香蕉果实采后成熟过程中苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)及苹果酸含量的变化

以巴西香蕉果实为材料,研究果实采后正常成熟过程中乙烯释放速率,苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性,苹果酸、淀粉以及可溶性总糖含量的变化。结果表明：香蕉果实采后成熟过程中乙烯释放速率在采后10 d开始增加,到采后14 d达到高峰;MDH酶活性在采后10 d迅速增强,到采后16 d达到峰值;苹果酸含量在果实成熟早期上升,晚期下降,可溶性总糖含量逐渐增加,而淀粉含量持续下降。推测MDH通过改变香蕉品质而参与果实成熟。     

茶树油控制香蕉采后炭疽病害的研究

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量的茶树油(TTO)对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实的发病情况。结果显示,20～40μL TTO能够显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;接种炭疽病菌的果实经TTO处理后,病斑直径显著小于未处理果实。另外,TTO处理的果实在常温贮藏10 d后果实果皮颜色和硬度也显著优于未处理果实。初步研究表明TTO在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和保鲜上具有应用可行性。     

热研88-13胶乳中乙烯释放量GC测定方法及其变化

探讨采用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定橡胶树胶乳中乙烯释放量的方法,并初步测定了首次割胶的胶乳中乙烯释放量和乙烯刺激割胶不同割次的乙烯释放量。试验用岛津GC2010型气相色谱仪,采用外标法,以保留时间定性,以峰面积定量,胶乳中乙烯释放量测定结果相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.08%,检出限为0.03μL·L^-1。用气相色谱法测定橡胶树中胶乳的乙烯含量和生成速率有简便、快速、高效、准确、灵敏度高等优点。橡胶树采用乙烯利刺激（S/2d/2＋3.0%ET）,在涂药后第1-5割次的胶乳乙烯释放量分别为：18.62、9.86、3.40、4.90、3.65μL·L^-1,而橡胶树首次割胶（对照）的胶乳中乙烯释放量为2.36μL·L^-1;第1-5割次的胶乳乙烯生成速率分别为：2.83、1.53、0.50、0.67、0.54nL·g^-1·h^-1,而对照的为0.36nL·g^-1·h^-1。结果表明：经乙烯利刺激后,橡胶树胶乳中乙烯释放量和生产速率均呈双峰型变化趋势,其中涂药后第1割次的胶乳中乙烯释放量最高;橡胶树胶乳中乙烯释放量与乙烯生成速率呈极显著正相关,r=0.9997^＊＊。     

UV-C与柠檬酸处理对采后香蕉贮藏品质的影响

香蕉是富含营养物质且具有重要经济价值的热带水果,也是中国南方四大水果之一。香蕉是一种典型的呼吸跃变型果实,采后乙烯的大量释放使香蕉在贮藏过程中加快成熟和衰老,影响香蕉贮藏保鲜及经济价值。因此有必要研究提高香蕉采后贮藏品质的技术方法,为实践应用提供理论依据。本研究以采后香蕉为材料,分别通过UV-C辐照、柠檬酸浸泡以及二者的复合处理3种方法处理香蕉,在温度为(20±2)℃、湿度为60%～70%的条件下黑暗贮藏12 d,分别于贮藏期的第1、6、9、12天对各组进行随机取样,通过测定硬度、失重率、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量等生理和品质指标,研究不同处理方法对采后香蕉贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：3.96×10^–2 KJ/m² UV-C辐照和复合处理(3.96×10^–2 KJ/m² UV-C辐照+2.0%柠檬酸)对香蕉的保鲜效果明显优于柠檬酸处理,表现为显著抑制果实硬度的下降,延缓失重率的增加,抑制可溶性固形物含量的增加和可滴定酸含量的下降,维持果实糖酸比。在贮藏结束时,与CK相比,UV-C辐照和复合处理的香...     

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Treatment on Postharvest Physiology and Quality of ‘Younai' Fruits

研究1.2 μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理对在(25±1)℃下贮藏的‘油檬’(Prunus salicina Lindl.cv.Younai)果实采后生理和品质的影响.结果表明,与对照果实相比,1-MCP处理可有效降低‘油(檫)’果实呼吸强度、呼吸峰值和乙烯释放量,延缓果实细胞膜相对渗透率升高和果实表面色调角h.值的下降,保持较高的果实硬度、可滴定酸和果皮叶绿素含量,延迟果实外观颜色转变,减少果实失重和腐烂.经1-MCP处理的果实在(25±1)℃下贮藏15d时的好果率为80％,而对照果实只有58％.因此认为,1-MCP处理可以延缓采后‘油榇’果实后熟衰老和保持果实品质,延长果实保鲜期.     

1-MCP处理对‘油木奈’果实采后生理和品质的影响

研究1.2 μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）处理对在（25±1）℃下贮藏的‘油木奈’（Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. Younai）果实采后生理和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照果实相比,1-MCP处理可有效降低‘油木奈’果实呼吸强度、呼吸峰值和乙烯释放量,延缓果实细胞膜相对渗透率升高和果实表面色调角h°值的下降,保持较高的果实硬度、可滴定酸和果皮叶绿素含量,延迟果实外观颜色转变,减少果实失重和腐烂。经1-MCP处理的果实在（25±1）℃下贮藏15 d时的好果率为80％,而对照果实只有58％。因此认为,1-MCP处理可以延缓采后‘油木奈’果实后熟衰老和保持果实品质,延长果实保鲜期。     

杜果乙烯抑制剂的筛选及其采后保鲜效果研究

比较研究不同浓度乙烯抑制剂AOA(aminooxyacetie acid)、AIB(α-amino-isobutyric acid)、AVG (Aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride)、ATA(3-amino-1,2,4-triazole)、1-MCP(1-methylcyclopropene)、精胺、亚精胺对采后杧果(Mangifera indica L)乙烯释放的抑制效果,以期筛出最佳乙烯抑制剂并探究其对杧果的贮藏保鲜效果.结果表明:不同浓度乙烯抑制剂处理杧果,均可降低杧果果实乙烯释放量,其中1 mmol/L精胺、10 mmol/L亚精胺和50 mmol/LATA可有效延缓硬度、可滴定酸(Titratable acid,TA)下降,维持较高VC(Vitamin C)和TSS(Total soluble solids)含量.综合分析,精胺、亚精胺、ATA处理可有效延缓采后杧果果实软化,为采后杧果贮藏保鲜提供技术支持.     

3个香蕉品种黄酮含量与果实发育成熟的关系

为了明确香蕉果实发育及成熟过程中黄酮含量变化规律,对巴西香蕉、粉蕉和皇帝蕉果实采前发育和采后成熟过程中的黄酮含量进行测定。结果表明:3个香蕉品种在果实发育成熟过程中果皮中黄酮含量均显著高于果肉中黄酮含量。从抽蕾、断蕾到采收,3个品种果皮中的黄酮含量逐渐降低,表现出与发育负相关。采前巴西蕉和黄帝蕉果肉中黄酮含量也是逐渐降低,但粉蕉果肉中黄酮含量呈先升后降的趋势。在采后成熟过程中,3个香蕉品种果皮果肉中的黄酮含量逐渐升高。且用外源乙烯和1-MCP处理后发现,香蕉果皮和果肉中的黄酮含量明显受外源乙烯诱导而增加,受1-MCP的抑制而减少,表现出与成熟正相关。     

杧果乙烯抑制剂的筛选及其采后保鲜效果研究

比较研究不同浓度乙烯抑制剂AOA(aminooxyacetic acid)、AIB(α-amino-isobutyric acid)、AVG (Aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride)、ATA(3-amino-1,2,4-triazole)、1-MCP(1-methylcyclopropene)、精胺、亚精胺对采后杧果(Mangifera indica L．)乙烯释放的抑制效果,以期筛出最佳乙烯抑制剂并探究其对杧果的贮藏保鲜效果。结果表明：不同浓度乙烯抑制剂处理杧果,均可降低杧果果实乙烯释放量,其中1 mmol/L精胺、10 mmol/L亚精胺和50 mmol/L ATA可有效延缓硬度、可滴定酸(Titratable acid, TA)下降,维持较高VC(Vitamin C)和TSS(Total soluble solids)含量。综合分析,精胺、亚精胺、ATA处理可有效延缓采后杧果果实软化,为采后杧果贮藏保鲜提供技术支持。     

ABA对香蕉果实的呼吸作用及其与乙烯的关系

香蕉果实采后过程中,脱落酸(ABA)首先生成并积累。当ABA达到—定水平后才明显出现乙烯生成。外源ABA处理果实促进呼吸作用和乙烯发生。在10~(-5)-10~(-2)mol/L浓度内,ABA对跃变前果实的呼吸和乙烯的促进作用与其处理的浓度呈正相关。外加Ag~+处理可抑制ABA对呼吸(60.3％-94.7％)和乙烯(55.2％-89.2％)的促进作用。结果表明,ABA对果实呼吸的促进作用主要是通过刺激乙烯的产生进行的。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.