试谈气温对奶牛受胎率的影响

<正>奶牛受胎率的高低直接关系到奶牛养殖场(户)的经济利益。如何提高奶牛受胎率,多年以来一直是奶牛工作者关注的课题和努力的方向。影响奶牛受胎率的因素很     

奶牛高中低产奶量的泌乳曲线差异分析

本文对奶牛高、中、低产奶量的泌乳曲线进行对比分析．以探索低产奶牛产奶量低的原因。结果表明，低产奶牛泌乳高峰持续期一般较短。在生产上，可将奶牛泌乳高峰月提前．以延长奶牛泌乳高峰期的持续时间，提高奶牛产奶量。     

西北农区奶牛遗传改良与DHI测定分析

通过调研西北五省农区的奶牛养殖现状,收集有关遗传改良和生产性能数据资料,并加以统计分析。讨论了西北农区奶牛遗传改良工作中现存问题,认为奶牛DHI测定体系对奶牛养殖的生产与管理具有重要意义,提出了今后发展与完善奶牛遗传改良工作和DHI测定体系的建议和措施,为进一步加快西北五省农区奶牛遗传改良工作和提高奶牛生产性能水平,具有一定的参考价值。     

奶牛胎衣不下的病因分析及治疗

近年来,农五师奶牛养殖业发展迅速,但由于多方面的原因,一些奶牛的常发疾病给奶牛养殖业带来了不必要的损失,其中奶牛的胎衣不下是危害较为严重的一种.胎衣不下是指奶牛产后超过12 h后胎衣仍然不能排除,常引起子宫炎症,影响再次怀孕和产奶,严重时危及奶牛生命.为找到奶牛胎衣不下的原因,制定有效的防治措施,我们进行了相关的调查和分析.     

河南省奶牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病血清学调查

摘要： 为了解河南省奶牛病毒性腹-黏膜病的发生情况,2009年5月对河南省的豫东、豫西、豫南、豫北和郑州市五区域20个奶牛小区的355头奶牛,随机采血,采用ELISA方法,检测奶牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病血清抗体,结果显示20个奶牛小区有17个奶牛小区感染有病毒性腹泻-黏膜病病毒,场感染率为85%,各小区奶牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病检测阳性率在0-88.24%,血清阳性率平均为53.8%,表明该病在河南省奶牛中感染率较高。     

奶牛养殖规模效益分析 ——以黑龙江省为例

通过对黑龙江省不同奶牛养殖规模的饲养成本和经济效益等问题进行调查研究,系统、全面的了解了黑龙江省奶牛养殖的成本和效益现状,提出走适度规模化、农牧结合的发展道路,实现科学的奶牛饲养管理,着力提高奶牛单产水平,改变原料乳增长方式,努力实现奶牛养殖由数量型向质量型战略转移,是提高黑龙江省奶牛养殖经济效益的主要途径。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛常见、多发的疾病之一,严重制约着奶牛养殖业的发展,文章对奶牛乳房炎的病因、发病机理、临床症状、诊断方法及防治措施等进行了综述,这将对内蒙古自治区奶牛养殖业的发展产生积极影响.     

夏季奶牛的饲养管理技术

通过加强夏季奶牛的10项饲养管理措施,以达到防暑降温和防止奶牛中暑等疾病发生的目的,可以有效增强奶牛的体质,提高奶牛的产奶量和经济效益。     

不同胎次奶牛血液生理生化指标影响

为了更好的了解不同胎次奶牛血液生理生化指标的变化规律，进一步指导实际生产工作，本试验选用体况相近的不同胎次荷斯坦奶牛，对奶牛的血液样品进行血常规指标和血液生化指标检测。结果表明：血常规测定发现5胎奶牛白细胞数量明显增多，显著高于2-4胎奶牛(P＜0.05)；2-4胎奶牛红细胞数显著高于5胎和1胎奶牛的红细胞数(P＜0.05)；1胎奶牛的血红蛋白却显著高于2-5胎奶牛；5胎奶牛的中性粒细胞百分数显著升高(P＜0.05)。血液生化测定发现1胎奶牛内ALKP的含量与钙离子浓度显著都高于2-4胎(P＜0.05)，趋势都是随着胎次的增加含量逐渐降低。结论得出母牛胎次与血液生理生化指标具有一定的相关性，可为不同胎次母牛的饲养管理提供依据。     

中国近代奶牛传入与引进的研究进展

对近代以来,被带到中国大陆以及台湾、香港地区的奶牛品种进行了研究探讨。笔者指出了近代奶牛通过被殖民地当局传入、中国企业从国外购买2种途经进入中国。结果揭示了中国不同地区的奶牛种质来源和品系之间的血缘关系,归纳了中国奶牛品种传入的4个特点：（1）奶牛品种繁多;（2）引进的海关口岸多;（3）传入的主体多;（4）延续时间长。由于这些特点的作用,近代传入中国的奶牛几乎涵盖了当时世界上主要的奶牛品种,血缘系统十分复杂,由此形成了中国的奶牛种质多样性来源。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.