板栗施硼能降低空苞率

板栗空苞是单株产量不高的主要原因之一。据测定 ,土壤速效硼含量在 0 .0 8× 1 0 6时 ,板栗空苞率达到 1 0 0 % ;在 0 .33× 1 0 6～ 0 .4 72× 1 0 6时 ,空苞率不到 1 0 %。所以 ,通过适当施硼 ,便可获得明显效果。板栗缺硼时 ,花药和花丝萎缩 ,花粉管形成困难 ,妨碍授粉受精     

板栗子房内源激素与主要营养物质含量变化及其关系研究

板栗(Castanea mollissima Bl.)空苞现象是制约我国板栗单产提高的主要因素之一.对板栗的显微观察发现空苞主要发生在幼胚发育期,合子(受精卵)发育所需的有机营养物质未能从胚乳细胞中得到,阻碍了合子发育(杜国华等,1995).袁艺等(1997)的营养物质含量分析进一步证实了合子形成后的营养供应不足是造成空苞栗子房发育停滞的原因.实际上,果树座果受子房内源激素含量及平衡的调控(Ram,1983;Yuan et al.,1988),研究者也推测板栗子房中低含量的生长促进物质和高含量的抑制物质可能造成了合子分裂停滞(杜国华等,1994;1995).本研究拟通过空苞栗胚胎发育期子房内源激素和主要营养物质含量分析,探讨板栗子房内源激素含量与营养物质积累的关系,为板栗空苞的控制提供理论依据.     

信息文摘

板栗科研上一项新的突破 多年来,在板栗生产上,由于空苞率过高(即开花后只结球苞,不能授粉结果),板栗产量徘徊不前,或上升幅度不大,1983年12月起,罗田县林科所、林业局与省农科院果树研究所协作,开展了“降低空苞率”的试验研究,通过两年多的探索,初步找出了空苞率高的主要原因,是由土壤缺硼所引起的。经分析,凡土壤速     

土壤施硼对降低板栗空苞率及增产效果试验

板栗产生空苞是一个全国性的问题，如何降低空苞率是很多学者研究的课题，本文从缺硼是引起板栗空苞的主要原因入手，选定具有代表性的地块，以不同的施硼量对降低空苞率，增加产量等因素进行分析研究，分析施硼的必要性，确定最佳施硼量，以指导生产实践，结果表明，施硼对降低板栗空苞率，增加产量有明显效果，且肥效能持续3－5年，板栗施硼时以每平方米树冠投影施入15克为最佳施硼量，增产幅度达45．7％，空苞率降低29．1％。     

板栗空苞的主要原因及预防措施

板栗空苞的主要原因及预防措施板栗空苞又称空棚，群众也叫“哑巴栗子”，这种空苞现象严重影响着板栗的产量，有的地方发生严重，空苞率达５０％以上，造成大量减产，空苞已成为板栗生产上的一个严重问题。土壤缺硼是引起板栗空苞的主要原因，硼是板栗受精过程中必要的元...     

中国板栗空苞形成机理研究进展

从授粉受精作用、胚胎发育过程、树体营养供应和子房发育生理等方面评述了中国板栗空苞形成机理的研究进展,并对当前提高板栗单产的主要研究方向进行了讨论     

永仁县板栗空苞的原因及对策

针对永仁板栗产生空苞的原因进行了分析,从规划布局、合理配置授粉树、加强肥水管理、合理施硼、适当疏雄、集中修剪方面提出了防治板粟空苞的措施,以指导栗农生产,提高板栗经济效益,促进山区经济发展。     

如何减少板栗空苞

栽培板栗，往往由于栽树时没有重视栽植授粉树、授粉品种树配置不合理、授粉树栽植株树少，导致主栽品种栗树授粉受精不良，造成板栗空苞(俗称“空蓬”、“哑苞”)，有的栗产区，空苞率平均达到40％左右，空苞率高的，达到90％以上。     

板栗喷施微量元素的增产效果

板栗树适应性强,比较耐旱,产量较高,是一种不与粮食争地的木本粮食树种,特别是板栗一次栽培,百年收入,管理省工,深受山区农民欢迎。 我省近几年来由于管理不善,肥力不足,致使板栗产量不高。特别是板栗空苞率相当严重,据我们对全省2万多亩板栗田抽样调查,板栗空苞率一般达32%,重者达80%,严重地影响了板栗生产的发展。从1987年开始,通过对板栗喷施硼、锌、铁、钼等微量元素,使板栗空苞率降低;同时也防治了板栗“小叶病”。现将喷施方法和结果简述如下:     

板栗结实空苞现象的原因

为什么板栗在结实中常有空苞现象？主要是由于：1、营养不良，土壤缺硼，在花期前、花期和结果期，缺施氮、磷、钾及硼配磷酸二氢钾等元素。2、施肥时，单元肥和混合肥用量不适。单元肥多了，混合肥少了，同时两者应分开施用，不宜混合同时施用。3、授粉授精和花芽分化不良，胚珠和子房发育不全，生理机能不调，对板栗异花授粉和异株授粉及配置授粉树的生理特点和丰产作用，缺乏科学管理。4、与梅雨季节雨水多或天气久旱有关，选择品种的成熟期没有与此避开。阴雨连绵和久旱不雨都会影响授精授粉以至正常结实。板栗结实空苞现象的原因@汪德…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.