光照对马岗鹅季节性繁殖活动和内分泌的调控

研究了光照对马岗鹅季节性繁殖活动和内分泌的调控。在整个试验期（2004.01.13-12.18）对照组接受自然光照,处理组接受人工控制的长短光照处理。在非繁殖期（4-7月份）,对照组公母鹅血浆PRL浓度升高,LH浓度和公鹅睾酮水平降低,鹅换羽;在繁殖期（8-3月份）,公母鹅血浆PRL水平下降,LH浓度和公鹅睾酮水平则上升。在处理组,延长光照均使公母鹅PRL浓度升高,LH浓度和公鹅睾酮水平降低,鹅群进入休产期并换羽;缩短光照则降低PRL水平,促进LH分泌和公鹅睾酮水平上升,鹅群进入繁殖期。整个试验阶段,两组中公鹅甲状腺素T3水平均无明显季节性变化,处理组和对照组母鹅平均产蛋48.8和26.3枚,前者比后者高85.6%。试验结果表明,长光照抑制,短光照促进马岗鹅繁殖活动,光照通过调节PRL和LH的分泌调控马岗鹅繁殖活动的季节性变化。     

Seasonal and photoperiodic regulation of secretion of hormones associated with reproduction in Magang goose ganders

This study examined the reproductive endocrine profile under natural and artificial photoperiods in Magang goose ganders. Group 1 ganders (n=8) served as non-treated controls and were exposed to natural photoperiod throughout the experiment from 13th January to 17th December 2004. Group 2 ganders (n=8) were exposed to 18 h long daily photoperiod for 60 days from 13 January till 15 March 2004 and again to 16 h photoperiod for 75 days till 10th October 2004, and the 11h short photoperiod in the remainder periods of the experiment. In control ganders, plasma LH concentrations were high in normal breeding seasons (August-March) and decreased to low levels in non-breeding season from April to July. Testosterone concentrations changed similarly to that of LH throughout the seasons. Seasonal pattern of PRL concentrations was opposite to those of LH and testosterone, with low values in breeding season and high values in non-breeding season. In artificial photoperiod treated ganders, increasing photoperiod increased PRL and decreased LH and testosterone concentrations, while decreasing photoperiod reversed these changes. There were no seasonal or photoperiod caused changes in plasma T3 concentrations in both control ganders and artificial photoperiod treated ganders. These results demonstrated that in Magang goose ganders that long photoperiod stimulates PRL secretion and decreases LH secretion, which terminates reproductive season in spring and early summer, and short photoperiod stimulates LH secretion and inhibits PRL secretion rendering ganders enter into reproductive season.     

Effects of lighting intensity on growth and reproductive performance of breeder geese

This study investigated the effects of lighting intensity on egg production among white Roman geese kept in an environmentally controlled house. Two hundred and fifty-two White Roman geese aged 10 mo were randomly distributed among 12 pens, with each pen containing 5 ganders and 16 females on the floor, based on a completely random design (CRD). At the beginning of the study, each treatment group was comprised of 5 ganders and 16 geese in each pen; these groups included: control (40 lux group), geese under 170 lux (170 lux group), geese under 300 lux (300 lux group), and geese under 430 lux (430 lux group). The age of the geese at first lay was 10 mo, on average. The results showed that geese under 40 lux in egg number per goose or laying rate had lower than those of the 430 lux group. The reproductive characteristics were no different for the 170 lux, 300 lux, or 430 lux light groups. The hatchability in the 170 lux light group was significantly higher than in the 40 lux light group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the egg weight in the 170 lux and 430 lux groups was significantly heavier than the 40 lux light group (P < 0.05). Therefore, if lighting intensity supplementation of lux is defined as X (lux/geese), and egg number production is defined as Y₄ (egg), then Y₄ = 35.7 + 0.46X-0.002X²+0.00000296X³ (R² = 0.868, P < 0.001) for the entire experimental period. In conclusion, geese raised under 170 lux lighting intensity in an environmentally controlled house achieved higher hatchability and egg weight during the laying season.     

Characterization of ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones in Zhedong white geese (Anser cygnoides domesticus) during the reproductive cycle

Zhedong white goose (Anser cygnoides domesticus) is a native Chinese breed with strong broodiness and low egg production, which is related to the physiology of reproduction. However, thus far, the physiology of goose reproduction has not been well elucidated. In the present study, the ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones of Zhedong white geese were investigated during the reproductive cycle (the laying and brooding periods). The results showed that the surface of the ovary was atrophied and follicular atresia appeared to some extent in the brooding period compared with the laying period. The concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone and luteinizing hormone were significantly higher than those in the brooding period (p < 0.05). In contrast, the concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the laying period were significantly lower than those in the brooding period (p < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression levels of PRL, AMH, dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were detected in the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that AMH mRNA was expressed specifically in ovary tissue. The expression levels of DβH and PRL in the brooding period was significantly higher than those in the laying period in the three tissues, especially in the early and middle stages of the brooding period. Moreover, AMH mRNA expression in the ovaries presented the same trend. In addition, P450scc mRNA was highly expressed in both the ovary and pituitary in the laying period. These results revealed the remarkable features of ovarian morphology and characterized the hormonal pattern and expression profile during the reproductive cycle, all of which contribute to understanding the differences in reproductive physiology between the laying and brooding periods in Zhedong white geese.     

肉种鹅反季节繁殖技术的研究

为了克服种鹅繁殖活动的季节性束缚,从而使雏鹅和商品肉鹅分别能够在全年各个时期均衡供应市场,本文从遮黑鹅舍、光照控制、限制饲喂和人工强制换羽方案设计四方面详实阐述了改变种鹅传统的季节性繁殖的方式,实现反季节繁殖。该项技术的具体实施方案可操作性强、适用性广,对促进我国鹅业产业化快速发展必将起到积极的推动作用。     

不同饲养方式对鹅繁殖性能影响的比较研究

比较分析传统池塘养殖和新型戏水池养殖扬州鹅的产蛋性能和孵化性能,探讨两种饲养方式的优劣,以期证明新型戏水池养殖方式的可行性。研究结果表明,池塘养殖开产略迟（比戏水池养殖晚4d）,但高峰产蛋率达到了43.30%（比戏水池养殖高5%）,产蛋率〉35%维持的天数达到了59d,入舍母鹅产蛋数达到58.70个（比戏水池养殖入舍母鹅产蛋数56.24个高2.46个）,池塘养殖鹅群产蛋性能更好一些。受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率,池塘养殖（88.97%、89.58%、97.90%）与戏水池养殖（87.92%、87.69%、98.05%）均无显著差异。综合考虑土地利用率、节水、养殖效率等因素,新型戏水池饲养方式可以在鹅养殖业中大面积推广使用。     

日粮粗蛋白质水平对伊犁鹅产蛋规律、繁殖激素分泌及相关基因mRNA表达的影响

为探讨日粮粗蛋白质水平对伊犁鹅的产蛋规律、繁殖激素分泌及生殖轴相关基因mRNA表达量的影响,本研究随机选取200只3岁伊犁鹅（年龄、饲养管理水平一致及体重相近）,随机分为4个组,每组10个重复。对照组及公鹅饲喂鹅场自配料（粗蛋白质水平11.20%）,试验组母鹅分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为13.86%、15.20%和16.48%的日粮,其余营养指标基本一致。预试期1周,正试期9周。结果表明：①试验期内伊犁鹅的产蛋率呈波动变化,对照组伊犁鹅的产蛋率在第1~2周逐渐上升,第4~5周出现小幅度增长,其余阶段表现为下滑趋势;各试验组伊犁鹅的产蛋率在第1~2、4~5周出现较大幅度增长,且在第5周时达到产蛋高峰,此后逐渐下滑。15.20%粗蛋白质组伊犁鹅就巢率显著低于11.20%、13.86%粗蛋白质组。②与对照组相比,13.86%粗蛋白质组血清促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）浓度极显著升高（P<0.01）,且血清雌二醇（E₂）、促黄体素（LH）浓度均显著升高（P<0.05）;15.20%、16.48%粗蛋白质组血清GnRH、E₂及LH浓度均极显著升高（P<0.01）,且血清促卵泡素（FSH）浓度显著升高（P<0.05）。各试验组血清催乳素（PRL）浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）。③与对照组相比,15.20%粗蛋白质组下丘脑GnRH、LHR基因表达量显著上调（P<0.05）,PRL、PRLR基因表达量显著下调（P<0.05）;垂体中LH基因表达量显著上调（P<0.05）;卵巢中LH与ESR2基因表达量显著或极显著上调（P<0.05,P<0.01）。综上所述,基于日粮粗蛋白质水平对伊犁鹅的产蛋率、就巢率、血清生殖激素浓度及生殖轴相关基因mRNA相对表达量影响的综合评估,建议产蛋期伊犁鹅日粮粗蛋白质水平为15.20%。     

引种不同世代法国莱茵鹅的产蛋性能对比分析

为了解莱茵鹅引入我国后的适应性,本试验对引种来的不同世代法国莱茵鹅的产蛋性能进行了对比分析。结果表明：引种后莱茵鹅的开产日龄高于原产地平均开产日龄;祖代、父母代莱茵鹅的产蛋性能低于法国克里莫公司提供的产蛋标准;祖代、父母代莱茵鹅的蛋重、蛋形指数与法国克里莫公司提供的标准一致。此研究为我国种鹅引进和鹅的良种繁育体系构建提供了基础素材。     

伊犁鹅产蛋前后各期卵巢转录谱的构建及卵泡发育相关基因的分析

【目的】构建产蛋前后各期伊犁鹅卵巢转录组文库,结合生物信息学分析揭示不同产蛋期伊犁鹅卵巢组织差异表达基因,并鉴定出影响鹅卵巢发育的关键基因,为伊犁鹅的繁殖调控提供理论参考。【方法】选择处于开产期（KL组）、产蛋期（CL组）及休产期（XL组）的伊犁鹅各4只,屠宰后取其卵巢组织,用于构建卵巢转录组文库。通过新基因挖掘、基因差异表达、基因注释以及蛋白互作网络分析筛选出与鹅卵泡发育相关的候选基因;随机挑选8个差异表达基因,应用实时荧光定量PCR验证其表达情况。【结果】伊犁鹅卵巢组织学结果表明,在开产期时,伊犁鹅卵巢表面有大量初级卵泡,而产蛋期卵巢则显示出卵泡的层级性,在休产期卵巢中可观察到卵泡出现向内凹陷、闭锁的现象。通过转录组测序（RNA-Seq）,从构建的12个伊犁鹅卵巢cDNA文库中获得有效读数57 811 186~85 328 377条,Q30值均>93.38%,每个样品所产的测序读数于鹅参考基因组上的比对率在82.79%~89.24%。在卵巢中注释的新基因共有1 112个,单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点总数为1 642 273~2 425 069个;SNP和插入缺失（InDel）均主要注释于内含子区域;各时期的可变剪切类型主要集中为最后1个外显子可变剪切（TSS）及第1个外显子可变剪切（TTS）。在KL vs CL、XL vs CL及XL vs KL组中分别有337、1 136和525个差异表达基因,共有差异表达基因为α2A肾上腺素能受体（ADRA2A）、表皮蛋白（CP）、非转移性黑色素瘤糖蛋白B （GPNMB）及α-1-抗胰蛋白酶样（LOC106033756）。GO功能富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集在肽基酪氨酸磷酸化的正调控、细胞黏附及质膜外侧等过程。KEGG通路富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要显著富集于神经活性配体-受体相互作用、ECM-受体相互作用及类固醇生物合成等。结合蛋白互作网络分析,筛选到与鹅卵巢发育相关的潜在调控因子Bruton’s酪氨酸激酶（BTK）、血小板源性生长因子受体α（PDGFRA）、整合素β3（ITGB3）等。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,RNA-Seq结果准确可靠。【结论】本研究揭示了产蛋前后各期伊犁鹅卵巢组织中的基因表达差异,筛选到影响伊犁鹅卵巢发育的神经活性配体-受体相互作用、ECM-受体相互作用、类固醇生物合成等重要通路与BTK、PDGFRA和ITGB3等关键候选基因,为了解鹅卵巢组织调控产蛋性能的分子机制提供了理论支撑。     

壳聚糖对肉鹅屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

为研究壳聚糖对肉鹅屠宰性能及肉品质的影响,选28日龄健康肉鹅120只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%壳聚糖的试验组日粮,试验期42d。结果表明:肉仔鹅日粮中添加0.05%~0.15%的壳聚糖可明显降低屠体脂肪含量,但对其它屠宰性能没有明显影响;鹅肉的pH和嫩度、干物质、氨基酸及总还原糖没有明显变化,但蛋白含量有所增加,脂肪含量有所下降,肌苷酸明显增加,从而改善鹅肉的风味。     

籽粒苋青贮饲喂对产蛋鹅生产性能的影响

为了为我国北方寒冷地区冬季产蛋鹅青绿饲料来源开辟一条新的途径,在籽粒苋Amaranthu paniculatus引种、栽培等试验基础上,进行了籽粒苋青贮试验及青贮籽粒苋饲喂产蛋鹅试验。试验表明,在我国北方寒冷季节对籽粒苋进行青贮调制简单可行,青贮的籽粒苋营养价值有所提高,适口性有所改善;显著提高了产蛋鹅的产蛋率、种蛋率和料蛋比,降低了畸形蛋率和破蛋率,对仔鹅、种蛋受精率、孵化率和健雏率无影响。结果表明,种植籽粒苋进行青贮,用来冬春季饲喂产蛋鹅,可有效解决寒冷地区冬季产蛋鹅青绿饲料不足的问题,降低饲料成本,提高养鹅经济效益。     

狮头鹅个体产蛋智能记录系统的研制

产蛋性能低和育种进展缓慢是制约狮头鹅产业发展的主要问题,研发母鹅个体产蛋量智能记录系统可实施精准选育,提高母鹅产蛋量.基于RFID(Radio frequency identification,RFID)技术,利用915 MHz非接触式无线超高频芯片和EPC Class 1 Gen 2(ISO 18000-6C)超高频...     

A comparison of the effects of feeding treatments and lighting on age at first egg and subsequent laying performance and carcase composition of broiler breeder hens

The effects of the growth curve from 15 to 20 weeks, age at photostimulation and pattern of photostimulus on sexual maturity, egg production and egg weight were evaluated in two trials with broiler breeder females to 56 and 34 weeks of age (housed in litter pens and individually caged, respectively). Carcase composition and reproductive morphology of hens varying in laying efficiency were measured in the second trial. Trial 1: Four growth curves were applied from 15 to 20 weeks to pullets housed in litter pens. Birds were transferred from 8- to 10-h photoperiods at 20 or 24 weeks of age, followed by weekly increments of one hour to reach a 16-h final photoperiod. Lower-than-recommended body weights at 20 weeks significantly delayed sexual maturity, reduced peak rate of lay, total eggs and mean egg weight. However, double-yolked egg production was lower, resulting in non-significant differences in settable egg numbers between body weight treatments. Birds reared to the heaviest body weight exhibited a significantly advanced sexual maturity, but total egg numbers, peak rate of lay and mean egg weight were not significantly affected. However, the laying of more double-yolked eggs resulted in a decrease in the number of settable eggs. Delaying photostimulation to 24 weeks significantly retarded sexual maturity, reduced total and settable egg numbers, and increased mean egg weight. A tendency for fewer double-yolked eggs was observed. Trial 2: At 19 weeks, birds were selected from the 4 body weight categories in Trial 1 and moved to individual cages in 8 rooms. Five lighting programmes were applied. The pattern of photostimulation applied did not affect any of the production traits measured. At 34 weeks, 24 birds were selected for the analysis of reproductive morphology, presence of internal or multiple ovulations, and carcase composition. Eight hens showing an early age at first egg and regular egg production records, 8 birds showing erratic laying performance and 8 non-layers were killed for this purpose. There were no differences in carcase composition or reproductive morphology between these groups. No internal ovulations or double or multiple ovarian hierarchies were observed. The results presented confirm that broiler breeders do not require a lighting stimulus in order to initiate ovarian activity and that, where no lighting stimulus is given, body weight or feeding level plays a critical role in stimulating the birds to attain sexual maturity. However, when a lighting stimulus is given, factors such as body weight and body composition become relatively less important in regulating the age at sexual maturity.     

豁眼鹅种鹅产蛋曲线数学模型分析研究

为探究豁眼鹅在辽宁地区群体饲养环境下的产蛋规律,本试验测定了3 000只豁眼鹅种鹅全期产蛋性能,分别采用伍德模型（Wood model）、分室模型（McMillan model）和杨宁模型拟合其产蛋率曲线,根据R值和赤池信息准则（AIC）选择最优模型。结果显示,曲线拟合模型F检验均差异显著,可用于豁眼鹅种鹅产蛋率拟合;产蛋率拟合杨宁模型R最高（R =0.874）,分室模型次之（R =0.855）,伍德模型拟合度最低（R=0.424）,且 AIC指数依次为杨宁模型<分室模型<伍德模型。本试验中豁眼鹅群体开产较实际晚,40%以上产蛋率高峰持续时间较短。综上,杨宁模型适用于豁眼鹅种鹅产蛋率拟合,可评估和预测其产蛋规律,生产过程中要根据模型和产蛋曲线特征科学合理地进行饲养管理,以达到生产效益最优化。     

维生素、矿物质与能量蛋白质水平对浙东白鹅母鹅繁殖性能、血液生殖激素浓度及生殖轴相关基因mRNA相对表达量的影响

本试验通过在饲粮中添加维生素与矿物质、调整饲粮能量蛋白质水平,旨在研究其对浙东白鹅母鹅繁殖性能、血液生殖激素浓度和生殖轴相关基因mRNA相对表达量的影响.选择138只月龄相近的浙东白鹅种母鹅,按体重相近原则分为3组,分别饲喂不同的饲粮,试验期150 d,测定繁殖性能(平均产蛋数、平均蛋重、受精率和孵化率)、血液生殖激素[卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、孕酮(P4)、雌二醇(E2)、催乳素(PRL)]浓度和生殖轴相关基因[促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、卵泡刺激素-β(FSHβ)、雌激素受体1(ESR1)、雌激素受体2(ESR2)、卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)、催乳素(PRL)、催乳素受体(PRLR)] mRNA相对表达量的变化.结果表明:1)添加维生素与矿物质可显著提高浙东白鹅母鹅第1产蛋周期平均蛋重和受精率(P＜0.05);提高第2产蛋周期内血液FSH和P4的浓度,降低LH浓度,改变E2、P4和PRL浓度波动(P＜0.05);下调下丘脑PRLR、垂体PRL和卵巢PRLR基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05),上调卵巢ESR2基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05).2)调整饲粮能量蛋白质水平可显著提高浙东白鹅母鹅第2产蛋周期平均蛋重(P＜0.05);提高浙东白鹅第2产蛋周期内血液LH浓度,降低FSH浓度,改变E2和P4浓度波动(P＜0.05);上调下丘脑GnRH、垂体PRL和PRLR基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05),下调卵巢FSHR基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05).由此得出,添加维生素与矿物质、调整饲粮能量蛋白质水平可通过影响产蛋周期内部分血液生殖激素浓度和波动,局部调节生殖轴相关基因的mRNA相对表达量,改善浙东白鹅母鹅的繁殖性能.     

基于全基因组重测序技术的狮头鹅Indel标记分析

旨在利用重测序技术分析狮头鹅基因Indel差异并探讨其产蛋调控通路.本研究选用产蛋量有差异的成年狮头鹅和吉林白鹅母鹅各5只,采用全基因组重测序方法,对两个品种基因组水平的插入缺失突变情况进行比较分析.结果表明,测序共得到350.35 Gb数据,其中Q20与Q30平均值分别为96.74％、92.19％;通过注释分析发现了...     

我国地方鹅种就巢性状相关转录组研究进展

随着转录组测序技术的发展,利用组学技术解析我国地方鹅就巢性的研究逐渐深入.在不同品种鹅的各个繁殖阶段,围绕下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的不同水平进行转录组分析,可以深入解析鹅就巢的遗传机制.文章针对转录组解析我国地方鹅繁殖性能的研究进行综述,分析不同品种鹅在各产蛋阶段的基因表达图谱,汇总与鹅繁殖性状显著相关的差异表达基因,总结...     

Egg-laying pattern of the semi-domesticated helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata)

1. Studies on the egg laying pattern of the semi-domesticated helmeted guinea fowl showed that the birds laid eggs between 06.00 and 20.00 h local time (05.00 to 19.00 h GMT). 2. More (67.9%) were laid in the evenings (15.00 to 20.00 h) than at any other period. 3. There were two distinct periods in the reproductive cycle: a breeding season which began in April and ended in September, and a resting or non-breeding period between October and March. 4. Sequence length was predominantly of 4 eggs and July was the month of peak egg production.