Phosphorus acquisition and wheat growth are influenced by shoot phosphorus status and soil phosphorus distribution in a split‐root system

Root proliferation and greater uptake per unit of root in the nutrient‐rich zones are often considered to be compensatory responses. This study aimed to examine the influence of plant phosphorus (P) status and P distribution in the root zone on root P acquisition and root and shoot growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a split‐root soil culture. One compartment (A) was supplied with either 4 or 14 mg P (kg soil)^–1, whereas the adjoining compartment (B) had 4 mg P kg^–1 with a vertical high‐P strip (44 mg kg^–1) at 90–110 mm from the plant. Three weeks after growing in the split‐root system, plants with 4 mg P kg^–1 (low‐P plants) started to show stimulatory root growth in the high‐P strip. Two weeks later, root dry weight and length density in the high‐P strip were significantly greater for the low‐P plants than for the plants with 14 mg P (kg soil)^–1. However, after 8 weeks of growth in the split‐root system, the two P treatments of compartment A had similar root growth in the high‐P strip of compartment B. The study also showed that shoot P concentrations in the low‐P plants were 0.6–0.8 mg g^–1 compared with 1.7–1.9 mg g^–1 in the 14 mg P kg^–1 plants after 3 and 5 weeks of growth, but were similar (1.1–1.4 mg g^–1) between the two plants by week 8. The low‐P plants had lower root P concentration in both compartments than those with 14 mg P kg^–1 throughout the three harvests. The findings may indicate that root proliferation and P acquisition under heterogeneous conditions are influenced by shoot P status (internal) and soil P distribution (external). There were no differences in the total root and shoot dry weight between the two P treatments at weeks 3 and 5 because enhanced root growth and P uptake in the high‐P strip by the low‐P plants were compensated by reduced root growth elsewhere. In contrast, total plant growth and total root and shoot P contents were greater in the 14 mg P kg^–1 soil than in the low‐P soil at week 8. The two P treatments did not affect the ratio of root to shoot dry weight with time. The results suggest that root proliferation and greater P uptake in the P‐enriched zone may meet the demand for P by P‐deficient plants only for a limited period of time.     

Genotypic variation of potato for phosphorus efficiency and quantification of phosphorus uptake with respect to root characteristics

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important food crop, generally requires a high amount of phosphate fertilizer for optimum growth and yield. One option to reduce the need of fertilizer is the use of P‐efficient genotypes. Two efficient and two inefficient genotypes were investigated for P‐efficiency mechanisms. The contribution of root traits to P uptake was quantified using a mechanistic simulation model. For all genotypes, high P supply increased the relative growth rate of shoot, shoot P concentration, and P‐uptake rate of roots but decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio, root‐hair length, and P‐utilization efficiency. Genotypes CGN 17903 and CIP 384321.3 were clearly superior to genotypes CGN 22367 and CGN 18233 in terms of shoot–dry matter yield and relative shoot‐growth rate at low P supply, and therefore can be considered as P‐efficient. Phosphorus efficiency of genotype CGN 17903 was related to higher P‐utilization efficiency and that of CIP 384321.3 to both higher P‐uptake efficiency in terms of root‐to‐shoot ratio and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Phosphorus‐efficient genotypes exhibited longer root hairs compared to inefficient genotypes at both P levels. However, this did not significantly affect the uptake rate and the extension of the depletion zone around roots. The P inefficiency of CGN 18233 was related to low P‐utilization efficiency and that of CGN 22367 to a combination of low P uptake and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Simulation of P uptake revealed that no other P‐mobilization mechanism was involved since predicted uptake approximated observed uptake indicating that the processes involved in P transport and morphological root characterstics affecting P uptake are well described.     

Root architectural responses of wheat cultivars to localised phosphorus application are phenotypically similar

Differences in nutrient recovery from fertiliser bands may improve cereal variety selection. The objective of this study was to identify the variation in root plasticity across commonly grown Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in response to a phosphorus (P)‐enriched band. Ten wheat cultivars were screened for root proliferation within a 150 mg P kg⁻¹ band in P‐responsive soil. Plants were destructively harvested at the four‐leaf phenological stage and various growth parameters, including root length density (RLD), were measured on banded and uniformly adequate P treatments. All wheat cultivars increased RLD between three and nine times in the P band. However, there was no significant difference in root plasticity among the cultivars tested. Although all cultivars produced longer, though ≈ 9% thinner roots when responding to the P band, the phenotypic response was unable to compensate fully for the lower P status encountered in the soil. Despite 23% longer root lengths in the P‐band treatments, P uptake per unit root length was 78% lower than in uniformly adequate P treatments. Our results indicate that root plasticity of wheat cultivars in a P‐enriched band was phenotypically similar. Further research is necessary before selecting for wheat cultivars that respond to localised nutrient patches with increased RLD.     

不同施磷水平下 AM 真菌发育及其对玉米氮磷吸收的影响

【目的】不同丛枝菌根 (abuscular mycorrhizal,AM) 真菌菌种 (株) 因其分离地点及宿主的不同,其生理发育与生态功能差异显著,尤其是土壤养分状况对其影响更明显。研究不同土壤磷水平对 AM 真菌侵染宿主及生长发育繁殖的影响,以及不同 AM 真菌对玉米生长及氮磷吸收的影响,可以深化了解 AM 真菌与土壤磷的关系。 【方法】采用盆栽试验,以玉米为宿主植物,土壤灭菌后分别添加 0、50、200、500 mg/kg 4 个水平的磷营养 (P0、P50、P200、P500),并分别接种 6 种 AM 真菌,以不接种为对照。测定了 AM 真菌侵染率、丛枝丰度、孢子数、菌丝密度、玉米植株氮磷比 (N/P) 生态化学计量特征,讨论了不同土壤磷水平与 AM 真菌生长发育间的关系,以及 AM 真菌对玉米吸收利用氮、磷的影响。 【结果】在 P50 条件下,AM 真菌的侵染率、根内丛枝结构、根外生物量 (孢子数、菌丝密度) 显著高于不加磷 P0 和 P200 和 P500 处理,而且 AM 真菌侵染及生长发育指标在高磷水平时,显著下降。不同磷水平处理下,不同 AM 真菌对玉米的侵染能力及生物量存在明显差异。在 P0 和 P50 条件下,接种 G.m 处理侵染率达到 75%,菌丝密度达 240 m/g,显著高于其他五个 AM 真菌。AM 真菌 C.c、R.a、C.et 的菌根侵染状况及生物量次之,D.s、D.eb 最差。在高磷 P200 和 P500 条件下,仅有 F.m 真菌处理的侵染状况及生物量最高。在 P0、P50 水平下,接种 F.m、R.a、D.eb 显著降低了植株氮含量;在不加磷 (P0) 水平下,接种处理均显著促进了玉米植株中磷含量的提高,在 P50 水平下,F.m 植株磷含量显著高于不接种对照;在 P0、P50、P200 水平下,接种 AM 真菌处理降低了玉米植株中 N/P 比,且不同菌种间存在差异,接种真菌 F.m 处理的 N/P 比明显最低。 【结论】土壤添加低量磷 (50 mg/kg) 更适合 AM 真菌的侵染及生长发育,也利于菌根效应的发挥。侵染能力及效应以耐高磷菌种 F.m 最好,然后依次为 C.c、R.a、C.et。在适量磷条件下,接种 AM 真菌能够调节植株体 N/P 比达到平衡,改善植物营养状况,促进玉米生长。     

Root Growth,Nutrient Uptake,and Nutrient-Use Efficiency by Roots of Tropical Legume Cover Crops as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization

Roots are important organs that supply water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium), and 200 (high) mg kg^?1 of soil, and five cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, and specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg^?1 soil. The P?×?cover crops interactions for all the macro- and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn), were significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen (N) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > P and micronutrient uptake pattern was in the order of iron (Fe) > Mn > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). Cover crops which produced maximum root dry weight also accumulated greater amount of nutrients, including N, compared to cover crops, which produced lower root dry weight. Greater uptake of N compared to other nutrients by cover crops indicated that use of cover crops in the cropping systems could reduce loss of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) from soil–plant systems. Increase in root length and root dry weight with the addition of P can improve nutrient uptake from the soil and lessen loss of macro- and micronutrients from the soil–plant systems.     

旱后复水条件下磷添加对白羊草根系形态及氮磷累积的影响

植物生长及养分利用特征可揭示半干旱区植物对多变水肥环境条件的适应策略。在白羊草分蘖期设置2个供水条件(正常供水和干旱胁迫21天后复水)和2个磷添加水平(复水当日1 kg干土添加0,0.2 g P_2O_5),2周后测定其根冠生物量、根系形态以及氮磷含量。结果表明,旱后复水条件下,磷添加后白羊草根冠生物量、总生物量和根冠比无显著变化,总根长和根表面积显著增加27.1%和24.1%,比根长和比根面积分别显著增加18.3%和15.9%,根系平均直径显著降低1.3%;白羊草地上部、根系和整株磷含量分别显著增加61.1%,35.8%和49.6%,磷累积量分别显著增加68.6%,52.0%和61.3%,氮磷比显著降低。除地上部氮累积量外,各水分和磷处理下白羊草地上部、根系和整株氮磷累积量与总根长和根表面积呈显著正相关关系。本研究表明,根长和根表面积增加是白羊草响应水肥环境条件改善的主要策略。     

有机肥与种植密度对旱作玉米根系生长及功能的影响

在大田条件下研究了基施有机肥及3种种植密度（60,75,90千株/hm2）对旱作玉米根系生长和功能的影响。结果表明,在大喇叭口期,基施有机肥显著降低了30—100cm土层内的根长与根表面积,但对根干重影响不显著;由于基施有机肥处理地上部生物量更大,因而显著降低了根冠比;种植密度对该时期根系生长的影响较小。在蜡熟期,基施有机肥限制了30—100cm土层及1/4行间、行间与膜下位置的根系分布,但对根冠比的作用不显著。该时期根长、根表面积及根干重均有随密度增加而减少的趋势,该趋势在0—30cm土层和株上位置表现显著;种植密度的增加也降低了根冠比。有机肥延缓根系衰老作用不明显,其根系导水率与不基施有机肥处理无显著差异;而在种植密度增加情况下,单位根系表面积吸水功能的提高弥补了根量减少带来的损失,表现出一定的适应性。     

Seasonal Root Biomass and Distribution of Switchgrass and Milk Vetch Intercropping under 2:1 Row Replacement in a Semiarid Region in Northwest China

A root system has the plasticity to adapt to environmental change and species interaction. Root biomass and distribution were studied in three comparable stands in the fifth growth year (2005) in a semiarid region of northwest China: (1) pure switchgrass, (2) pure milk vetch, and (3) mixed switchgrass and milk vetch in 2:1 row replacement. The measurements were carried out three times (April, September, and November) in 2005 during the vegetation period using a soil core method (9 cm). For each species, the vertical distribution of root biomass (RB) was measured in six consecutive layers (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm deep) between rows, between plants, and at the center of the plant, respectively. Results indicated a flexible distribution strategy of switchgrass that tended to increase soil exploitation and space sequestration efficiency in soil layers. Milk vetch followed a more conservative strategy: its roots reached the same soil depth in the pure and mixed stands but showed greater root densities in shallower soil layers in the latter. Under intercropping, RB input and root/shoot ratio in switchgrass were reduced, while milk vetch put more photosynthate into root growth. The shift toward a more superficially distributed system of milk vetch in the mixture with switchgrass together with the high RB and wide vertical and horizontal distribution of switchgrass in the study indicates the greater belowground competitive ability of switchgrass in the mixture.     

Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress

This study investigated the effects of foliar application of normal and nano-sized zinc oxide on the response of sunflower cultivars to salinity. Treatments included five cultivars (‘Alstar’, ‘Olsion’, ‘Yourflor’, ‘Hysun36’ and ‘Hysun33’), two salinity levels [0 and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)], and three levels of fertilizer application. Fertilizer treatments were the foliar application of normal and nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO). Foliar application of ZnO in either forms increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate (A), sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and Zn content and decreased Na content in leaves. The extent of increase in chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and shoot weight was greater as nano-sized ZnO was applied to the normal form. The results show that the nano-sized particles of ZnO compared to normal form has greater effect on biomass production of sunflower plants.     

Effect of varied soil nitrogen supply on growth and nutrient uptake of young Norway spruce plants grown in a shaded environment

To understand the effect of increased soil N supply on tree growth and nutrient uptake, three-year-old Norway spruce seedlings were grown in pots on low-nutrient mineral forest soil supplemented with N in mineral or organic form. Outdoor shaded growth conditions were used, to test the hypothesis that shaded plants are particularly susceptible to high soil N supply. Plants were harvested eleven months after planting. Shoot growth was not affected by the N supply, but N concentrations in needles and roots were increased in plants supplied with mineral N (150 or 300 mg N [kg soil]^—1). Root growth was drastically reduced and root/shoot ratios were decreased in plants with higher N uptake. A high supply of mineral N to soil also decreased the concentrations of other essential elements (P, K) in the needles and thus had effects on plant growth which may impair the stress resistance of trees. Organic N in the form of keratin (150 mg N [kg soil]^—1) did not influence plant growth significantly. The adverse effects of high mineral N supply were particularly pronounced under shaded conditions in comparison to results from other experiments using higher light intensity and temperature conditions.     

Translocation and recovery of 15N-labelled N derived from foliar uptake of 15NH3 by rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Foliar uptake of ¹⁵NH₃ applied at two growth stages (tillering and anthesis) and the subsequent ¹⁵N-labelled vegetative-N distribution in different plant components at maturity was investigated in three rice cultivars, IR-6, NIAB-6 and Bas-385. Rice plants absorbed 22–30% and 18–24% of the ¹⁵NH₃ applied at tillering and anthesis stages, respectively. Of the total ¹⁵NH₃ absorbed at tillering stage, IR-6 and Bas-385 showed higher recovery (71%) in different plant components at maturity as compared to NIAB-6 (48% recovery). At maturity, percent recovery of the ¹⁵NH₃ absorbed at anthesis stage was almost comparable in different cultivars, but it was lower (46–55%) than that absorbed at the tillering stage. Recovery of the absorbed ¹⁵NH₃-N in the soil was negligible and ranged from 0.3–1%. At maturity, the cultivars IR-6 and Bas-385 showed a higher loss (45–53%) of ¹⁵NH₃ absorbed at anthesis than at the tillering stage (29% loss), whereas for NIAB-6, the corresponding figures were comparable for the two growth stages (tillering, 51% loss; anthesis, 49% loss). Results indicated a variable potential of the tested rice cultivars for foliar uptake of atmospheric ¹⁵NH₃ and distribution of ¹⁵N-labelled vegetative-N in different plant components.     

干旱区水氮调控对棉花根、冠生长特性及产量的影响

为了探明水分和氮素对棉花生长发育的影响,设置了3个灌溉水量和4个施氮量,研究了棉花生育时期地下(根)和地上部分(冠)的生长特性,揭示了水氮调控对棉花根、冠生长以及产量的影响效应。试验结果表明:不同生育时期,灌溉水量为3 900 m3·hm-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时能提高棉花叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素SPAD值和水分利用效率(WUE)。随着施氮量的增加,棉花根系干物质量呈先增加后降低而地上部分干物质量呈逐渐增加的趋势,在不同灌溉水量下,施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时棉花各生育期根系干物质量均达到最大,但棉花根冠比呈逐渐降低的趋势,且随着灌溉水量的增加棉花根冠比也呈降低趋势。水分亏缺(W3 300处理)有利于棉花根冠比的增大,但显著降低了棉花光合参数(Pn、Tr)、叶绿素SPAD值和WUE。在本试验条件下,当灌溉水量为3 900 m3·hm-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时棉花株高适宜(79 cm左右),有效铃数和单铃重较高,较W3 300处理和W4 500处理有效铃数分别增加1.0、0.4个·株-1,单铃重增加0.16、0.09 g,产量提高8.35%、4.62%,衣分增加1.4%、0.7%,棉花适宜的根冠比为0.111。     

Influence of mulch C/N ratio and decomposition stage on plant N uptake and N availability in soil with or without wheat straw

Mulches can improve soil properties, but little is known about nutrient availability in mulched soil that contains plant residues and the effect of mulching with manures. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mulching with high or low C/N organic materials, in which low C/N materials differed in decomposability, and the presence of wheat straw in the soil on plant growth and N uptake, soil N availability and microbial biomass N within about four months after mulching. Three organic materials were used: mature wheat straw (W, C/N 80), young faba bean shoots (FB, C/N 7), and sheep manure (SM, C/N 8). There were eight treatments differing in amendment methods (mulching or mixing with W or both) and mulching materials (W, FB or SM). Treatments that were only mulched with W, FB or SM are referred to as m‐treatments. In m/s‐treatments, after W was mixed into the soil, W, FB or SM were placed on the soil surface as mulch. Two other treatments included an unamended control and soil mixed with W. Wheat was planted 0, 35 or 70 days after mulching (referred to as 0, 35, and 70 DAM) and grown for 35 days. Faba bean mulch increased shoot dry weight, shoot N uptake and available N compared to wheat or sheep manure mulch, particularly in the m‐treatments. Shoot dry weight was higher in m‐treatments than corresponding m/s‐treatments with the same mulch type. Shoot N uptake was higher in 70 DAM than in 0 DAM in all treatments and 0.3 to three‐fold higher in m‐treatments than the corresponding m/s‐treatments. Microbial biomass N was higher in 0 DAM than in 35 and 70 DAM in most treatments and up to two‐fold higher in m/s‐treatments than the corresponding m‐treatments. Available N in m/s‐treatments was two to six‐fold higher than m‐treatments in 0 DAM, but differed little in older mulch ages of W and SM. It can be concluded that compared to soil with only mulch, mixing of wheat straw into soil reduced plant growth and N uptake, particularly in the early stages of mulching (0 and 35 DAM). However, the presence of wheat in mulched soil may provide a longer lasting source of N for plants and reduce the risk of N leaching from rapidly decomposing low C/N mulch due to greater microbial biomass N uptake than only soil with mulch.     

Effect of Tungsten on the Growth,Dry-Matter Production,and Biochemical Constituents of Cowpea

The effects of various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg g^?1) of tungsten (W) as sodium tungstate were observed on growth performance, dry-matter production, and selected biochemical constituents of cowpea. Lower applied doses of W promoted root–shoot length whereas greater doses retarded it. Chlorophyll contents and soluble sugars increased with lower applied doses of W. Greater applied doses of W resulted in an increase in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. A significant gradual decrease in proline contents was observed with lower applied doses of tungsten. Tungsten contents in plant material showed a very highly significant (P < 0.001) correlation with soil-applied tungsten.     

Temporal course of net N mineralization and immobilization in topsoil following incorporation of crop residues of winter oilseed rape,peas and oats in a northern climate

The impact of incorporated residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats on soil N availability and the risk of N leaching during autumn and winter in a northern climate is not clear. Therefore, the aim was to determine the influence of incorporated residues on net N mineralization–immobilization in topsoil during autumn and winter. A field experiment carried out at three sites in South Sweden provided soil samples and crop residues for an interpretive, in situ incubation study. Topsoil corresponding to a 7‐cm soil layer from each site used for the field experiment was incubated with and without aboveground residues under natural temperature conditions at a single field location. On the basis of the incubation study, we concluded that in the field experiment, soil N dynamics during autumn and winter trials were the combined outcome of net N mineralization in the topsoil fraction not affected by aboveground residues and net N immobilization in the fraction in contact with aboveground crop residues. In the absence of aboveground residues, the net rate of N mineralization during early autumn was similar after both oilseed rape and peas, but values were larger than that after oats. After incorporation, aboveground residues of winter oilseed rape and peas made no contribution to soil mineral N in late autumn and thus did not increase the risk of N losses during winter. In fact, the residues of oilseed rape, peas and oats reduced the amount of soil mineral N by 7–14 kg N/ha during the main drainage period (October–March). Therefore, incorporating chopped aboveground residues should be encouraged before sowing winter wheat after peas and winter oilseed rape.     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

Root growth,nutrient uptake and use efficiency by roots of tropical legume cover crops as influenced by phosphorus fertilization

The root is an important organ which supplies water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium) and 200 (high) mg kg^?1 of soil and 5 cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg^?1 soil. The P X cover crops interaction for all the macro and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn) was significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen>calcium>potassium>magnesium>phosphorus (N > Ca > K > Mg > P) and micronutrient uptake pattern was in the order of iron>manganese>zinc>copper (Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu). Cover crops which produced maximum root dry weight also accumulated higher amount of nutrients, including N compared to cover crops which produced lower root dry weight. Higher uptake of N compared to other nutrients by cover crops indicated that use of cover crops in the cropping systems can reduce loss of nitrate (NO₃^?) from soil-plant systems. Increase in root length and root dry weight with the addition of P can improve nutrient uptake from the soil and less loss of macro and micronutrients from the soil-plant systems.     

氮、磷肥对杉木幼苗生物量及养分分配的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同氮、 磷肥对杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）幼苗生物量及养分分配的影响。结果表明,供磷可促进杉木幼苗植株和各器官生物量的增加,并影响叶、 茎、 根生物量的分配比例,氮、 磷处理幼苗叶生物量占全株生物量的45% 以上, 施氮反而降低杉木叶、 茎、 根的生物量; 施氮显著增加根和叶的氮含量,而显著降低根和叶的磷含量,对茎的氮、 磷含量没有明显影响; 施磷显著降低叶、 茎、 根的氮含量,叶、 茎、 根的磷含量随供磷水平的增加而逐渐增加。氮磷配施显著影响叶、 茎、 根的氮、 磷含量和氮、 磷累积量。叶片是主要的氮、 磷养分存储器官。氮（或磷）水平的增加可降低杉木幼苗的磷（或氮）利用效率,提高氮（或磷）的利用效率; 氮、 磷肥显著影响杉木幼苗叶、 茎、 根的N/P比。研究结果说明,氮、 磷肥增加了杉木幼苗各器官生物量和氮、 磷含量,影响了幼苗的养分分配和营养平衡。     

施氮量对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用效率的影响

本试验研究了施氮量（0、90、180、270 kg/hm2）对夏播玉米CF008、金海5号和郑单958碳氮积累、运转及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,3个品种的茎叶碳氮积累量、成熟期地上部总氮量均为在施氮量180 kg/hm2或270 kg/hm2下较高,但是最终碳氮运转率、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮肥利用率均在施氮量90 kg/hm2下较高。本试验中,碳运转率与产量呈正相关,氮运转率与氮肥利用率呈正相关,表明较高的碳氮运转率可以促进产量和氮肥利用率的提高。本研究在施氮量90 kg/hm2下,CF008和金海5号茎鞘的C/N值在吐丝期和成熟期分别为22.11～22.91、35.66～54.23,叶片的C/N值分别为4.32～5.11、9.06～10.57;在施氮量90～180 kg/hm2下,3个品种夏玉米产量达到了10688～11461 kg/hm2;CF008和金海5号的氮肥利用率达到了31.55%～49.33%,而郑单958的氮肥利用率仅为15.11%～19.20%。