添加保护性脂肪或豆油对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白浓度的影响

选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,分别饲喂日粮I(基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪粉400 g/d)、日粮Ⅱ(基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪酸钙400 g/d)、日粮Ⅲ(基础日粮+豆油400 g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮),研究了棕榈油脂肪粉、棕榈油脂肪酸钙、豆油对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度的影响.结果表明:添加豆油可明显降低瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸的浓度(P＜0.05),棕榈油脂肪粉和棕榈油脂肪酸钙对乙酸、丙酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸值均无显著影响(P＞0.05).添加脂肪后减少了菌体蛋白含量.     

米曲霉对奶牛瘤胃降解率及日粮表观消化率的影响

[目的]本文旨在研究不同水平的米曲霉日粮对奶牛瘤胃降解率及日粮表观消化率的影响。[方法]试验选用三头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分为三组,A组为基础日粮,B组和C组分别为基础日粮添加米曲0.04%和0.08%DM。[结果]米曲霉显著提高了日粮干物质、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率,其中B组的瘤胃降解率影响效果优于A组和C组,且差异显著（P〈0.05）。三组日粮干物质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率大小顺序为B〉C〉A,但各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;B组日粮CP和NDF消化率均显著高于A组和C组（P〈0.05）,但A组和C组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。[结论]适量添加米曲霉（0.04%DM）有利于提高奶牛瘤胃DM、CP、ADF和NDF的降解率及日粮CP和NDF的表观消化率。     

瘤胃保护性脂肪在奶牛营养中的研究与应用

保护性脂肪属于过瘤胃脂肪,在奶牛日粮中添加可提高奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和繁殖性能。本文从高产奶牛泌乳前期存在的能量负平衡问题入手,综述了日粮中添加瘤胃保护性脂肪的意义、保护性脂肪的类型及保护原理、营养作用、影响因素以及使用时的注意事项,为以后的研究提供科学指导。     

益生Ⅰ号对奶牛瘤胃降解率及日粮表观消化率的影响

本文旨在研究不同水平的益生Ⅰ号替代豆粕对奶牛瘤胃降解率及日粮表观消化率的影响。试验选用四头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康的荷斯坦奶牛。采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,其处理为:A组为基础日粮;B组为益生Ⅰ号替代基础日粮中20%豆粕;C组为益生Ⅰ号替代基础日粮中40%豆粕;D组为益生Ⅰ号替代基础日粮中60%豆粕。试验结果为:益生Ⅰ号明显提高了日粮中DM、CP、ADF和NDF的降解率,其中C组对瘤胃降解率影响效果优于A组、B组和D组,且差异显著(P0.05);对日粮CP、ADF和NDF表观消化率的影响是C组的效果优于A组、B组和D组,且差异显著(P0.05),对DM表观消化率的影响是C组高于A组、B组和D组,但各处理组差异不显著(P0.05);试验结果表明:益生Ⅰ号有利于提高奶牛瘤胃DM、CP、ADF和NDF的降解率,其替代豆粕的最适比例为40%。     

瘤胃保护性脂肪酸钙对科尔沁奶牛产奶性能的影响

试验研究了瘤胃保护性脂肪酸钙在科尔沁奶牛日粮中的最佳饲喂量。将产奶期的60头科尔沁奶牛随机分为6组,每组10头,奶牛每天分别饲喂瘤胃保护性脂肪酸钙0,200,250,300,350,400g。结果表明:饲喂350g组奶牛的平均日产奶量和乳脂率比对照组分别提高19.68%(P<0.01)和15.45%(P<0.01),饲喂300g组奶牛每头每天产奶效益增加2.24元。     

纤维素分解菌对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

为研究纤维素分解菌对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响,选用3头体况良好,体重、日产奶量均相近,安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,饲喂3种不同处理的日粮,纤维分解菌饲喂量分别为0（对照组）、0.7×1011 cfu/d（试验1组）和1.4×1011 cfu/d（试验2组）。试验分为3期,每期预试期15 d,正式期3 d。饲喂纤维分解菌后,测定瘤胃内pH、原虫数量、细菌总数、氨态氮浓度（NH3-N）、挥发性脂肪酸浓度（VFA）、菌体蛋白浓度。结果显示：两试验组瘤胃液pH（试验1组：6.49;试验2组：6.56）、氨态氮（试验1组：14.11;试验2组：14.64）、挥发性脂肪酸浓度（试验2组：101.76）、乙酸浓度（试验1组：67.38;试验2组：68.31）与对照组（pH：6.43、氨态氮：12.89、挥发性脂肪酸浓度：96.7、乙酸浓度：64.42）相比均显著提高（P＜0.05）,而瘤胃原虫数、丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度和乙/丙酸比值与对照组相比无显著差异（P＞0.05）。     

奶牛瘤胃保护性脂肪研究进展

目前,能量摄入不足是生产中限制高产奶牛生产性能发挥的一个重要因素,而处于泌乳盛期的奶牛更是如此。利用过瘤胃脂肪解决奶牛泌乳期日粮能量问题是近些年发展起来的一项新技术。本文就过瘤胃脂肪的类型和原理、对奶牛生产性能的影响等方面作一概述,为科学使用过瘤胃脂肪调控奶牛能量需要提供参考依据。     

瘤胃保护性脂肪在奶牛生产中的应用

奶牛日粮中补充瘤胃保护性脂肪是满足奶牛能量需要，提高产奶量，改善奶牛繁殖性能和健康的重要措施。本文综述脂肪在生产中的应用问题。     

瘤胃保护性脂肪在奶牛生产中的研究与应用

保护性脂肪属于过瘤胃脂肪,在奶牛日粮中添加可提高奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和繁殖性能。综述了日粮中添加瘤胃保护性脂肪的意义、保护性脂肪的类型及保护原理、营养作用、影响因素以及使用时的注意事项。     

奶牛日粮添加保护性脂肪好处多

满足高产奶牛能量需要是现代奶牛饲养所面临的一大难题,当青贮玉米或其它饲草不足、质量低劣时,能量缺乏就显得尤为重要。这时,如果采用大量精料来补充能量,     

添加过瘤胃保护性脂肪对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸及菌体蛋白的影响

选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,分别饲喂日粮Ⅰ(基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪粉400g/d)、日粮Ⅱ(基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪酸钙400g/d)、日粮Ⅲ(基础日粮+豆油400g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮),研究了棕榈油脂肪粉、棕榈油脂肪酸钙、豆油对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)的影响。结果表明:添加豆油可明显降低瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸的浓度(P<0.05),棕榈油脂肪粉和棕榈油脂肪酸钙对乙酸、丙酸浓度及乙酸、丙酸比值均无明显影响(P>0.05)。添加脂肪后减少了BCP含量。     

Effect of grain processing on in sacco digestibility and degradability in the rumen

Effect on nylon-bag digestibility of rolling and steam-flaking as such or followed by grinding through a 1-mm screen was studied in wheat, barley and maize grains. Digestibilities of ground grains were not different, irrespective of rolling or steam-flaking, except flaked and ground barley, which was less digestible than ground barley. Rolled and flaked grains were less digestible than ground grains, except for rolled wheat which was not different from ground wheat. These results suggest that particle size due to grinding is more important than other methods of processing. Dry matter and protein degradabilities of steam-flaked grains were investigated by in sacco technique and compared with unprocessed grains. Dry matter degradability during incubation periods up to 24 h was reduced for steam-flaked wheat and barley, but increased for flaked maize. Protein degradability was lower for flaked grains.     

Effect of particle size and partial replacement of alfalfa hay by soya bean hulls on nutrient intake,total tract digestibility and rumen degradability of diets by Holstein steers

This study examined the effect of alfalfa hay (AH) particle size and the replacement of soya bean hull (SH) for AH within the diet of restricted fed Holstein steers on dry matter intake (DMI), total tract digestion, ruminal digestion, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen content, and faecal pH. Four rumen‐cannulated Holstein steers averaging 353 ± 9.6 kg of BW were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with four periods and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factor A was AH particle size (fine vs. coarse) and factor B was diet SH content (0% vs. 10%; substituted for AH). Steers were fed at 1% of body weight of TMR containing 400 g/kg forage and 600 g/kg concentrate. Chopping of AH to fine particles decreased (p = 0.01) amount of dietary materials retained on the medium sieve (8 mm). The inclusion of SH significantly increased (p = 0.01) materials retained on the 1.18‐mm sieve and tended to decrease (p = 0.07) materials on 19‐mm sieves. The inclusion of SH increased (p = 0.01) ether extract (EE) intake and increased (p = 0.07) DMI. Inclusion of SH increased (p = 0.01) EE digestion and decreased (p < 0.01) faecal pH. Neither AH particle size nor SH inclusion in diets affected (p > 0.10) the in situ ruminal degradability coefficients of DM (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘a+b’). No interaction of AH×SH was seen on nutrient intake, digestibility and in situ ruminal degradability of Holstein steers.     

Effect of supplemental Bacillus cultures on rumen fermentation and milk yield in Chinese Holstein cows

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental 100 g/day of live Bacillus cultures (2 × 10¹¹ cell of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on rumen fermentation as well as milk yield and composition in Chinese Holstein cows. In experiment 1, investigating 3 × 10 cows, milk yield and milk protein were increased by using B. licheniformis (p < 0.05) in comparison with an unsupplemented group and the B. subtilis group. Body weight was not significantly affected by Bacillus culture supplementation (p > 0.05). Percentage of milk fat and lactose was not significantly different between treatments (p > 0.05). But milk protein increased with B. licheniformis supplementation (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, carried out with three non‐lactating ruminally and duodenally fistulated cows, results showed that B. licheniformis supplementation increased microbial crude protein flow into duodenum (p < 0.05) and decreased the ammonia nitrogen concentration in ruminal fluid at 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis supplementation increased total VFA and acetate concentration in ruminal fluid at 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Bacillus subtilis had no significant effect on rumen fermentation characteristics, duodenal microbial N flow and ruminal apparent nutrient digestibility (p > 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis increased ruminal apparent nutrient digestibility of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, and organic matter (p < 0.05).     

In vitro evaluation of protein degradability in the rumen and digestibility of undegraded protein

A three-phase laboratory procedure suitable for predicting protein degradability in the rumen and digestibility of undegraded protein is reported. In the first phase the feed was incubated with starch and buffered rumen fluid. In the incubation mixture the viability of protease-active bacteria was checked by anaerobic culturing, whereas changes in protease activity were monitored by azocasein degradation. In the second and third phase rumen undegradable protein (UDP) was digested with pepsin and pancreatin, respectively. The measurements showed that 63.2, 5.2 and 4.7% of the crude protein of green lucerne was decomposed by rumen fluid, pepsin and pancreatin, respectively. Degradability of the crude protein of extracted sunflower meal was 68.3, 17.7 and 5.5% in the three phases, respectively. Repeated determination yielded crude protein degradabilities of 66.7, 27.1 and 5.1% for the three phases, respectively.     

纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸青贮营养成分及其奶牛瘤胃降解率的影响

此研究探讨了添加纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸青贮营养含量变化及其瘤胃内有效降解率的影响。以去穗玉米秸为试验材料,设5个处理,分别为未处理组（E1）、乳酸菌制剂处理组（E2）（1．56／kg）、纤维素酶制剂处理组（E3）（1g／kg）。5头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用5X5拉丁方设计对不同处理的玉米秸青贮主要营养成分进行瘤胃降解率的研究。结果表明：①酶制剂和菌制剂处理的去穗玉米秸青贮CP含量显著高于未处理组（P〈0．05）,NDF和ADF含量显著低于未处理组（P〈0．05）;②各组去穗玉米秸青贮DM和NDF有效降解率之间存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,即酶处理〉菌处理〉未处理的去穗玉米秸青贮;酶和菌制剂处理的去穗玉米秸青贮ADF和CP的有效降解率显著高于未处理组,但酶和菌处理的玉米秸青贮对ADF和CP有效降解率的效果相似。通过试验综合评价,纤维素酶和乳酸菌处理均能提高青贮的营养价值及其瘤胃有效降解率,但在DM和NDF有效降解率指标上,酶制剂处理去穗玉米秸青贮效果优于菌制剂处理。     

牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

选用健康、体重25kg左右的荣×大×杜杂交猪60头,随机分到2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,每圈为1个重复,研究添加牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响。试验组在对照组的基础上添加100g/t的牛至油,测定猪的生产性能和养分表观消化率。试验结果表明,在生长猪日粮中添加100g/t的牛至油具有改善猪只生产性能、提高养分表观消化率的趋势,可降低单位增重饲料成本。     

Comparison of rumen bacteria distribution in original rumen digesta,rumen liquid and solid fractions in lactating Holstein cows

Background: Original rumen digesta, rumen liquid and solid fractions have been frequently used to assess the rumen bacterial community. However, bacterial profiles in rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions vary from each other and need to be better established.Methods: To compare bacterial profiles in each fraction, samples of rumen digesta from six cows fed either a high fiber diet(HFD) or a high energy diet(HED) were collected via rumen fistulas. Rumen digesta was then squeezed through four layers of cheesecloth to separate liquid and solid fractions. The bacterial profiles of rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions were analyzed with High-throughput sequencing technique.Results: Rumen bacterial diversity was mainly affected by diet and individual cow(P 0.05) rather than rumen fraction. Bias distributed bacteria were observed in solid and liquid fractions of rumen content using Venn diagram and LEf Se analysis. Fifteen out of 16 detected biomarkers(using LEf Se analysis) were found in liquid fraction, and these 15 biomarkers contributed the most to the bacterial differences among rumen content fractions.Conclusions: Similar results were found when using samples of original rumen digesta, rumen liquid or solid fractions to assess diversity of rumen bacteria; however, more attention should be draw onto bias distributed bacteria in different ruminal fractions, especially when liquid fraction has been used as a representative sample for rumen bacterial study.     

荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃微生物分离鉴定及多样性分析

研究为分离获得荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃内容物中的细菌,建立系统进化树,获取有益菌种。采用培养组学技术和16S rDNA分子鉴定方法相结合,对3头健康荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃内容物中细菌进行分离培养。共分离得到105株细菌,包括肠球菌属(Enterococcus)共15株14.29%,芽孢杆菌属(bacillus)共11株10.48%,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)共14株13.33%,葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)共22株20.95%,梭菌属(Clostridium)共1株0.95%,狭义梭菌属(Clostridium sensu stricto)共2株1.90%,短杆菌科(Brevibacteriaceae)共2株1.90%,链球菌属(Streptococcus)共11株10.48%,气球菌属(Aerococcus)共4株3.81%,柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)共14株13.33%,杆菌属(Brachybacterium)共1株0.95%,克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)共1株0.95%,普罗维登斯菌属(Providencia)共3株2.86%,沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)共4株3.81%。结果中所占比例最高的菌属是葡萄球菌属;系统进化树分析和GenBank中的同源性比对结果发现,从细菌门、纲、目、科、属、种分析,分支明确;26个菌种同源性都在95.01%~100%之间。分离纯化出11株芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)细菌具有潜在益生菌活性。可作为饲料添加剂饲喂荷斯坦奶牛。     

饲料原料蛋白质二级结构对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响

试验通过尼龙袋法研究豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、DDGS和玉米5种饲料在奶牛瘤胃内粗蛋白的降解特性,并通过傅里叶红外光谱法测定了5种饲料的蛋白质二级结构,研究主要饲料原料蛋白质二级结构对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明:在5种饲料中,α螺旋最高的为豆粕30.52%,最低的为DDGS 18.77%。β折叠最高的为玉米35.89%,最低的为棉粕28.36%。饲料蛋白质二级结构α螺旋与β折叠比值与有效降解率呈显著强度正相关(r=0.952 8,P=0.012 2),与蛋白质慢速降解组分呈强度正相关(r=0.798 7,P=0.105 1),与非降解组分呈高度负相关,相关性趋于显著(r=-0.866 7,P=0.057 2)。