陆良县不同海拔耕地自然质量等变化特征分析

针对云南省第一轮《农用地分等规程》中未将海拔作为分等因素的情况且缺少县域尺度海拔对耕地自然质量等影响的变化特征研究,以陆良县为研究区域,采用GIS空间分析和数理统计分析相结合的方法,探明不同海拔对耕地自然质量等影响的变化特征。结果表明:(1)总体上,陆良县水田、水浇地、旱地自然质量等均与海拔变化呈现线性相关关系,随海拔的升高而呈现降低趋势。(2)海拔低于2 000m区域三者平均自然质量等均相对较高,为9.3~10.9等;海拔高于2 000m区域三者平均自然质量等均相对较低,为10.0~11.8等。因此,县域尺度海拔对耕地自然质量等影响的变化特征规律明显,研究成果可为完善农用地分等理论研究工作提供参考。     

不同巨桉林下紫色土壤抗蚀性与土壤因子的耦合关系分析

为揭示耕地退耕成巨桉林后对土壤抗蚀性的影响,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,以紫色土上栽培的6a生巨桉纯林、巨桉+果树、巨桉+粮食作物及农耕地土壤作为研究对象,利用主成分方法分析了影响巨桉林土壤抗蚀性的主要理化指标,同时结合灰色关联度构建了抗蚀性指数—土壤理化性质指标的耦合模型,对不同巨桉林的抗蚀性进行综合判定。结果表明:影响土壤抗蚀性的主要因子有0.25mm团聚体含量、容重、有机质、平均重量直径、水稳性指数、有效钾、碱解氮,其中0.25mm团聚体含量是决定土壤抗蚀性水平的最关键因素;平均重量直径和水稳性指数与土壤理化性质指标分别属于中等和较强关联,土壤理化性质对土壤抗蚀性的影响依次为0.25mm团聚体含量碱解氮有效磷有机质有效钾容重;土壤抗蚀性与土壤理化性质系统的整体耦合水平属于弱协调,系统耦合协调程度为巨桉纯林(中度协调)耕地(弱协调)林粮(轻度不协调)林果(轻度不协调)。研究结论可为耕地退耕成巨桉林地的土壤抗蚀性评价提供一定的理论依据。     

半岛丘陵区城市周边永久基本农田划定研究——以山东省海阳市为例

基本农田红线是土地利用总体规划"三线"划定的重中之重,城市周边永久基本农田的划定是基本农田红线划定工作中的难点。本研究以半岛丘陵区山东省海阳市为例,以"三线"协同划定的思想为切入点,采用生态优先、建设用地严格举证、优质耕地尽量划入永久基本农田和市场配置资源的思路,将生态安全网络构建、建设用地适宜性评价、耕地质量综合评价等多种方法有机结合,并对土地评价和立地分析(LESA)方法进行改进,通过Arcgis空间分析功能,综合划定海阳市城市周边永久基本农田。结果表明:1)生态安全网络中耕地面积为12.11 hm~2,优先建设区与重点建设区中已举证的耕地面积为154.99 hm~2,此部分耕地均不适宜划入永久基本农田。2)根据耕地综合质量分值将耕地划分为4个等级,其中,优先划入型和适宜划入型耕地,自然质量和立地条件均比较优越,可划定为永久基本农田,重点调控型和后备资源型耕地则不宜划入;其中优先划入型耕地面积为458.05 hm~2,将其中427.82 hm~2划入永久基本农田,适宜划入型耕地面积为771.83 hm~2,将其中500.67 hm~2划入永久基本农田。3)划定后城市周边永久基本农田面积1 305.22 hm~2,新划入永久基本农田的耕地面积为928.49 hm~2,占城市周边耕地总面积的60.26%,永久基本农田保护率提高了42.66%,永久基本农田中耕地的国家利用等平均值(9.04)高于全市耕地平均利用等别(9.56),且坡度均低于15°。4)城市周边生态安全用地、永久基本农田、建设用地空间布局更加优化,有利于城市的有序发展和土地的可持续利用。本研究采用基于改进的LESA评价方法,并综合考虑生态安全用地、永久基本农田和建设用地的空间布局,丰富了永久基本农田划定方法,达到了海阳市城市周边永久基本农田划定目标;同时研究结果具有较强的实用性,为海阳市永久基本农田的保护和土地利用总体规划"三线"划定工作提供了科学依据。     

福建耕地土壤磷素富集空间差异及其影响因素

利用1∶250 000福建省耕地土壤类型空间数据库以及1982年1 676个和2008年200 322个耕地土壤调查样点数据资料,借助GIS技术与灰色关联分析模型,探讨了26年间研究区耕地耕层土壤有效磷富集程度空间差异及其影响因素。结果表明:26年来福建省耕地土壤有效磷呈明显富集趋势,全省92.81%的耕地有效磷处于不同程度富集状态,有效磷平均富集量和年均富集率分别高达24.38 mg?kg-1和10.01%,并呈较明显的空间差异。地处南亚热带的厦门市耕地有效磷富集程度最大,中亚热带的南平市富集程度最小;有效磷富集程度较高的土类为紫色土、潮土、水稻土和赤红壤,较小的土类为滨海盐土和石灰土;富集程度较大的亚类包括淹育水稻土、灰潮土和漂洗水稻土,较小的亚类包括棕色石灰土和滨海盐土。研究区耕地土壤磷素富集及其空间差异主要受年均磷肥施用量、p H、年均气温和土壤黏粒含量显著影响,灰色关联系数0.722。根据研究区耕地土壤磷素富集程度及其空间差异制定磷肥优化管理措施是十分必要的。     

Enzyme activities in a limed agricultural soil

 This study assessed the effect of eight lime application rates, with four field replications, on the activities of 14 enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in soils. The enzymes were assayed at their optimal pH values. The soil used was a Kenyon loam located at the Northeast Research Center in Nashua, Iowa. Lime was applied in 1984 at rates ranging from 0 to 17,920 kg effective calcium carbonate equivalent (ha^–1), and surface samples (0–15 cm) were taken after 7 years. Results showed that organic C and N were not significantly affected by lime application, whereas the soil pH was increased from 4.9 to 6.9. The activities of the following enzymes were assayed: α- and β-glucosidases, α- and β-galactosidases, amidase, arylamidase, urease, l-glutaminase, l-asparaginase, l-aspartase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, phosphodiesterase, and arylsulfatase. With the exception of acid phosphatase, which was significantly (P<0.001) but negatively correlated with soil pH (r=–0.69), the activities of all the other enzymes were significantly (P<0.001)and positively correlated with soil pH, with r values ranging from 0.53 for the activity of α-galactosidase to 0.89 for alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. The Δ activity/Δ pH values ranged from 4.4 to 38.5 for the activities of the glycosidases, from 1.0 to 107 for amidohydrolases and arylamidase, 97 for alkaline phosphatase, 39.4 for phosphodiesterase, and 11.2 for arylsulfatase. This value for acid phosphatase was –35.0. The results support the view that soil pH is an important indicator of soil health and quality. Received: 3 May 1999     

江苏沿海耕地资源量空间分布态势评价

首先采用农用地分等中自然质量分值的计算方法对江苏沿海耕地自然质量进行测算,然后在此基础上结合各乡镇耕地面积和人口数量计算人均耕地量,对江苏沿海地区耕地资源量的空间分布态势进行评价。结果表明:研究区北部、中西部和南部除少数地区外耕地质量总体较好,中东部耕地质量较差;耕地质量优良的地区人均耕地量水平较低,耕地质量较差的地区人均耕地量水平反而较高。根据评价结果,从提高土地整体利用效率、合理占用耕地、合理开发土地后备资源、污染排放源头控制与生产过程中治理相结合等几个方面提出了沿海地区耕地资源可持续利用的有效途径。     

Enzyme activities along a climatic transect in the Judean Desert

Soil enzymes have an important influence on nutrient cycling. We examined spatial and temporal patterns in dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, and their relationships with organic carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen at three sites in Israel representing different climatic regions: Mediterranean (humid), mildly arid and arid. The sites were selected along a climatic transect from the Judean Mountains in the west to the Dead Sea in the east of Israel. With increasing aridity, soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and different pools of arylsulfatase activities decreased significantly. A sharp change in enzyme activities existed between 260- and 120-mm mean annual rainfall. The arylsulfatase activity of the microbial biomass in the 0–2- and 5–10-cm soil layers usually accounted for more than 50% of the total activity, and the fraction of total activity in the 0–2-cm soil layer of the arid sites was significantly greater than that of the humid site. Dehydrogenase and total and microbial biomass arylsulfatase activities were sensitive indicators of the climatic change along the transect. At the humid and mildly arid sites, the activities of dehydrogenase were less in the winter than in the summer and spring, whereas total and microbial biomass arylsulfatase activities were less in both summer and winter. At the arid site, lower values were observed in the summer at 0–2-cm soil depth. At all sites, lower alkaline phosphatase activities at 0–2 cm were observed in the summer, but there were no significant seasonal differences in acid phosphatase activities. These different seasonal patterns of enzyme activities are attributed to the enzyme source, and specific seasonal soil moisture and temperature conditions at the studied sites. The low dehydrogenase and microbial biomass arylsulfatase activities in the winter at the humid and mildly arid sites are explained by the cold and wet soil conditions, and the low enzyme activity in the summer at the arid site is attributed to the dry and hot soil conditions.     

Dynamics of soil properties and organic carbon pool in topsoil of zokor-made mounds at an alpine site of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

The population of burrowing plateau zokors (Myospalax baileyi) was markedly increased in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of zokor foraging and mound-making disturbance on topsoil properties and organic C pools at an alpine site of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Surface (0–15 cm) soil samples were collected from mounds with different ages (3 months and 3, 6, and 15 years) and from undisturbed grassland. Above- and below-ground plant biomasses were depleted by zokors in newly created mounds (3 months). Plant cover and root biomass gradually recovered thereafter, but were still lower in the 15-year-old mounds than in the undisturbed soils. Organic C contents of coarse (>2 mm), soil (<2 mm), particulate (2–0.05 mm) fractions, and microbial biomass, organic C mineralization, β-glucosidase activity, urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, acid phosphatase activity, and soil aggregation were significantly lower in the 3, 6, and 15-year-old mound soils than in the undisturbed soils or newly created mound soils. Fifteen years after mound creation, the soil had only 12% of root biomass, 35% of coarse organic C, 83% of particulate organic C, 58% of microbial biomass C, 57% of 30-day respired C, and 45% of water-stable aggregate mean weight diameter, compared to values of the undisturbed soils. Our results suggested that foraging and mound-making by zokors have negative impacts on properties and organic matter content of the topsoil.     

中国西部区国家级标准样地分布特征及代表性

从宏观尺度上把握西部区国家级标准样地数量、质量、空间分布特征及对耕地的代表性程度,对建立和完善覆盖全国的耕地质量监测体系意义重大。该文以西部区(12个省、市、自治区)农用地分等及标准样地数据为基础,分析西部区国家级标准样地在等别(质量)、耕作制度二级区上的数量分布状况,基于GIS剖析标准样地的空间分布特征,基于统计学等定量方法对国家级标准样地代表性程度进行验证。结果表明:从数量分布来看,西部区国家级标准样地在等别范围4~15每个等别上均有分布,但在各等别上数量差异较大;在各二级区上数量分布不均匀,其中5个二级区没有标准样地分布,主要集中在7个二级区。从空间分布来看,西部区国家级标准样地总体上处于均匀分布,但空间分布差异显著,均匀分布和凝聚分布并存。最后,根据西部区国家级标准样地的分布特征和代表性检验结果,提出西部区国家级标准样地布设的优化调整建议。     

用于灌溉耕地制图的特征变量优选

灌溉耕地制图可以为粮食安全、水资源管理和气候变化等相关研究提供数据基础.构建和选择表征灌溉耕地信息的特征变量是灌溉耕地制图最重要的环节之一.该研究选择有良好灌溉信息数据基础的美国内布拉斯加州为研究区,基于已有灌溉耕地空间分布图和灌溉信息数据,提取灌溉耕地和雨养耕地的样本,计算了样本的4类82个特征变量,利用随机森林对比...     

耕地不同利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

以山东青州市为例,在对耕地土壤养分状况进行全面的调查分析,获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,以数理统计方法对5种耕地利用方式下17种土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,进而系统地探讨了耕地不同利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响。研究结果表明：耕地不同利用方式对土壤有机质及大量元素、交换性钙、镁、有效硅、锌、硼、土壤pH值和全盐含量有显著影响。由于菜地高施肥量及高产出的影响,大部分菜地土壤养分的含量明显高于粮田,但有效硅含量粮田则远高于菜地。粮田土壤pH值高于菜地,全盐含量菜地高于粮田。在旱地、水浇地粮田和露天菜地中有效磷含量变异最大,但设施菜地中全氮、有效硫含量的变异最大。研究结果对于探明耕地利用对土壤的养分状况的影响,对研究区耕地资源的合理利用与保护将具有积极意义。     

Impacts of farmland conversion to apple (Malus domestica) orchard on soil organic carbon stocks and enzyme activities in a semiarid loess region

Land‐use change often affects the sizes of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the activities of soil enzymes. Responses of relevant soil quality indices caused by farmland conversion to orchard are largely unknown in the semiarid loess regions. This study was conducted at orchard sites, which have been under very intensive cultivation, to evaluate the impacts of farmland conversion to apple (Malus domestica) orchard on SOC stocks and soil enzyme activities in the semiarid loess region of Weibei, Shaanxi province, China. The spatial and temporal changes in a variety of soil quality indices were measured for the 0–100 cm soil profile in apple orchards of three age groups (< 10 y, juvenile; 10–15 y, mature; > 15 y, over‐mature) and adjacent farmlands (control). After farmland conversion, total SOC (TOC) content and density and soil alkaline phosphatase activity significantly decreased, while soil catalase activity increased for the 0–100 cm soil profile. The labile SOC (LOC) content, its proportion to TOC content, and carbon management index (CMI, changes in the total content and lability of SOC) significantly increased in the 0–40 cm soil layer, whereas soil urease and invertase activities only increased in the 0–20 cm layer (P < 0.05). With increasing age of apple orchards, SOC stocks significantly increased after 10 y, being more than 10% larger in mature and over mature orchards than in adjacent farmlands. The LOC content and CMI value also had an increasing trend, while soil enzyme activities showed different response patterns. There were significant correlations between soil enzyme activities, SOC fractions, and CMI value (P < 0.05). We concluded that farmland conversion to apple orchard affected soil quality by reducing SOC stocks in the soil profile and changing SOC content as well as soil enzyme activities at various depth intervals. Long‐term apple cultivation was effective to restore SOC stocks, although it took over a decade to rebuild a new increasing trend after farmland conversion.     

改进灰色关联模型在秦巴山区耕地地力评价中的应用

以秦巴山区陕西省安康市汉阴县为例,在通过土壤调查采样和室内化验分析获得的相关耕地地力数据信息的基础上,运用层次分析、模糊评价等方法改进了灰色关联模型,实现了耕地地力综合评价的定量化和自动化。结果表明,该地区耕地基础地力可分为5级,其中Ⅰ级地占耕地总面积的7.32%,Ⅱ级地占耕地总面积的15.41%,Ⅲ级地占耕地总面积的21.61%,Ⅳ级地占32.47%,Ⅴ级地占23.18%;研究区内耕地地力属中等偏差水平,其中河谷阶地的耕地地力水平状况相对较好,低山丘陵区的耕地地力水平相对较差,中低山的耕地地力水平最差。     

张掖市典型绿洲农田生态系统生产力时空分布特征

[目的]以甘肃省张掖市甘州区典型绿洲为例,研究绿洲农田生产力的时空格局及其全球变化对农田生产力的影响,为区域农业资源管理决策与规划提供决策依据。[方法]利用MOD17A3NPP产品、气象数据及甘州区农业统计等数据,结合GIS空间分析技术开展研究。[结果]甘州区不同农田类型净初级生产力(NPP)均值最小值均出现在2001年,最大值出现在2007年。甘州区农田净初级生产力年均值变化范围为109.3~420.5g/(m~2·a),其分布特征与农田类型的空间分布基本一致;同一农田类型,高海拔区农田生产力小于海拔较低区,即农田生产力的大小是由农田类型及海拔高度共同决定的。NPP变化趋势存在明显的空间异质性,农田生产力增加的面积占总面积的40.9%,主要是旱地和高海拔地区的水浇地。海拔1 800m以上的旱地和水浇地年降水量的增加趋势远大于平均气温,其NPP呈明显的增加趋势。[结论]近10a来甘州区农田生态系统生产力存在明显的时空差异,整个旱地和水浇地年均NPP呈增加趋势,水田年均NPP呈下降趋势。     

紫色丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤生物学肥力的影响

为更好地理解侵蚀土壤质量变化,该文利用137Cs技术探讨了川中丘陵区紫色土陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤生物学肥力的影响。结果表明,与无侵蚀的坡地相比,陡坡耕地土壤微生物量碳含量及碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性分别显著降低41%、44%、17%,土壤生物学肥力退化指数MFDI达-35%。陡坡耕地土壤蔗糖酶活性与137Cs浓度显著正相关（r=0.643,p=0.024）,表明蔗糖酶活性随土壤侵蚀强度增大而降低。耕作侵蚀造成的陡坡耕地上坡土壤损失导致土壤微生物量碳含量、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性最低,而耕作侵蚀造成的陡坡耕地坡底土壤堆积导致这4个微生物特性最高,结果陡坡耕地这些微生物特性的空间变异分别增大2.8、0.8、1.4、4.5倍。紫色土陡坡耕地土壤生物学肥力退化与空间变异性增大在今后的土地管理中应引起关注。     

集成"适宜性-集聚性-稳定性"的永久基本农田储备区划定

永久基本农田储备区是永久基本农田的直接补划来源，划定并建设永久基本农田储备区对于稳定永久基本农田保护区格局，保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。该研究从适宜性、集聚性、稳定性三个维度构建永久基本农田储备区评价体系，在一般耕地区开展综合质量评价基础上划定永久基本农田储备区；进一步结合三维魔方空间分类方法，制定了永久基本农田储备区的整治分区方案，并以江苏省常州市金坛区开展了方法实证。结果表明：1）从约束准则和评价准则两方面构建永久基本农田储备区划定准则，有利于提高永久基本农田储备区筛选的科学性和合理性；2）研究区基于耕地适宜性、集聚性、稳定性指标综合评价，在研究区划定了永久基本农田储备区7 307.8 hm2；3）结合耕地综合质量和空间分类方法可将永久基本农田储备区划分为综合利用潜力区、生产改善潜力区、发展提升潜力区、生产改善-发展提升潜力区等4种类型，针对不同类型区实施相应的整治措施，可进一步提升永久基本农田储备区的质量，为后续永久基本农田补划提供了坚实的基础。     

粮食安全视角下的环京津地区耕地生态补偿量化研究

本文基于生态系统服务价值,从粮食安全角度出发,通过计算粮食耕地盈亏量、粮食耕地超载指数和补偿系数,建立了耕地生态补偿模型,通过量化县域耕地生态补偿,对河北省环京津地区耕地生态补偿问题进行了研究。研究结果表明:1)环京津耕地"生态供给"与"生态消费"存在典型的"空间异位"现象,其中耕地"生态消费"主要集中于环京津南部地区,而耕地"生态供给"则主要集中在环京津西部地区。2)2014年环京津耕地生态系统服务价值为4.480 5×10~(10)元,整体呈现不能自足的态势,总赤字金额为7.834×10~9元。3)环京津地区中,河北省张北县、兴隆县、蔚县、尚义县和涞源县等17个县市表现为盈余,其余各县市均呈现为赤字状态。其中滦南县需支付的耕地生态补偿量最高,为5.173×10~7元,其次为玉田县和东光县,分别为4.864×10~7元和4.849×10~7元。虽然遵化市、滦平县、曲阳县可获得补偿,但其耕地生态条件也仅仅表现为"紧平衡",仍需受到广泛关注。4)以粮食安全角度为出发点,2014年环京津区急需获得耕地生态补偿的县为张北县、蔚县、尚义县、阳原县、涞源县和曲阳县,需支付耕地生态补偿的县为滦南县、玉田县、献县、吴桥县和定州市,唐县、涞水县和丰宁满族自治县既不需获得也不需支付耕地生态补偿。与前人的研究相比,本研究以生态补偿为切入点对河北省环京津地区耕地补偿问题进行了研究,研究结果对于促进环京津地区经济发展、耕地生态环境保护与耕地资源持续高效利用发挥着重要作用。同时,此方法的运用可为类似地区生态补偿的量化研究提供参考,为其他地区以生态价值量确定耕地保护指标提供依据,对耕地生态补偿价值机制的研究有指导意义。     

Irrigation water with an increased magnesium content and its role in the degradation of chernozems in Southeastern Europe

The reasons for the deterioration of the irrigation water quality and the alkaline degradation of chernozems in the Danube-Dnestr and Azov irrigation systems on the East-European Plain were studied. The water of the accumulation reservoirs in these systems is alkaline (pH up to 8.6), contains 1.5–2.5 g/l total dissolved salts, and is characterized by an increased content of magnesium (35% of the total cations). The irrigation of chernozems with such water results in the alkalinization of the soils and a decrease in the content of exchangeable calcium from 85–90 to 55–65% of the total exchangeable cations. The content of exchangeable magnesium increases to 30–40% and that of sodium to 3–5% of the total exchangeable cations. Problems of soil reclamation that have arisen during the functioning of irrigation systems without solving the main task (the improvement of the irrigation water’s quality) have been considered. Recommendations are given for the conservation of chernozems and the preservation of the quality of the irrigation water from the Kuban and Don rivers during its transportation to the irrigated fields.     

基于耕地质量综合评价的县域基本农田空间布局

当前耕地质量综合评价已具有较丰富的研究成果,但其对耕地生态安全因素方面考虑稍显不足。全面系统评价耕地质量是基本农田划定与高标准基本农田建设等工作科学开展的重要前提,该文在深入剖析耕地质量评价理论与方法的基础上,针对基本农田划定内在要求,从耕地自然质量、利用条件、空间形态与生态安全4个方面选取相关指标,构建耕地质量综合评价体系,基于GIS平台实现各指标定量化分析与耕地质量综合指数测算。在此基础上,依据最大相似性原理将北京平谷区现有5 916块耕地地块划分为优先划定、适宜调入、重点调控和缩减退出4大类型,通过分析各类型耕地综合质量特征,整理得到平谷区基本农田划定时空配置方案。该研究结果客观反映了区域耕地资源综合质量状况,为县域范围耕地资源功能分区与差别化管控、基本农田保护区划定及高标准基本农田建设提供参考。     

Variation in Wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis> spp.) Landraces from Different Altitudes of Three Regions of Turkey

Wheat landrace populations, collected from different altitudes of three regions of Turkey, were evaluated for variation within and among populations. Experimental material consisted of 380 accessions, from nine provinces, in Central Anatolian Plateau and North Transitions. The material was grown at Haymana-Ankara Research Farm of Central Research Institute for Field Crops in 1999–2000 planting season, in a three-meter, two-row-plot trial with three bread and three durum wheat checks. Populations were evaluated for plant height, tillers number, spike length, grains per spike, awn length, thousand kernels weight (TKW), winter survival, and days to flowering. Observations and measurements were performed on five randomly selected plants in each plots. Mean, coefficient of variation (CV), and range were computed for populations from five altitude intervals of 0–399, 400–799, 800–1199, 1200–1599, and 1600–1999 m, and geographical regions. Correlation, principal component (CPC) and cluster analyses were performed later. The highest variation was recorded for awn length and the lowest for number of days to flowering. First three principal components (PCs) accounted for 60.69% of the total variation. Cluster analysis for bread wheat, durum wheat, cultivated einkorn and cultivated emmer grouped the species meaningfully.