产品。说明此过瘤胃胆碱产品在瘤胃保护性较好,适合在生产中使用。     

不同瘤胃保护性胆碱对围产后期奶牛酮病发病率和血液代谢指标的影响

本试验通过尼龙袋降解试验和饲喂试验,比较两种过瘤胃胆碱的干物质降解率和胆碱保护率及其对围产期奶牛酮病发病率和血液代谢指标的影响。研究分为两个部分：试验一使用尼龙袋法在瘤胃瘘管奶牛上对两种过瘤胃胆碱（A为对照组,B为试验组）的干物质降解率和胆碱保护率进行测定。试验二选取广西某规模化奶牛场的围产牛,采用分阶段对比试验设计,于产前21d开始至分娩分别饲喂含过瘤胃氯化胆碱A和过瘤胃氯化胆碱B的日粮;试验期间全混合日粮（TMR）配方保持不变。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组胆碱的瘤胃干物质降解率较低,过瘤胃保护率较高。试验组奶牛酮病发病率较低;在产后14d和21d,试验组奶牛血液葡萄糖浓度显著增加。综上,根据瘤胃保护率、奶牛酮病发病率和血液代谢试验结果可知,试验组过瘤胃胆碱优于对照组。     

过瘤胃保护胆碱在奶牛生产中的应用

过瘤胃保护胆碱（RPC）可有效防止瘤胃微生物对胆碱的降解,使胆碱在理想部位即小肠释放进而被吸收。许多研究证实,RPC促进围产期奶牛健康,提高生产性能以及繁殖性能。本文系统综述了过瘤胃保护胆碱对奶牛代谢和生产性能的影响与作用机制,讨论了影响其添加效果的各种因素及胆碱过瘤胃技术的现状。     

过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛营养作用的研究进展

本文通过研究围产期奶牛的代谢特点,阐述了胆碱的生物学功能及其在瘤胃中的代谢机理,同时论述了过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛的营养作用。旨在为应用过瘤胃胆碱缓解奶牛能量负平衡,减少围产期奶牛营养代谢病发病率,提高奶牛生产性能,延长奶牛利用年限奠定理论参考依据。     

过瘤胃氯化胆碱在奶牛生产中的研究与应用

由于胆碱能被瘤胃内的微生物大量降解进而减弱其生物学功能,所以采用过瘤胃技术能够使胆碱在预防奶牛产后出现的能量负平衡状态、脂肪肝和酮病等疾病方面发挥作用,进而改善奶牛机体健康和提高产奶量。本文收集整理了过瘤胃氯化胆碱的相关资料,简要介绍了氯化胆碱理化性质、来源、包被技术和其在奶牛生产上研究与应用的进展,为过瘤胃氯化胆碱在奶牛日粮上的应用提供理论上的支持和参照。     

胆碱对瘤胃微生物代谢的影响

本试验以玉米秸为基础日粮 ,应用体外发酵产气法研究胆碱对微生物蛋白质合成效率、饲料降解率、瘤胃微生物生长的影响。试验结果表明 :⑴胆碱可刺激瘤胃微生物的生长 ,促进瘤胃微生物合成蛋白质 ,提高微生物蛋白质产量 (P 0 0 5 )。⑵胆碱对瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解和利用并无显著影响 (P 0 0 5 )。⑶培养 2 4小时后 ,胆碱并不能提高瘤胃液中总氮和氨态氮浓度 (P 0 0 5 )。⑷胆碱可刺激原虫生长 (P 0 0 5 )。⑸胆碱对瘤胃液pH值的影响不大(P 0 0 5 )。⑹胆碱对瘤胃液的挥发性脂肪酸及乙、丙、丁酸浓度 ,乙 /丙比例均无显著影响 (P 0 0 5 )。结论是 :胆碱可刺激瘤胃微生物生长 ,促进瘤胃微生物合成蛋白质 ,在反刍动物日粮中应添加胆碱 ,但添加时应考虑到动物日粮组成及动物缺乏情况     

日粮中添加瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和胆碱对泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响

研究瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和胆碱对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和代谢的影响，试验选用8头泌乳日龄为21～91d的荷斯坦奶牛，以玉米青贮料为基础配制全混合日粮，基础日粮中蛋氨酸含量为42g／a。在基础日粮基础上分别添加瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和胆碱，分为4个日粮处理组：对照组；添加20g／d瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸组；添加45g／d瘤胃保护性甜菜碱组和添加40g／d瘤胃保护性胆碱组。同时在所有处理组中添加一定量脂肪酸钙盐以确保各处理组含有相同的脂肪含量。结果显示，各处理组对初产奶牛的采食量、产奶量和乳成分无显著影响，经产奶牛的平均干物质采食量、体重和体况评分也没有受到瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和胆碱的影响。瘤胃保护性胆碱组经产奶牛的产奶量高于其它处理组，乳蛋白含量高于瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸组，但与对照组和瘤胃保护性甜菜碱组相比没有区别。因此，在缺乏蛋氨酸的奶牛全混合日粮中添加瘤胃保护性甜菜碱作用甚微。     

过瘤胃营养物质对奶牛产奶性能的影响

本文综述了过瘤胃氨基酸、过瘤胃脂肪、过瘤胃维生素、过瘤胃葡萄糖和过瘤胃胆碱五种过瘤胃营养物质对提高奶牛产奶性能的作用,旨在为奶牛生产提供参考。     

过瘤胃氯化胆碱制备工艺的研究

本试验研究了不同比例壁材对过瘤胃氯化胆碱产品包被效果的影响.结果表明,制备过瘤胃氯化胆碱的最佳壁材比例为5%的丙烯酸树脂Ⅳ、3%壳聚糖和5%乙基纤维素.     

过瘤胃保护胆碱在反刍动物生产上的应用

过瘤胃保护胆碱(RPC),可直接添加到日粮中供饲反刍动物,不受瘤胃微生物降解。许多研究证明,RPC能提高反刍动物的生产性能改善其血液、肝脏代谢。本文简要介绍了过瘤胃保护胆碱对反刍动物的影响及作用机理,并对有待于继续研究的问题进行了探讨。     

二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化1～21日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量

本试验以低胆碱、低蛋氨酸饲粮为基础饲粮,通过两因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,旨在研究1～21日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸的最佳需要量.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡480只,随机分为12个组,其中1～8组为试验组,9～12组为中心组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各占1/2.分别以胆碱和蛋氨酸为自变量,以反映肉仔鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的各项指标为因变量拟合回归方程,估计1～21日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量.试验期21d.结果表明:一定水平的胆碱和蛋氨酸可显著改善1～21日龄肉仔鸡的平均日增重、料重比、屠宰率和腹脂率.从响应面图可以看出,当蛋氨酸水平为0.50％～0.70％时,随着胆碱水平的降低,肉仔鸡平均日增重逐渐降低;当蛋氨酸水平为0.42％～0.50％,胆碱水平为1300～1738 mg/kg时,肉仔鸡的料重比达到最低;蛋氨酸水平为0.50％～0.70％时,屠宰率随着蛋氨酸水平的升高而下降,蛋氨酸为0.36％～0.50％时,随着胆碱水平的升高,屠宰率呈上升趋势;随着胆碱水平的升高,腹脂率逐渐降低,当胆碱水平为1300 ～1920 mg/kg时,腹脂率随蛋氨酸水平的降低而下降.在本试验条件下,当胆碱水平为1434～1631mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.47％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳生长性能;当胆碱水平为1984 mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.49％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳屠宰性能.     

饲粮中胆碱添加水平对3～5月龄獭兔肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中胆碱添加水平对3~5月龄獭兔肝脏脂肪代谢的影响。选用200只体重相近的3月龄獭兔,随机分成5组(每组40个重复,每个重复1只),分别饲喂在基础饲粮基础上添加0(对照)、200、400、600和800 mg/kg的50%氯化胆碱(折算为胆碱的添加水平后分别为0、87、174、261和348 mg/kg)的试验饲粮,试验饲粮实测胆碱水平分别为812、902、993、1 086和1 170 mg/kg。预试期7 d,正试期53 d。结果表明:饲粮中胆碱添加水平显著影响肝脏中单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的含量(P0.05)。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加87、174、261和348 mg/kg的胆碱显著增加血清中类胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)和瘦素(LEP)的含量(P0.05),饲粮中添加174和261 mg/kg的胆碱显著增加血清中生长激素(GH)的含量(P0.05),饲粮中添加261和348 mg/kg的胆碱显著增加血清中脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)的活性和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的含量(P0.05),饲粮中添加261 mg/kg的胆碱显著提高肝脏中肉碱棕榈酸转移酶1(CPT1)m RNA的表达水平(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加261 mg/kg的胆碱(饲粮实测胆碱水平为1 086 mg/kg)改变了獭兔肝脏中脂肪酸组成,促进了肝脏中脂肪酸氧化关键基因CPT1的表达,同时加强了肝脏中甘油三酯(TG)的输出过程。     

二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化21～42日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量

本试验以低胆碱、低蛋氨酸饲粮为基础饲粮,通过两因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对21～42日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸需要量进行研究.试验选用21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡480只,随机分为12个组,其中1～8组为试验组,9～12组为中心组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各占1/2.分别以胆碱和蛋氨酸为自变量,以反映肉仔鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的各项指标为因变量拟合回归方程,估计21 ～ 42日龄肉仔鸡胆碱和蛋氨酸的需要量.试验期21 d.结果表明:胆碱和蛋氨酸水平对21～42日龄肉仔鸡的平均日采食量、料重比、腹脂率和肝脂率有显著影响(P＜0.05).当胆碱水平在860～1 120mg/kg时,肉仔鸡平均日采食量随着蛋氨酸水平的增加而升高,蛋氨酸水平增至0.40％后,继续增加对平均日采食量的改善作用不明显;蛋氨酸水平在0.35％～0.42％,胆碱水平在860 ～1 120mg/kg时,肉仔鸡的料重比达到最低值;蛋氨酸水平在0.30％～0.47％时,随着胆碱水平的增加肉仔鸡腹脂率呈下降趋势;当蛋氨酸水平在0.30％ ～0.40％,胆碱水平在1 000 ～1 400mg/kg时,肉仔鸡肝脂率随着胆碱水平的增加和蛋氨酸水平的降低呈下降趋势.在本试验条件下,当胆碱水平为990 ～1 030mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.40％ ～0.43％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳生长性能;当胆碱水平为1 780～1 880 mg/kg,蛋氨酸水平为0.37％ ～0.38％时,肉仔鸡可达到最佳屠宰性能.     

胆碱生物利用率的评价及其在蛋鸡养殖中的应用

胆碱是蛋鸡所必需的营养物质,主要用来合成蛋黄的卵磷脂。蛋鸡能够大量合成胆碱,但在实际生产中蛋鸡能否合成足够的胆碱来满足其需要一直存在很大的争议。本文综述了饲料中胆碱的含量及其生物利用率的评价以及胆碱在蛋鸡养殖中的应用,为其相关研究及在生产中应用提供参考。     

Effects of choline on blood metabolites associated with lipid metabolism and digestion by steers fed corn-based diets

Ruminally cannulated steers (281 +/- 18 kg) were used to evaluate effects of choline on digestion and metabolism. Four steers were implanted with 24 mg of estradiol and 120 mg of trenbolone acetate, and four steers were not implanted. Cattle were assigned to concurrent 4 x 4 Latin squares. Dietary treatments were a 2 x 2 factorial: 0 or 4% tallow (DM basis) in corn-based diets, and 0 or 5 g/d supplemental choline administered abomasally. Blood collected before and 6 h after the initial choline infusion was used to assess acute responses to choline. Digestibility and blood metabolites were measured after adaptation to choline, as well as after an abomasal dose of 100 g of lipid. Digestibilities of dietary DM (P = 0.29) and of dietary total fatty acids (P = 0.42) were not affected by choline. Apparent digestibilities of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids were greater (P < 0.05) when diets contained 4% tallow. Digestibilities of fatty acids in the lipid dose were less than those in the diet, and no biologically important differences in fatty acid disappearance resulted from the treatments. No significant acute responses to choline were detected. After adaptation to choline, no important differences in plasma metabolites occurred in response to choline infusion. Plasma urea was less (P < 0.05) for implanted cattle, reflecting increased deposition of protein. Plasma cholesterol was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed 4% tallow. Changes in plasma triglycerides in response to an abomasal lipid dose were less (P < 0.05) for steers fed 4% tallow, probably due to greater triglyceride concentrations at the time of lipid dosing. In summary, few responses to abomasally infused choline were observed in either digestion or plasma metabolites.     

Excess supplemental choline for swine

Seven experiments were conducted with 280 crossbred pigs to investigate the effect of excess choline on rate and efficiency of gain of weanling, growing and finishing swine Choline additions were made to a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. Daily gain of weanling pigs was reduced slightly by 6,000 ppm excess choline compared with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm excess choline. Excess supplemental choline (2,000 ppm) fed throughout the weanling, growing and finishing (121 to 126 d) phases of growth reduced (P less than .08) daily gain but it did not affect (P greater than .10) feed utilization. The 2,000-ppm choline addition, however, did not affect (P less than .10) pig gain when fed only during the growing and finishing stages of growth (68 to 86 d). Excess choline should be avoided in swine diets if maximum rate of gain is to be achieved.     

Hemolytic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum culture supernatants due to presence of phospholipase A and lysophospholipase.

Culture supernatants of Fusobacterium necrophorum demonstrated hemolytic activity. The hemolysin(s), which was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, was temperature-dependent and heat labile. The spectrum of hemolytic activity against various erythrocytes included rabbit, human, and dog erythrocytes. Goats, sheep, and bovine erythrocytes showed only trace hemolysis. According to results of thin-layer chromatography, the hemolysin hydrolyzed rabbit erythrocyte phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl choline, and bovine phosphatidyl choline. Hydrolysis of egg yolk phosphatidyl choline, bovine phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cholesterol, 1,2-dipalmitin, 1,3-dipalmitin, sphingomyelin, or triolein was not detected by thin layer chromatography. A more sensitive procedure utilizing gas-liquid chromatography revealed that, of the substrates tested, the following were bein hydrolyzed: bovine and egg yolk phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl choline, alpha-palmito-beta-eleoyl-L-alpha lecithin and alpha-oleoyl-betal-palmitoyl-L-alpha lecithin. Substrates which were weakly hydrolyzed were bovine phosphatidyl ethanolamine, DL-alpha-hosphatidyl ethanolamine dipalmitoyl, 1,2-dipalmitin, 1,3-dipalmitin, and triolein.     

胆碱降低动物脂肪沉积的营养作用机理

胆碱是动物生长发育所必需的维生素。饲料中添加胆碱可显著降低动物脂肪沉积。基于胆碱代谢和蛋氨酸代谢,本文从胆碱氧化、蛋氨酸再甲基化、脂肪酸氧化三者之间的联系探讨了胆碱降低动物脂肪沉积的营养作用机理。     

饲粮胆碱和裂殖壶菌油联合添加促进二十二碳六烯酸在鸡蛋卵黄中的富集

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加胆碱与裂殖壶菌油(Schizochytrium oil,SO)对鸡蛋卵黄脂质及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)富集的影响。选取26周龄京红蛋鸡288只,分4组(每组6个重复,每重复12只鸡)。采用2×2因子试验设计,饲粮添加胆碱(500和1 000 mg/kg)和SO(0和0.5%)为2个主效应,共配制4种等氮等能饲粮。预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)试验期内,各组生产性能和蛋品质均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)各组卵黄中干物质、粗脂肪、胆固醇及甘油三酯含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。1 000 mg/kg胆碱组卵黄总磷脂含量显著高于500 mg/kg胆碱组(P0.05)。胆碱和SO对卵黄总磷脂含量有显著交互作用(P=0.04),1 000 mg/kg胆碱+0.5%SO组卵黄总磷脂含量最高。3)0.5%SO显著提高卵黄n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和DHA含量(P0.05),显著降低n-6 PUFA含量及n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA值(P0.05)。胆碱和SO对卵黄中n-3 PUFA(P0.001)、n-6 PUFA(P=0.01)及DHA(P0.001)含量和n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA值(P=0.01)有显著交互作用,1 000 mg/kg胆碱+0.5%SO组卵黄中n-3PUFA和DHA含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),且n-6 PUFA含量及n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA值显著低于其他组(P0.05)。综上,本试验条件下,饲粮中1 000 mg/kg胆碱和0.5%SO联合添加可促进卵黄DHA富集,且对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质无显著影响。     

Effect of supplemental methionine, choline and their combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers

1. A study was conducted with broilers to find out the effect of addition of methionine (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g/kg) and choline (0.0, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) to a basal diet containing crude protein, 221 g/kg, ME, 12.25 MJ/kg, methionine, 3.6 g/kg and choline, 1300 mg/kg. 2. Supplemental levels of methionine and choline were found to be ineffective in improving the growth, food consumption and food conversion efficiency of broilers. 3. However, a higher value for leucocyte migration inhibition was observed in chicks fed on the diet containing 6.5 g/kg methionine and 1300 mg/kg choline, indicating a significantly improved cellular immune response. 4. HI test and ELISA indicated enhanced antibody titres in chicks receiving 3.0 g/kg methionine and 3300 mg/kg choline, showing a significantly better humoral immune response. 5. Methionine and choline should be supplemented at levels higher than the recommended level of BIS for better health and production in chicks.