控释尿素对土壤供氮能力及旱作玉米产量的影响

通过田间试验,探明控释尿素输入对土壤无机氮变化及春玉米氮素吸收利用特性的影响,为宁夏南部山区氮肥高效利用及玉米高产提供理论依据和技术支撑。以"先玉698"为供试材料,在等氮量(225 kg/hm~2)条件下,以不施氮为对照(CK),设置UR(100%普通尿素,2/3基施,1/3小喇叭口期追施)、CRU1(1/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素基施,1/3普通尿素小喇叭口期追施)、CRU2(2/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素一次基施)、CRU3(100%控释尿素基施)4种施氮模式,探明控释尿素输入对土壤无机氮分布、玉米氮素吸收运转、氮素利用效率以及产量的影响。结果表明,相对于UR处理,控释尿素输入显著提升了春玉米生育中后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,其中以CRU2处理效果最明显。CRU输入能提高春玉米产量及氮肥利用率,与UR相比,2年内平均增产0.67 t/hm~2,氮肥偏生产力提高2.92 kg/kg,氮肥利用率提高6.02%。CRU处理间尤其以CRU2效果最佳,与CRU1、CRU3相比,2年内分别平均增产0.10,0.53 t/hm~2,氮肥偏生产力分别提高0.30,2.23 kg/kg,氮肥利用率分别提高2.49%,9.44%。由此可见,控释/普通尿素配施有利于提高土壤养分供应与春玉米氮素吸收的吻合度,初步建议采用控释尿素基施150 kg/hm~2+普通尿素基施75 kg/hm~2的施肥模式,以提高宁夏旱区春玉米产量和氮肥利用率。     

海藻酸与控释尿素配施对小麦玉米产量及土壤养分的影响

通过小麦玉米轮作盆栽试验,探讨海藻酸与控释尿素配施的增产增效机制及其对土壤养分状况的影响。以氮空白(CK0)为对照,设置常量尿素(N2A0)、常量尿素加海藻酸(N2A1)、常量控释尿素(CN2A0)、常量控释尿素加海藻酸(CN2A1)、减氮30%的尿素(N1A0)、减氮30%的尿素加海藻酸(N1A1)、减氮30%的控释尿素(CN1A0)、减氮30%的控释尿素加海藻酸(CN1A1)9个处理。结果表明:海藻酸与常量控释尿素配施处理(CN2A1)的小麦玉米产量最高分别为98.22,134.84 g/pot,增产增收效果最好,与常量控释尿素处理相比,玉米显著增产16.38%(P0.05),氮肥利用率显著提高17.79%(P0.05)。海藻酸与减氮30%控释尿素配施处理(CN1A1)较减氮30%控释尿素处理小麦玉米分别显著增产15.92%,26.05%(P0.05),氮肥利用率也显著提高(P0.05)。此外配施海藻酸处理较未加海藻酸处理叶片蒸腾速率、SPAD值和叶面积指数均有所提高。海藻酸与常量控释尿素配施与未加海藻酸的处理相比,显著增加小麦拔节期和玉米大喇叭口期的土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量(P0.05),显著提高玉米大喇叭口期土壤速效钾含量(P0.05)。海藻酸与控释尿素配施显著提高了土壤速效氮和钾的供应强度和容量,促进了小麦、玉米的生长和产量的提高。     

有机无机配施下氮肥减施对红壤旱地花生产量及品质的影响

为明确有机无机配施下氮肥减施对红壤旱地花生产量及品质的影响,采用田间随机区组试验,设置单施化肥对照(CK0,N 135 kg·hm^-2,基施70%,花针期追施30%)、有机无机肥配施(CK1,N 135 kg·hm^-2,其中有机替代无机氮25%,基施无机氮45%,追施无机氮30%)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮15%(B15)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮30%(B30)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮45%(B45)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮15%+追施化肥减氮15%(B15T15)、有机无机配施下追施化肥减氮30%(T30)共7个处理,分析了有机无机肥配施和不同时期氮肥减施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、农艺性状、养分吸收及品质的影响。研究结果表明,与单施化肥(CK0)相比,有机无机肥配施处理(CK1,3 895 kg·hm^-2)增产22.4%,有机无机肥配施下减氮处理增产15.7%～28.0%;有机无机配施条件下,氮肥减施15%(B15)处理的花生产量最高,达到了4 073 kg·hm^-2,较CK1处理增产...     

有机无机复混肥料对水稻产量及养分吸收利用的影响

为了提高水稻肥料利用率,减少化肥施用量,研究有机无机复混肥的施用效果,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(普通复合肥,氮肥分次施用)(FFP)、等养分有机无机复混肥(一次性施肥)(T1)、等养分有机无机复混肥(氮肥分次施用)(T2)、90% 养分有机无机复混肥(氮肥分次施用)(T3)、80% 养分有机无机复混肥(氮肥分次施用)(T4)共6 个处理,研究有机、无机肥配施对水稻产量及氮磷吸收利用的影响。各处理花后干物质积累量对籽粒贡献率(62.7% ～ 68.5%)均高于干物质转运量对籽粒贡献率(31.5% ～ 37.3%);各处理的实际产量表现为T2>T1>FFP>T3>T4>CK,与FFP 处理相比,T2 和T1 处理增产6.6% 和2.2%,T3 和FFP 处理产量无显著差异;成熟期各处理水稻植株地上部氮素和磷素吸收积累量在籽粒部分占比达到65% 和70% 以上,与FFP 处理相比,T1 处理氮磷肥吸收利用率、氮磷肥农学利用率和氮磷肥偏生产力分别增加了8.9% 和12.9%、0.9% 和3.2%、0.9 和3.2 kg·kg-1,T2 处理氮磷肥吸收利用率、氮磷肥农学利用率和氮磷肥偏生产力分别增加了1.6% 和1.6%、2.6% 和9.6%、2.6 和9.6 kg·kg-1,T3 和T4 处理与FFP 处理差异不显著。有机、无机肥配施能提高氮磷养分吸收利用率,在氮磷钾总养分相同的情况下,一次性施用有机无机复混肥更有利于提高水稻氮磷吸收,在氮肥分次施用情况下,有机无机复混肥增产效果更明显,适当减肥不会降低水稻产量,还可以减少稻田养分残留。     

不同包膜类型控释氮肥对小麦产量及土壤生化性质的影响

在小麦—玉米轮作条件下,通过6a的连续池栽定位试验,以施用普通尿素(Urea)处理为对照,研究了3种不同包膜类型控释氮肥(CRUs):树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包膜尿素(SCU)、硫加树脂包膜尿素(PSCU)及减氮30%树脂包膜尿素(PCU70%)在田间条件下的氮素释放特征以及其对轮作第12季小麦产量及其产量构成因素、土壤酶活性和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:(1)控释氮肥的田间养分释放特征满足了小麦各生育期对氮素的不同需求,与速效氮肥相比,在等量施氮条件下,3种控释氮肥均显著提高了小麦产量,PCU、SCU和PSCU处理比Urea处理分别增产了13.5%,17.1%和20.2%,但3种控释氮肥处理之间差异不显著。树脂包膜尿素在减氮30%的条件下,与常量速效氮肥相比,作物产量无显著差异;(2)控释氮肥在提高土壤酶活性方面优于普通尿素,其中SCU和PSCU在提高土壤酶活性方面的效果好于PCU;(3)控释氮肥能显著增加冬小麦中后期土壤中无机氮含量,在小麦开花期,PCU、PCU70%、SCU和PSCU处理的无机氮含量比Urea处理分别高出23.7%,17.2%,32.5%和30.1%,一次性基施满足了冬小麦各生育期尤其在生育关键期对土壤氮素的需求。     

控释/普通尿素配施对春玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地春玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量对控释尿素输入的响应,以‘先玉698’为供试材料,在相同氮肥条件下(施氮区纯N均为225 kg·hm-2),设置4种控释/普通尿素不同配比,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),比较普通尿素基施N 150 kg·hm-2+小口期追施N 75 kg·hm-2(T1)、控释尿素基施N 75kg·hm-2+普通尿素基施N 75 kg·hm-2+小口期追施N 75 kg·hm-2(T2)、控释尿素基施N 150 kg·hm-2+普通尿素基施N 75 kg·hm-2(T3)、控释尿素基施N 225 kg·hm-2(T4)对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,控释尿素在玉米生育后期可以维持相对较高的叶面积指数(LAI)和SPAD值,延缓植株衰老。与单施普通尿素相比,控释尿素与普通尿素不同配比混施处理下,玉米籽粒灌浆过程中最大灌浆速率(Gmax)、籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量(Wmax)和灌浆持续期(T)均有明显提高。与CK相比,施氮区玉米籽粒的Gmax分别提高0.67%(T1)、7.39%(T2)、5.06%(T3)、7.38%(T4)。控释尿素和普通尿素配比施用,可以显著增加玉米穗粒数,降低秃尖率,进而增加玉米产量。不同配施条件下,T2的产量最高,为12.11 t·hm-2。施氮处理较CK分别增产12.43%、25.75%、19.03%、17.22%。综上,合理的氮肥配施(T2)有利于延缓植株衰老,优化籽粒灌浆进程。本研究对宁南山区氮素高效利用及玉米轻简化栽培具有重要意义。     

控释、常规尿素配施对雨养区春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

为明确宁夏南部雨养种植区玉米合理施氮方式及用量,完善高产高效栽培技术,为干旱半干旱地区玉米高产栽培提供理论与技术支持,以先玉698为试验材料,设置2个氮肥种类(控释尿素和常规尿素,纯氮量都为225kg/hm2)和4个氮肥追施量及时期(T1常规尿素基施N150kg/hm2+小口期追施N75kg/hm2;T2控释尿素基施N75kg/hm2+常规尿素基施N75kg/hm2+小口期追施常规尿素N75kg/hm2;T3控释尿素基施N150kg/hm2+常规尿素基施N75kg/hm2;T4控释尿素基施N225kg/hm2),以不施氮肥为对照,比较研究不同处理对春玉米群体物质生产、氮素运移特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在施氮量相等条件下,控释尿素与普通尿素配合(T3)一次基施比习惯施肥(T1)显著增加了玉米的产量,产量增幅为12.63%,穗粒数和粒重的增加是玉米增产的主要原因。合理增加基肥中控释尿素比例能够显著增加玉米花后和全生育期干物质积累量,同时促进玉米营养器官和籽粒对氮的吸收累积。控释尿素基施有利于氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥贡献率的提高,其中以T3处理最好,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥对产量的贡献率分别比T2和T4高52.12%,22.96%和35.39%,20.53%。因此,建议在宁南山区玉米高产施肥管理中以控释尿素(全部氮肥量的2/3)与常规尿素(全部氮肥量的1/3)全部基施为宜。     

不同缓控释氮肥对连作春玉米产量及氮肥去向的影响

在山西省连作春玉米区连续4年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、一次性基施尿素(CU1)、追施尿素(CU2)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、多酶金缓释尿素(MEU)6个施肥处理,研究施用缓控释氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥去向及氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。结果表明:(1)缓控释氮肥处理能够明显提高春玉米产量,促进氮素吸收。与CU1处理相比,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2处理可分别提高春玉米产量17.51%,9.88%,9.62%,9.48%,同时氮肥农学利用效率分别提高7.5,4.2,4.1,4.1 kg/kg。(2)不同缓控释氮肥处理的作物吸收肥料氮以及肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量之间存在显著差异。SCU、MEU、PCU、CU2和CU1的氮肥表观利用率分别为36.1%,32.5%,26.5%,26.7%,19.5%,肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量分别占施氮量的28.5%,31.6%,35.7%,35.5%,39.1%。此外,与一次性基施尿素相比,缓控释氮肥能够显著降低肥料氮的损失,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2分别降低了22.65%,18.81%,8.99%,8.47%。(3)综合分析不同氮肥处理的农田氮素平衡,SCU处理的春玉米吸氮量最高,为261.5 kg/hm^2,其次是MEU,为253.5 kg/hm^2。SCU的0-100 cm土层残留量在缓控释氮肥中最低,为124.1 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为131.04,140.09 kg/hm^2。SCU处理的氮表观损失量最低,为106.3 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为111.6,125.1 kg/hm^2。在山西省春玉米主产区土壤上,缓控释氮肥能够显著促进春玉米对氮素的吸收,减少氮素损失。硫包衣尿素和多酶金缓释尿素的效果相对较好。     

控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响

为明确控释尿素在春玉米上的应用效果及土壤氮素平衡状况,在黑龙江省双城、宾县、哈尔滨、肇源地区通过2011—2012年两年四点次田间小区试验,研究普通尿素与控释尿素(控释期90 d的树脂包膜尿素)混合施用对春玉米产量、氮肥效率(NUE)及土壤氮素盈亏的影响。结果表明,春玉米产量、植株吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。与普通尿素一次性基施相比,控释尿素能够提高玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率(ANUE)及氮肥贡献率(FCR)。在相同氮素施用水平下(100%、75%、50%氮肥用量),100%基施控释尿素比100%基施普通尿素各处理玉米产量分别平均增加391、427、291 kg·hm-2;氮肥表观利用率提高5.9%、4.9%和5.1%;氮肥农学效率提高2.0、2.6 kg·kg~(-1)和2.6 kg·kg~(-1);氮肥贡献率增加2.7%、3.1%和2.4%。处理4(普通尿素40%基肥,60%追施)和处理5(40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施)玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率差异不显著。氮素表观亏缺量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。与100%普通尿素作基肥一次性施入相比,100%控释尿素一次性基施降低氮素表观损失量15.0 kg·hm-2;40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施降低氮素表观损失率23.9 kg·hm-2。可见,普通尿素与控释尿素分别以40%和60%的比例混合施用在黑龙江省玉米生产上是可以推广和借鉴的氮素管理方式。     

尿素配施木霉菌剂提高甜瓜产量、品质及土壤微生物功能多样性

【目的】明确尿素配施木霉菌剂对甜瓜产量、品质及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,为生产中甜瓜的减肥增效提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2017年3月至7月在沈阳农业大学园艺科研基地的日光温室内进行,栽培土壤组成为土∶草炭∶牛粪 = 4∶2∶1,供试材料为薄皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino)‘玉美人’。通过测土配方施肥测算,供氮水平100%为尿素(普通尿素,N≥46.4%) 25.9 g/株。以此为基础,设9个氮肥处理:50%普通尿素(T1)、50%控释尿素(T2)、50%普通尿素 + 木霉菌剂(T3)、50%控释尿素 + 木霉菌剂(T4)、30%控释尿素 + 20%普通尿素 + 木霉菌剂(T5)、100%普通尿素(T6)、100%控释尿素(T7)、150%普通尿素(T8),以不施氮肥为对照(CK)。测定了不同处理对薄皮甜瓜果实产量、品质及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。【结果】与100%施氮处理(T6、T7)相比,减量施氮50%在一定程度上提高了成熟甜瓜果实的品质,其中50%控释尿素配施木霉菌剂(T4)处理不仅降低了甜瓜果实的硝酸盐含量,提高了果实的可溶性糖、Vc含量及香气物质含量,单株产量也有所增加。此外,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥表观利用率和农学利用率均明显降低,其中T1～T4处理与100%和150%施氮处理(T6～T8)间的差异均达显著水平,且T3、T4处理的氮肥利用率均较高。在土壤微生物多样性方面,与施用普通尿素相比,控释尿素处理(T2、T4、T5、T7)的AWCD值均高于其他处理,其中以T4处理的AWCD值最高。【结论】在供试栽培土壤条件下,减少氮肥施用量50%,无论是否采用控释尿素或配施木霉菌剂,都有助于促进甜瓜植株的生长,提高成熟甜瓜果实品质,增加甜瓜的单株产量,但只有配施木霉菌剂后,其产量、品质与施氮100%处理的差异达到了显著水平。微生物多样性只在施用了理论施氮量的150%后显著下降。因此,在有机质丰富的土壤上栽培甜瓜,建议采用施氮量减少50%、配施木霉菌剂的高产优质可持续的施肥技术。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.