Glycolic acid oxidase activity in crop plant leaves

Many workers have revealed the possible role of glycolic acid oxidase in the photosynthesis and the respiration of plant leaves (1, 5) and in the organic acid metabolism of rice plant roots (6). There is also abundant evidence that α-hydroxysulfonates, the bisulfite addition compounds of aldehydes and ketones, are the specific and competitive inhibitors of the enzyme (7, 8). The pevious works (9, 10) showed that a deficient application of potassium increased the content of amino-N and reducing sugars and concomitantly the respiratory activity in sweet potato roots. Such a derangement in the metabolic status of plant roots would be expected to be intimately connected with any changes in the photosynthesis and the respiration of the leaves. This paper, as a preliminary, describes some results from investigations into the glycolic acid oxidase activity in leaves of rice plant- and barley seedlings, sweet potato plants, and taro plants which were grown in solution culture at varying potassium application : the effects of light and plant age on enzyme activity, the activation of the enzyme by FMN addition, the stability of the enzyme during a prolonged incubation of sap from leaves, and the inhibitory effects of specific inhibitors on the enzyme in vitro and in vivo.     

Effects of potassium nutrition on the glycolysis and the krebs cycle in taro plants

The previous works (1, 2) with the bleeding sap from taro plants showed that a potassium deficiency altered the amplitude and the period of the diurnal periodicity in exudation process with the roots, and suggested that potassium might be an essential element for an intensive exchange of amino acids between living xylem tissues and xylem sap. The other works (3,4) with excised roots from sweet potato plants grown in a seven days solution culture showed that the relatively K-deficient roots had higher respiratory activities than the normal, especially In the root tip, and accumulated concomitantly higher levels of reducing sugars and amino nitrogen. Recently, however, an increasing number of works (5, 6) has been devoted exclusively to elucidating the relationship between respiratory activity in plant tissues and organic acid metabolism under a relative K-deficiency. In this work the effects of potassium nutrition on the glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in the roots and the leaves of taro plants are investigated in an attempt to compare these effects in a longer term culture of taro plants with those in a seven days culture of sweet potato plants.     

Effect of mineral nutrition on metabolic change induced in crop plant roots (V)

In the previous work concerning the effect of potassium nutrition on glycolysis in sweet potato roots (1), monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) and sodium fluoride (NaF) inhibited more strongly respiration in younger roots and root tip parts, and yet a potassium deficiency enhanced its inhibition. The inhibition of MIA, which inhibits triose phosphate dehydrogenase (2), may indicate the importance of the EMP pathway and the Krebs cycle (3,4). The inhibition of NaF, which in higher concentrations inhibits enolase (2), may suggest the importance of the metabolism following phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate or the Krebs cycle (3,4). It is of interest, therefore, to elucidate the role of the Krebs cycle in respiration in sweet potato roots, and what significance potassium nutrition has in the Krebs cycle operation. This paper deals with experiments bearing on respiration in roots of sweet potato plants grown at varying degrees of potassium application, especially in the presence of various inhibitors and / or substrates.     

干旱胁迫下钾素对甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下施钾量对不同生长时期甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响,为甘薯的抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种‘泰中6号’为材料,以硫酸钾（K₂SO₄）为供试肥料,水分处理设土壤最大持水量的60%～70%和30%～40%,依次代表正常供水（W1）和干旱胁迫（W0）;钾肥设K0、K1、K2、K3四个水平,K₂O用量分别为0、120、240和360 kg/hm2。分析了不同生长时期甘薯干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量及收获期块根产量。【结果】干旱胁迫下甘薯植株干物质含量、块根和淀粉产量显著降低,施钾有利于甘薯植株干物质含量的提高、块根的膨大和淀粉的生成和积累,甘薯植株和块根干物质含量、块根淀粉含量和积累量最大均为K2处理,较K0提高幅度最大分别达到31.7%、43.6%、10.6%和50.6%。相同钾用量条件下,干旱胁迫下块根单薯重显著高于正常灌水,单株结薯数显著低于正常灌水。正常灌水条件下施钾后甘薯叶片可溶性糖含量降低,而块根可溶性糖含量升高,干旱胁迫下施钾使甘薯叶片和块根可溶性糖含量增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到31.4%和36.0%。干旱胁迫下施钾后甘薯叶片和块根IAA、ABA、ZR和GA含量显著增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到12.7%、15.7%、12.0%、10.4%和21.4%、15.6%、65.7%、13.0%,促进了甘薯植株碳水化合物含量和干重的提高,块根淀粉积累速率增大。【结论】干旱胁迫下施钾促进了干物质向块根的分配,提高了甘薯块根单薯重,从而增加了单位面积甘薯块根产量。干旱胁迫下钾素提高甘薯块根和叶片内源激素（ABA、IAA、ZR、GA）含量,块根内源激素含量的增加促进了块根淀粉的合成和积累,叶片内源激素含量的增加促进了地上部茎叶生长、茎叶干物质积累和叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,增强了甘薯的抗旱性。     

The respiration in the roots of broad bean and barley under a moderate potassium deficiency

The previous work on the respiration in taro plants (1) suggests that superior activities of the glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in these plant tissues under a moderate K-deficiency may be reduced a) with advancing plant maturation, b) with extended K-deficiency, or c) with increasing damage in the metabolism itself, due to unfavourable treatments. Thus the question arises where a critical point of potassium deficiency resulting in a higher respiration rate compared with its normal status should be set up in each plant species, giving careful consideration to the physiological and environmental conditions of the plant concerned. This work was undertaken in an attempt to compare the effects of potassium nutrition on the respiration in the roots of broad bean and barley with those in a longer term culture of taro plants (1).     

宁夏马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分的吸收累积特征

【目的】马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点国内外已有不少报道,但在宁夏地区的生产条件下尚缺乏系统研究,马铃薯配方施肥技术推广中也缺少施肥参数,难以确定合理的施肥量。因此,针对宁夏地区马铃薯种植基地的土壤条件,系统分析马铃薯干物质累积和氮、 磷、 钾养分含量,探明其对氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点,以期为马铃薯的精准施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验和室内测定相结合的方法。于2012年分别在宁夏西吉县、 原州区、 红寺堡和同心县马铃薯种植基地进行肥料田间试验,按照当地推荐的施肥量统一施肥量和施肥方法(农家肥、 70%氮肥、 全部磷、 钾肥基施,30%氮肥在现蕾期追施),在马铃薯不同生育期采集植株样品,测定不同器官干重和氮、 磷、 钾含量,分析不同生育期马铃薯干物质累积量、 氮、 磷、 钾含量及其吸收累积量的变化特点。【结果】1)从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯干物质累积量最高,其次是原州区和西吉县,同心县最低;马铃薯干物质累积量随生育期的推进而增加,符合Logistic曲线,幼苗期、 块茎形成期、 块茎膨大期和淀粉累积期的干物质累积量分别占总累积量的5%、 20%、 40%和35%。2)马铃薯植株氮含量随生育期而降低,其变异系数较大; 磷、 钾含量随生育期呈先增后减的变化态势,但变异系数较小; 氮、 磷含量叶片高于其他器官,钾含量茎秆中较高。3)马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量在红寺堡区最高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;苗期氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量分别占全生育期总吸收量的11%、 6%、 8%,块茎形成期占28%、 23%、 31%,块茎膨大期占36%、 39%、 41%,淀粉积累期占25%、 31%、 20%;成熟期块茎中氮和磷的累积量分别占各自总累积量的60%以上,钾的累积量占50%。【结论】供试土壤条件下,马铃薯干物质累积量及养分吸收量因种植基地、 生育期和器官不同而异。从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯的干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量较高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量随生育期的变化符合Logistic曲线,具有明显的阶段性特点,块茎膨大期累积最多,块茎形成期和淀粉积累期次之;马铃薯根、 茎和叶中吸收累积的氮、 磷、 钾占同期总累积量的比例随生育期而降低,但块茎则相反,氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量随生育期而增加,成熟期块茎中吸收累积的养分量占全株的一半以上。     

Effects of Sodium on Potassium Nutrition in Three Tropical Root Crop Species

The potassium (K) nutrition and high K requirement of tropical root crops may be affected by their sodium (Na) status, as has been observed in a number of plant species. Solution culture was used to study the effects of K and Na supplies in tannia [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.], sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] and taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott]. At low K supply, Na ameliorated symptoms of K deficiency and increased growth in tannia, and to a lesser extent in sweet potato, but not in taro. None of the species responded to Na at adequate K supply. Differences in response to Na were attributed to differences in Na translocation to plant tops. At maximum Na supply, the Na concentration in index leaves averaged 1.82% in tannia, 0.205% in sweet potato, and 0.0067% in taro. An increase in the supply of Na resulted in a shift in the critical K concentration for deficiency (i.e., 90% of maximum yield) in index leaves from 2.9% to 1.2% in tannia, and from 4.8% to 2.5% in sweet potato. The critical K concentration in taro was 3.3%, irrespective of Na supply. To overcome the problem in tannia and sweet potato of determining the critical concentration relevant to a leaf sample of unknown K status, a relationship was established for each species relating the critical K concentration to the concentration of Na in the index leaves.     

干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异

【目的】干旱胁迫影响甘薯叶片光合特性及块根产量,研究通过施肥缓解干旱胁迫机理可为甘薯抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种“泰中6号”为材料,以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,水分处理设为土壤最大持水量的60%~70%(正常供水W1)和30%~40%(干旱处理W0); 钾肥设K0、 K1、 K2、 K3四个水平,K2O用量分别为0、 12.0、 24.0和36.0 g/m2。分析不同钾肥用量对不同生长时期甘薯叶片相对含水量、 叶绿素荧光参数、 光合特性及收获期块根产量的影响。【结果】在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下,施钾处理均显著增加了甘薯叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率(Pn),增加光合产物的生产和积累,提高块根产量和收获指数。两种水分条件下,块根产量均以K2处理最高, 干旱胁迫下K2与K3处理差异显著,正常灌水处理不显著。两种水分条件下,甘薯叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,干旱胁迫下施钾使叶片水分利用效率(WUE)增大,气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,水分蒸腾量减少; 而正常灌水条件下上述指标对钾肥的响应趋势相反。两种水分条件下施钾均可以增大叶片相对含水量(RWC),提高实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但是干旱胁迫下施钾增幅较大。【结论】干旱胁迫下适量施钾可以提高甘薯的抗旱性,增加甘薯产量,过量施钾使甘薯产量显著降低,而正常水分供应时,稍多钾肥对产量影响不显著。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下施钾对叶片光合参数的调控效应存在显著差异。施用钾肥可增大叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合性能,调节叶片气孔关闭,增大叶片气孔阻力,减少水分蒸腾损失,增加叶片相对含水量,提高水分利用效率和净光合速率; 施钾还能提高叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和实际光化学效率,减少过剩激发能对光合机构的破坏,提高甘薯叶片的光合能力。干旱条件下钾肥的调节功能优于正常水肥供应。     

INVESTIGATION OF SALINITY STRESS AND POTASSIUM LEVELS ON MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAFFRON

A greenhouse research experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity stress and potassium (K) fertilization on biomass accumulation of roots and shoot of saffron plants. Treatments were four levels salinity in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl; 3.4, 6.4, 9.4 and 12.4 dS m^?1) and three levels of potassium (50, 100, and 150 % of Hoagland's nutrition solution base). Results indicated that higher levels of potassium significantly controlled the negative effects of NaCl on length and number of roots as well as fresh weight and number of leaves per plant. Increase in salinity and potassium levels caused a reduction in leaf water content, and enhancement in electrolyte leakage. It seems that in the presence of salinity increasing 50% extra potassium (Based on Hoagland's nutrient solution) in the rhizosphere of saffron can improve damaging effects of NaCl up to 9.4 dS m^?1 of soil solution.     

腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤钾素含量和甘薯吸收利用的影响

利用腐植酸和硫酸钾制备一种腐植酸钾肥(HA-K),沙柱淋溶试验结果表明其对钾素具有一定的缓释作用。为阐明施用腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤不同形态钾素含量的影响,在田间小区试验条件下,研究了腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤不同形态钾素含量以及甘薯产量和对钾素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与不施钾（空白对照）相比,施用腐植酸促进了甘薯对钾素的吸收,降低了甘薯全生育期土壤中的速效钾和缓效钾含量以及生长前期土壤有效钾含量,但是提高了甘薯生长中、后期土壤有效钾含量。与施等量氧化钾对照相比,施用腐植酸缓释钾肥促进了甘薯对钾素的吸收,降低了甘薯全生育期土壤缓效钾含量和甘薯生长前、中期土壤速效钾和有效钾的含量,提高了甘薯生长后期土壤速效钾和有效钾的含量。与施等量氧化钾对照相比,施用腐植酸缓释钾肥显著提高了钾肥吸收利用率(REK)、农学利用率(AEK)、偏生产力(PFPK)和甘薯块根产量,增幅分别为20.09 %,42.69 %,5.89%和22.83%。     

氮肥用量对滨海滩涂区甘薯干物质积累、氮素效率和钾钠吸收的影响

我国沿海滩涂种植能源作物甘薯有广阔的前景。为确定苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量,比较了6个施氮水平下甘薯的成活率(SR)、商品率(CR)、蔓薯比(V/T)、干物质积累(DMA)、氮素累积值(NAV)、氮利用效率(NUE)、氮收获指数(NHI)及钾钠吸收的差异。结果表明:(1)施氮量与甘薯地上部分DMA和NAV均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,余同),对地下部分NAV影响较小(P>0.05)。(2)与不施氮比较,施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2对甘薯的V/T、SR、NUE和NHI均无显著影响。(3)甘薯的CR、地下部分和块根DMA以及理论产量(NAV×NUE×NHI)均以施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2显著高于其他处理。施氮量超过60 kg(N)·hm-2,施氮量与甘薯的V/T值呈极显著正相关,与SR、CR、NUE、NHI、地下部分和块根DMA均呈极显著负相关。(4)甘薯对钾钠的吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著正相关。甘薯地上部分钾钠含量均在施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2时达到最高值。施氮量对钾钠含量比没有影响。因此,苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2。     

腐植酸钾对食用甘薯品种钾吸收、利用和块根产量的影响

甘薯属于喜钾作物,增施钾肥是提高甘薯块根产量的重要措施之一;而腐植酸具有促进作物生长、提高肥料利用率等作用。为探讨腐植酸与钾肥配合施用对食用甘薯钾吸收利用以及块根产量的影响,本研究利用自行制备的两种腐植酸钾肥料,选用食用甘薯品种“北京553”于2005年在山东农业大学农学试验站进行了研究。试验采用块根膨大过程定期取样和收获期测产相结合的方法,观察了块根膨大过程中植株地上部鲜重/块根鲜重（T/R）比值、叶片和块根含氮量/含钾量（N/K）比值以及块根膨大速率的变化及其与块根产量的关系,同时分析了钾素生产效率和钾肥利用率在处理之间的差异。结果表明,施用适量钾肥可以降低植株T/R比值以及叶片和块根的N/K比值,提高块根膨大速率,提高收获期生物产量及其干物质在块根中的分配率,增产24.18%。但是,施用钾肥降低了钾素生产干物质和块根的效率。施用适量腐植酸可以降低块根N/K比值,提高叶片N/K比值,提高块根膨大速率以及收获期的生物产量,增产5.70%。同时,施用腐植酸提高了钾素产干物质和块根的效率。与等量氧化钾对照比较,在块根膨大前、中期,施用腐植酸钾可以降低植株T/R比值以及叶片和块根的N/K比值,提高块根膨大速率;块根产量提高8.11%～9.50%。同时,腐植酸钾肥料的吸收利用率和农学利用率都显著提高。     

Fertility Response of Potato to Municipal Wastewater and Inorganic Fertilizers

This study evaluated fertilizer contribution of municipal wastewater on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation in a split-plot experiment having two factors: water quality with 5 levels and fertilizer with 2 levels. Irrigation by raw wastewater supplied 16, 13, 13, 23, 1.7, and 83% of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) requirement of potato, respectively. Wastewater compared to freshwater, improved plant height, vigority, area coverage, leaf area index (LAI), stem per plant, number and weight of tuber per plant, above-ground dry matter (ADM), and tuber yield of potato. Averaged over 3 years, irrigation by 75 and 100% (raw) wastewater with recommended standard fertilizers produced the maximum, but identical, tuber yield. Wastewater raised N, P, and K contents in potato plants and tubers. Irrigation by wastewater could reduce the fertilizer requirement of potato by 10–15%. However, it caused high accumulation of total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) on potato skin, restricting the use of the produce.     

钙信号抑制剂加剧低钾胁迫对烟草幼苗光合特性及钾吸收的影响

  【目的】  研究低钾胁迫抑制钙信号传导对植株幼苗叶片光合特性及钾吸收的影响,为缓解作物的低钾胁迫提供理论依据。  【方法】  以烟草品种K326为试验材料进行了室内水培试验。烟草幼苗先在营养液正常钾(K+ 5 mmol/L)和缺钾(K+ 0.15 mmol/L)营养液中生长8 天,然后在营养液中分别施加钙通道有机阻断剂Vp、钙通道无机阻断剂LaCl₃和钙离子螯合剂(EGTA)钙信号抑制剂,继续生长4天后取样,测定植株干鲜重、电导率、活性氧含量、叶片抗氧化酶活性、叶片光合特性等指标和植株地上、地下部钾素浓度及钾离子吸收相关基因表达量。  【结果】  1)不添加钙通道抑制剂或螯合剂条件下,低钾胁迫的烟株地上部和根系干重较常钾水平显著降低了59.29%、39.82%,鲜重显著降低了51.58%、48.19%,除水汽压饱和亏外的其余5项光合特性指标显著降低,植株地上部和根系钾含量分别显著降低了39.31%和77.05%,而叶中可溶性蛋白、相对电导率、过氧化氢含量则显著增加,NKT2、NtKC1、NtHAK1、NtHAK5基因的相对表达量分别增加了2.09、3.32、3.23、12.34 倍。2)常钾水平下,3个钙抑制剂处理未明显影响地上部和根系干鲜重,而低钾水平下,钙抑制处理的地上部鲜重和干重显著高于无钙抑制剂对照。两个钾水平下,与各自对照相比,3个钙抑制剂处理的叶片相对电导率、活性氧积累量均显著增加,抗氧化酶SOD和POD活性、叶绿素含量显著减少,光合特性指标(除水汽压饱和亏外)明显降低。3)两个钾水平下,3个钙信号抑制剂处理的烟株地上部和根系钾含量均显著低于其对照,低钾胁迫下平均降低幅度分别达到25.54%和53.36%。低钾胁迫下,钾离子通道基因NKT2、NtKC1和转运蛋白基因NtHAK1、NtHAK5在根系中的相对表达量分别平均降低了60.60%、50.62%、38.61%、69.79%,钙通道相关基因NtCNGC1和NtCNGC11在根中的相对表达量分别平均降低了95.36%和87.04%。  【结论】  低钾胁迫明显影响烟株幼苗生长、光合作用及对钾素的吸收和积累。低钾水平下,外施钙通道抑制剂或螯合剂可进一步降低烟草叶片抗氧化酶活性,减弱烟株叶片光合作用,并抑制根中钾吸收相关基因的表达和烟株对钾素的吸收。     

钾素对食用型甘薯糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨钾素提高甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础。选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置不同施钾处理,于2009～2010年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性。结果表明,与对照比较,施用钾肥能显著提高块根产量、可溶性糖及各糖组分含量,其中K2O用量为24 g/m2处理增幅最大,为最适用量。进一步研究发现,适宜供钾处理显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为10.31%和34.13%,同时提高了块根中蔗糖合成酶、不溶性酸性转化酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅为16.47%和3.66%,在提高源端光合产物供应的同时促进蔗糖在库端的卸载,促进块根中淀粉和可溶性糖的积累;适宜供钾处理还提高了块根中-和-淀粉酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅分别为26.06%和14.64%,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化。此外,适宜供钾处理还显著提高了生长前期和后期块根中可溶性酸性转化酶活性、以及生长后期块根中蔗糖-蔗糖果糖基转移酶活性,促进了葡萄糖、果糖和果聚糖在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量分别提高了13.52%和3.02%。即钾肥能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、促进块根对蔗糖的吸收、促进淀粉水解,是其提高块根可溶性糖含量的生理原因。     

Effect of sodium arsenite and sodium chloride on bean plant nutrition (macronutrients)

The effects of different levels of arsenic (As) and salinity on bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Buenos Aires) nutrition were investigated. We studied the processes of absorption and accumulation of macronutrient elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The experiment was performed in soilless culture at two levels of As: 2 and 5 mg AsL^‐1 (added as sodium arsenite, NaAsO₂), and three saline levels [only sodium chloride (NaCl) was added]: 1, 2, and 4 dS‐m^‐1. Sodium arsenite and NaCl significantly affected macronutrients allocation within bean plant at concentration levels used in this study. Arsenite depressed K, Na, and Mg concentrations in root, whereas root N, and Ca levels were increased. Nitrogen, P, K, and Na concentrations were significantly higher in As‐stressed plants compared with controls. The addition of NaCl increased Ca concentration in roots and decreased that of K. Salinity tended to increase leaf concentrations of K, Na, Ca, and Mg; whereas leaf N and P levels decreased with increasing salinity.     

湿度对甘薯愈伤的影响

为探索湿度对甘薯愈伤的影响,本试验以普薯32号甘薯为原料,人工模拟机械损伤后于25℃、不同相对湿度(RH50%和RH80%)条件下愈伤,通过比较甘薯木质素生成、失重率、呼吸强度、愈伤过程关键酶活性、总酚和类黄酮含量的差异,评价湿度对甘薯愈伤的影响。结果表明,RH80%条件下较RH50%更有利于甘薯愈伤木栓组织的形成,在愈伤4 d时甘薯木质素积累达到最高。与RH50%组相比,RH80%条件处理能显著提高甘薯愈伤组织苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),提升总酚、类黄酮含量,促进呼吸高峰提前,降低甘薯重量损失。相关性分析表明,RH80%条件下愈伤,甘薯木质素含量与PAL、POD、PPO活性及总酚、类黄酮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。本研究结果为甘薯采后愈伤提供了一定的理论依据。     

低钾胁迫下外源生长素对烟草根系生长及钾吸收的影响

【目的】探明生长素参与低钾胁迫下植株根系的生长发育及吸钾机制,同时为提高植物体内钾素水平提供理论依据。【方法】采用室内水培法,以模式植物烟草为试验材料,通过设置2个钾浓度(5、0.15 mmol/L)和5个外源生长素(3–吲哚乙酸)浓度(0、5、10、20、40μmol/L),对植物根系生理特征、内源生长素浓度、钾素累积及钾吸收动力学和相关钾离子通道基因转录表达进行比较研究。【结果】1)与正常钾水平相比,在低钾胁迫条件下,植株地上部干重显著降低15.6%;根系扫描8项指标中,除根平均直径外,其余7项指标值均显著降低;ATPase活性显著降低43.3%;主根尖、侧根尖及叶片内源生长素浓度显著升高;钾吸收动力学参数Vmax、Km值分别显著降低了89.2%、99.6%;植株根系、叶片钾浓度分别显著降低了93.0%、62.2%;根系中内流型钾离子通道基因Ntkc1的表达量显著降低56%。2)添加外源生长素后,正常供钾植株的根系干物质重、根系活力、主根尖及侧根尖内源生长素浓度有增加的趋势,Vmax值和内流型钾离子通道基因NKT2、NtKC1的表达量明显增加;低钾条件下,植株表现出和正常供钾相似的规律,除此之外,低钾植株的根系生长得到明显改善,ATPase活性和地上地下部钾素浓度明显增加,外流型钾离子通道基因Ntork1的表达量明显降低。3)当添加生长素浓度为10μmol/L时,与未添加生长素相比,正常供钾植株的地上地下部干重显著增加了6.05%、8.54%;根体积及根系交叠数显著增加16.5%、23.2%;根系活力显著增加了298%;Vmax值显著增加了118%;低钾植株地上地下部干重与不添加相比显著提高了5.61%、28.6%;根系活力达到113μg/(g·h), FW,为无添加生长素时的3.3倍;根系ATPase活性相对增加了87.5%;根系钾浓度显著增加250%;钾离子通道基因NKT2在根系中表达量显著增加了7.04倍,Ntork1在根系及叶片中表达量显著降低了49.5%、72.5%。【结论】低钾胁迫影响烟草根系生长及植株对钾素的吸收累积,添加适当浓度外源生长素可改善植株根系生长发育状况,增加内流型钾离子通道基因NKT2、NtKC1的表达量,降低外流型钾离子通道基因Ntork1的表达量,且提高植株钾吸收动力学参数Vmax值、降低Km值,从而提高了植株对钾离子的吸收能力与亲和力,进而增加植株钾素浓度。     

Effects of Manganese on Uptake and Translocation of Nutrients in a Hyperaccumulator

The effects of manganese (Mn) on the growth and Mn-induced changes in nutrients uptake and translocation in Mn hyperaccumulator Phytolacca acinosa was investigated in this study. Results showed that high Mn (5000 μ M) in culture solution lead to typical Mn toxicity symptoms in leaves of P. acinosa and decrease of dry matter accumulation in shoots whereas there are no obvious toxicity symptoms and significant decrease of dry weight in roots. Manganese accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves increased with the increment of Mn concentration at the medium level. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) concentration in organs of P. acinosa decreased as the Mn concentration in the nutrient solution increased, but the Ca and Mg concentrations were still at a normal level and the Fe concentration at a sufficient level when compared with the normal plants. The Zn concentration affected by higher Mn level occurred only in roots of P. acinosa and the P concentration affected only in stems, whereas there were no significant influences of excess Mn on the potassium (K) and copper (Cu) concentration in organs of P. acinosa.     

低钾胁迫下不同钾效率甘薯的钾吸收利用规律研究

以钾高效品种徐薯28和低效品种济薯22为材料,采用室内土培试验研究了不同施钾量下,甘薯钾的积累与分配及利用规律。结果显示:不施钾显著促进甘薯地上部生长,抑制块根膨大,但品种间变幅不同,钾高效型徐薯28具有更强的根系膨大能力。徐薯28苗期地上部钾浓度显著高于济薯22,叶片和叶柄钾含量分别比济薯22高33.1%、33.9%;但收获期徐薯28植株钾含量为8.7 g/kg,显著低于济薯22的9.8 g/kg。施钾或不施钾下,收获期徐薯28钾分配系数分别为4.2、3.2,济薯22分别为2.0、1.5,表明徐薯28将钾更多分配到块根部分,而济薯22更多分配到茎叶部分。各处理的块根钾利用效率(KIUE-T)为65.1~135.9,施钾及不施钾下,徐薯28块根钾利用效率都显著高于对应的济薯22处理。甘薯植株内钾含量高低是决定济薯22及徐薯28钾利用效率高低的关键因素。因此,两甘薯基因型间钾的利用效率差异主要体现在:徐薯28即使在不施钾下,苗期地上部尤其是茎叶能维持较高的钾含量,为后期块根膨大奠定基础,而收获期维持较高的钾分配系数及植株较低的钾浓度,而济薯22则相反。