酸性低钾土硫酸钾镁肥对花生生长及养分吸收的影响

在供钾水平较低的酸性赤砂土上,采用盆栽试验方法研究硫酸钾镁对花生生长发育及养分吸收的影响,结果表明:随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,花生经济产量与生物总量呈先增加后降低的趋势.施硫酸钾镁513mg·kg-1(土)处理(相当于每千克土施K2O 0.12 g、Mg 0.028 g、S 0.09 g),花生产量最高,经济产量与生物总量分别较对照增加20.2%和32.2%.随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,植株对钾、镁、硫各吸收量均有不同程度增加,其中对钾、硫吸收量呈逐渐升高的趋势,而对镁吸收量呈先升高后降低的趋势,植株对钾、镁吸收表现正相关.随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,花生果仁粗蛋白与粗脂肪均较对照有所提高,粗蛋白含量呈逐渐增加,而粗脂肪含量却呈逐渐下降趋势.在酸性低钾、中镁、潜在性缺硫的赤砂土上,花生施用硫酸钾镁肥,钾镁养分吸收里显著正相关,但钾硫相关性不明显.     

秸秆还田下施镁对土壤交换镁及春玉米镁素积累和产量的影响

于2017—2019年在吉林省农安县设置大田试验,采用双因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆还田J(12000 kg/hm^2)、秸秆不还田W,副区为施镁M3(施纯镁10 kg/hm^2)、不施镁M0,包含JM3(秸秆+镁肥)、JM0(秸秆+无镁肥)、WM3(无秸秆+镁肥)、WM0(常规)4个处理。结果表明:玉米生育期,土壤交换镁含量逐渐降低,至成熟期,JM3处理土壤交换镁含量比WM3、JM0、WM0分别提高6.59%,8.47%,14.09%。施用镁肥促进玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,秸秆还田配施镁肥进一步增加了玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,WM3处理玉米镁素积累量比WM0平均提高12.30%;JM3处理的镁素积累量比WM3、JM0、WM0处理分别提高9.79%,15.99%,23.28%。春玉米干物质积累量随着生育期的进行逐渐增加,施镁肥能提高干物质积累量与春玉米产量,在成熟期WM3(无秸秆+镁肥)的干物质积累量与产量分别比WM0(常规)提高5.30%与4.38%,JM3(秸秆+镁肥)的干物质积累量与产量比WM0(常规)分别提高11.50%与5.52%。综上可以得出,施用镁肥可以显著提高土壤交换镁含量,促进春玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,增加干物质积累量及提高春玉米产量。秸秆还田配施镁肥不但可以提高土壤交换镁含量,保持土壤镁素在整个玉米生育期的持续有效供应,还进一步促进春玉米植株对镁素的吸收,提高了干物质积累量及春玉米产量。     

施镁对缺镁葡萄叶片和果实矿质元素含量的影响

在大田条件下,对缺镁的葡萄园进行了土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁肥的试验,探讨缺镁条件下,施镁对葡萄叶片和果实矿质营养吸收的影响,为葡萄施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,分别为0、112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0.2%、0.4%。结果表明:土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁在增加缺镁葡萄镁含量的同时,促进了钾、钙和锰的吸收,但降低了叶片和果实中锌含量,对铁和铜的影响不显著。土施镁肥极显著增加了叶片和果实中镁含量,叶面喷施极显著增加了叶片镁含量,但对果实镁含量影响不显著;土施150 kg/hm2同时叶面喷施0.4%硫酸镁肥,可提高叶片和果实中镁及其它矿质元素的含量。     

Effect of calcium and magnesium on 65zinc absorption and translocation in rice seedlings

Effect of calcium and magnesium on zinc absorption by 21‐day‐old rice seedlings and its translocation within the plants was studied in the nutrient solution culture using radioactive zinc. The concentrations of the elements in the nutrient solution were 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μM zinc and 0, 10 and 20 mM calcium and magnesium. Absorption of ⁶⁵zinc was studied for 30, 60 and 90 minutes and translocation for 24 hours. Zinc absorption increased with time and increased zinc concentration in the nutrient solutions. Addition of calcium and magnesium reduced zinc absorption by rice seedlings by about 60 and 90% respectively at a concentration of 20 mM. The nature of inhibition of both calcium and magnesium on zinc was non‐competitive as indicated by Michaelis constants. A large fraction of zinc absorbed remained in roots and only 5.3% was translocated to shoots even at 2.0 #GMM zinc concentrations in solution. The effect of cations on translocation of ⁶⁵zinc within rice seedlings was more at lower( 0.5 μM zinc) than at higher (2.0 μM zinc) concentrations.     

添加物对镉、锌、铅污染土壤上小白菜的生长和养分吸收的影响

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of two amendments, lime and calcium magnesium phosphate, on the growth and Cd,Pd,Zn,Cu,Mn,Fe,N,P and K uptake of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis) in a Cd,Pb and Zn polluted acid soil in the southern part of China. The growth of pakchoi was apparently improved by lime and calcium magnesium phosphate application, the uptake of Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn by pakchoi was significantly depressed and the symptom caused by heavy metals pollution was eliminated. Meanwhile, the absorption of N,K and Mn was also inhibited by these amendments. Soil pH was the main factor controlling the uptake of the heavy metals by pakchoi. This suggests that lime and calcium magnesium phosphate could be used as effective amendments for eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals to the vegetable and inhibiting their absorption by the crop.     

供镁水平对烤烟生长及养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究了不同供镁水平对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,施MgSO4量为0.06～1.08 g/kg时,各处理烤烟的生长状况和干物质积累量明显优于对照和施MgSO4 1.88 g/kg。烤烟各器官对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少,各处理表现一致。施MgSO4量为0.18～0.72 g/kg的3个处理烤烟各器官对氮磷钾的吸收量明显高于其他处理,且在施MgSO4量为0.36 g/kg时达到峰值。当施MgSO4量较低（≤0.06 g/kg）或较高（MgSO4≥1.08 g/kg）时都会抑制烤烟的生长发育、干物质和养分的积累。而烤烟各器官对镁的吸收量则均表现出随施镁量增加而增加的趋势,且各器官镁吸收量表现为:叶＞茎＞根;镁肥的施用能够在一定程度上促进烤烟对镁素的吸收。     

连续三年定位施用硫酸钾镁肥对水稻效应的研究

在潴育型的灰泥田上进行连续三年施用硫酸钾镁的水稻定位试验。结果表明:在氮磷肥基础上配施不同钾肥品种或单施进口复合肥的稻谷产量高低顺序为硫酸钾镁肥>48%进口复合肥>氯化钾=硫酸钾,三年平均产量分别较对照增产7.0%、5.0%、4.3%、4.3%,施用硫酸钾镁的水稻产量增幅呈逐年增加趋势。与其它钾肥品种相比,水稻施用硫酸钾镁肥,增加了分蘖期的分蘖数,提高了分蘖期与孕穗期的叶片叶绿素含量;收获期籽粒氮磷养分累积吸收量更高,经济效益更好。     

Galactooligosaccharides improve mineral absorption and bone properties in growing rats through gut fermentation

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), prebiotic nondigestible oligosaccharides derived from lactose, have the potential for improving mineral balance and bone properties. This study examined the dose-response effect of GOS supplementation on calcium and magnesium absorption, mineral retention, bone properties, and gut microbiota in growing rats. Seventy-five 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into one of five treatment groups (n = 15/group) and fed a diet containing 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% GOS by weight for 8 weeks. Dietary GOS significantly decreased cecal pH and increased cecal wall weight and content weight in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.0001). Fingerprint patterns of the 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE from fecal DNA indicated the variance of bacterial community structure, which was primarily explained by GOS treatments (p = 0.0001). Quantitative PCR of the samples revealed an increase in the relative proportion of bifidobacteria with GOS (p = 0.0001). Net calcium absorption was increased in a dose-response manner (p < 0.01) with GOS supplementation. Dietary GOS also increased (p < 0.02) net magnesium absorption, femur ??Ca uptake, calcium and magnesium retention, and femur and tibia breaking strength. Distal femur total and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and area and proximal tibia vBMD increased (p < 0.02) with GOS supplementation. Trabecular-rich bones, that is, those that rapidly turn over, were most benefited. Regression modeling showed that GOS benefited calcium and magnesium utilization and vBMD through decreased cecal pH, increased cecal wall and content weight, and increased proportion of bifidobacteria.     

钙镁缺乏对不同甘薯品种的生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了探索钙、镁元素缺乏对不同甘薯品种的生长及矿质元素吸收的影响,采用砂培的方法,以苏16和苏11为材料,在钙、镁缺乏条件下,对其外观症状、叶绿素含量、光合作用、地上与地下部分生物量及其根部和叶部矿质元素含量进行了研究。结果表明:钙、镁缺乏时苏16和苏11的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、地上和地下生物量均显著下降,苏11的下降幅度比苏16大,缺钙条件下,苏16的显著症状为烂根,并且只有根部和叶部的钙含量显著下降(P0.05),苏11的典型症状为老叶坏死的斑块沿着靠近叶柄的叶边缘不规则向外扩散,逐渐衰老枯落,并且根部钙含量显著降低伴随铁的显著降低(P0.05),可能伴有缺铁并发症,缺镁条件下,苏16和苏11的典型症状相同,叶片均失绿,老叶逐渐枯萎脱落,并且根部和叶部的镁含量显著降低伴随着硫含量的显著降低(P0.05),可能伴有缺硫并发症。     

NaCl胁迫对葡萄幼苗根际pH值及营养成分的影响

采用多隔层根际培养的方法,研究了NaCl胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗根际土和非根际土的pH值以及主要营养成分的变化。结果表明,NaCl处理对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗的生长造成了不同程度的抑制。不同NaCl处理下,葡萄幼苗根际土壤pH均低于非根际土,各层土壤的pH随盐胁迫程度加深而增高;水溶性K+在根际含量较低,水溶性Na+ 和Ca2+在根际富集。非盐渍条件下,葡萄幼苗根际碱解氮增高,而在盐胁迫下下降。在4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下,葡萄根际有效磷降低,其它处理下升高;而水溶性Mg2+ 则相反。试验结果还表明,Na+的存在阻碍了根系对多种矿质营养的吸收和利用,影响了葡萄的正常生理活动,不同程度地限制了葡萄根系的生活力和吸收能力。在Na+的作用下,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的迁移和吸收受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,各层土壤中的几种离子的含量均有所变化。     

Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of calcium and magnesium and colorimetric determination of phosphorus in cheese: collaborative study

The determination of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in cheese was collaboratively studied. The sample is dried and ashed and the residue is dissolved in an acidified aqueous solution. Calcium and magnesium are determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and phosphorus is determined by colorimetry. The study was repeated 3 times because of high within- and between-laboratory relative standard deviations (RSDr and RSDR, respectively). Poor precision in the first 2 studies was caused by a number of factors, including use of contaminated glassware, improperly maintained instruments, and impure reagents as standards. In each study, 5 varieties of cheese were distributed as 10 blind duplicate samples along with a practice sample. Thirteen laboratories participated in the third study, which was generally problem-free. The range of results and the average RSDr and RSDR found in the cheeses were: calcium, 608-1107 mg/100 g. 1.5%, 2.6%; magnesium, 23.9-50.6 mg/100 g, 2.8%, 3.8%; phosphorus, 444-695 mg/100 g, 1.2%, 1.6%. The method has been adopted official first action by AOAC.     

硝普钠对黄瓜幼苗缺镁和硝酸盐胁迫的缓解效应

【目的】设施栽培中土壤次生盐渍化严重,导致植株出现缺镁失绿症状。通过研究硝酸盐胁迫下外源NO供体(硝普钠,SNP)对缺镁黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,探究硝酸盐胁迫下外源NO对缺镁黄瓜幼苗的胁迫缓解效应,为解决设施生产中黄瓜幼苗的缺镁失绿症状提供理论指导。【方法】采用水培的方式培养黄瓜幼苗,幼苗长至三叶一心时进行处理。营养液采用山崎配方,镁离子浓度设两个水平为2 mmol/L(正常浓度)和1 mmol/L(缺镁胁迫);硝酸盐浓度设两个水平为14 mmol/L(正常浓度)和140 mmol/L(硝酸盐胁迫);硝酸盐和镁正常浓度为对照。用0.1mmol/L SNP分别缓解缺镁胁迫、硝酸盐胁迫以及缺镁和硝酸盐双重胁迫,用0.1 mmol/L SF(铁氰化钠)处理,观察SNP反应产物的影响;NO-3由Ca(NO3)2·4H2O和KNO3提供,各占1/2,p H由H2SO4调节,保持在5.5 6.5。【结果】1)缺镁胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗株高和叶面积增加值、干物质增长量较正常处理的黄瓜幼苗显著降低;电解质渗漏率、丙二醛含量和可溶性蛋白含量较正常处理的黄瓜幼苗显著升高。缺镁处理的黄瓜幼苗根茎叶中镁离子含量、叶片光合色素含量、光合特性指标、叶绿素荧光及抗氧化酶活性与正常处理的黄瓜幼苗相比明显降低。2)硝酸盐胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗株高和叶面积增加值、干物质增长量、黄瓜幼苗根茎叶中镁离子含量、叶片光合色素含量、光合特性指标、叶绿素荧光及抗氧化酶活性较正常处理的黄瓜幼苗显著降低;电解质渗漏率、丙二醛含量和可溶性蛋白含量较正常处理的黄瓜幼苗显著升高。3)缺镁和硝酸盐双重胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗的相关生长指标和抗逆指标较正常处理的黄瓜幼苗降低或增大更为显著。4)缺镁胁迫,硝酸盐胁迫以及缺镁和硝酸盐双重胁迫下,外施0.1 mmol/L SNP处理的黄瓜幼苗,株高和叶面积增加值、干物质增长量、幼苗根茎叶中镁离子含量、叶片光合色素含量、光合特性指标、叶绿素荧光、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化酶活性较未添加SNP处理的黄瓜幼苗显著提高,电解质渗漏率和丙二醛含量则明显降低。外施0.1 mmol/L SF则没有表现出明显的作用。【结论】硝酸盐胁迫下缺镁黄瓜幼苗生长受到明显抑制,出现失绿症状,通过添加0.1 mmol/L SNP,黄瓜幼苗的生长抑制得到明显缓解,说明在硝酸盐胁迫下外源NO对缺镁黄瓜幼苗的胁迫有显著缓解作用,增强黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性和对镁的吸收能力。     

Nutrient Availability in the Soil and Its Absorption,Transport, and Redistribution in Vines

Abstract

This study was to determine the concentration, accumulation, redistribution, and export of nutrients by Rubi grape. Ten branches with leaves and fruit were collected; the vegetable matter (stem, leaf, and fruit) was washed, dried, weighed, and analyzed so as to determine the concentration of nutrients in the plant. The nutrients most absorbed were nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the best absorption time started after the berry ripening. Phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) were less demanded by the grape although they had the same behavior in relation to the period of greater absorption. The best absorbed nutrient was manganese (Mn), and its absorption increased gradually and steadily, according to the plant growing phases. The absorption of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) was minimal up to the ripening of berries, but increased from then on. The greatest absorption and accumulation of nutrients occurred during the ripening of the fruits. The leaves had greater absorption of Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Cu, whereas the fruit absorbed more K (61%), P (56%), N (38%), and B (56%). The stem presented similarly in the proportion of all macronutrients, and it accumulated more Zn.     

Fortification of Wheat Dough with Calcium and Magnesium Ions Affects Empirical Rheological Properties

This study evaluated the influence of calcium and magnesium ions on the empirical rheological properties of wheat flour to verify possible effects of these ions on processing because, in addition to their nutritional importance, they are also responsible for water hardness. Calcium (0–1.30 g/100 g) and magnesium (0–0.34 g/100 g) ions from sulfate salts were added to wheat flour, according to a central composite rotatable design. The farinograph and extensigraph properties of wheat flour and its mixtures were evaluated. The results were analyzed by response surface methodology. Calcium ions stood out for increasing water absorption, decreasing mixing stability, and producing a delayed effect on dough extensibility (reduced at 135 min). Magnesium ions influenced most flour rheological properties in a similar manner to oxidizing agents (increased dough stability, increased resistance to extension, and reduced extensibility), thus proving to be a possible replacement agent for these additives. An interaction effect of the combined calcium and magnesium ions was observed on dough development time. The results showed that effects on processing can occur when wheat flour fortification is made, and adaptations on wheat flour specifications, product formulation, and processing parameters may be required.     

Plant mineral contents of root tips from four sorghum cultivars after exposure to the anion channel blocker,sits

SITS (0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mM) influence on the absorption (1 hr) by 1‐cm root tips of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv GP‐10, SC 283, SC 574, or Funk G522DR seedlings of calcium (Ca), boron (B), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) from an Hoagland and Arnon complete mineral nutrient solution was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry (ICP). Cultivar variation in response to SITS within each element was found. Multiple mechanisms of control for the absorption of each element among cultivars were evident.     

不同形态磷肥的径流流失特征及其效应

采用野外径流小区方法研究不同形态磷肥的流失特征、流失量以及对氮钾元素的影响。结果表明,在磷的流失途径中,颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷(TP)流失量的61.6%～83.1%,是磷流失的主要途径;施用磷肥可以促进土壤对氮钾元素的保持能力,减少氮钾元素的流失;磷肥的施用提高了小油菜的产量,并促进了小油菜对氮钾元素的吸收;微晶化磷矿粉可以有效减少磷的流失,在等磷量下,微晶化磷矿粉中的磷流失量分别是过磷酸钙和钙镁磷肥的54.2%和69.4%。在一定范围内,随微晶化磷矿粉施用量的增加,磷的流失量增加,但流失率减小,对促进土壤保持氮钾能力及小油菜对氮磷钾元素的吸收越明显。     

Effects of forms of nitrogen supplied on the distribution of nutrients in the tobacco plant

It has been reported that the form of nitrogen supplied has a great influence on the absorption of other nutrients by the tobacco plant (1). Absorption of cations such as potassium, calcium and magnesium is decreased and that of anions such as phosphate, chloride and sulfate is increased by the supply of ammonium-nitrogen compared with that of nitrate-nitrogen. Although the responsible mechanism is probably related to antagonisms in absorption among the ions, physiological injury caused by the absorption of ammonium-nitrogen may also develop on the tobacco plant. Translocation of nutrients absorbed by the plant may be also influenced by such physiological injury. In the present paper, effects of nitrate- and ammonium- nitrogen supplied on the translocation of nutrients in tobacco plants were investigated.     

Response of maize for grain to potassium and magnesium fertilizers in soils with high lime contents

An antagonistic reaction between calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) may lead to low absorption of K and Mg by plants from soils with high Ca contents even when levels of K and Mg should be adequate. Two separate field studies were carried out in 2009 and 2010 to determine the effects of potassium (0, 40, 80, 120 kg K₂O ha^?1; as potassium sulfate) and magnesium (0, 20, 40, 60 kg magnesium oxide (MgO)ha^?1; as magnesium sulfate) applied to a soil with high lime content either separately or in combinations, on the grain yield and yield components of maize for grain in semi-arid Central Anatolia in Turkey. One dose of the K, Mg-fertilizers was applied during sowing in both years. According to the results, increasing the dosage of K increased yield components more than increases in Mg dosages. Combinations of K and Mg tended to maximize the yield components. Moreover, the greatest plant heights, first ear lengths, grain weights per ear and protein ratios were obtained for the K₈₀Mg₄₀ dose.     

Macronutrient accumulation dynamics in apple fruits

In this study, we assessed the macronutrient levels of apple fruits cv. “Golden Smoothee” by monitoring their fruit absorption rates (mg fruit^?1 day^?1) and accumulation patterns (mg fruit^?1) throughout fruit development. Nutrient accumulation was a continuous process throughout the growing season, with patterns of absorption rates varying according to the nutrients concerned. Calcium was chiefly absorbed by the fruit during the first developmental stage, while the greatest absorption rates of other macronutrients occurred later in fruit development (from the end of shoot growth until harvest). From these patterns, it would be desirable to reduce the supply natural calcium (Ca) antagonists, such as potassium (K), ammonium (NH⁴⁺), and magnesium (Mg), during the first part of fruit development in order to achieve a good Ca balance with other nutrients and, consequently, an optimum fruit quality. Knowing these nutrient absorption and accumulation patterns is essential for planning optimum nutrient supply and improving their influence on fruit quality.     

偶氮氯膦Ⅰ光度法连续测定土壤水溶性钙和镁

偶氮氯膦Ⅰ(简称CPA Ⅰ)作为光度显色剂最初应用于测定铀和镤^[4,5],后又用于测定镉、铜、锆、钍、镧和钇^[3],近年则被应用于测定镁^[1,2].但应用于测定钙,尚未见国内外报道.本文研究了Ca-CPA Ⅰ络合物的形成条件、组成和稳定常数,应用于土壤水溶性钙镁的连续测定,获得了较满意的结果.