Root Exudates of Rice Cultivars Affect Rhizospheric Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils with Different Phosphorus Statuses

Exudation of organic acids by the roots of three rice cultivars grown in three soils of different phosphorus (P) statuses, and their impacts on the rhizospheric P dynamics and P uptake by the rice plants, were investigated. Quantum root exudates from all the rice cultivars were significantly greater at 21 days after transplantation than at panicle initiation or flowering stages. Malic acid was the most predominant organic acid present in the rice root exudates (10.3 to 89.5 μmol plant^?1 d^?1), followed by tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Greater exudation of organic acids from rice grown in P-deficient soil by all the rice cultivars suggested response of rice plant to P stress. Results indicate that the release of organic acids in the root exudates of rice plants can extract P from strongly adsorbed soil P fraction, thereby increasing native soil P utilization efficiency and ensuring adequate P nutrition for the growing rice plants.     

土壤性质对土壤–水稻系统中硒迁移的影响

采集浙江省北部水稻种植区成熟期水稻和对应的土壤样品,分析土壤中硒(Se)总量和7种形态Se的含量以及水稻根、茎、叶、谷各部位的Se含量。结果表明:研究区土壤Se平均含量0.344 mg/kg,达到中Se土壤水平,并且与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。7种Se形态中,强有机结合态和腐植酸结合态是主要的两种形态,占Se全量的75.92%;离子交换态、水溶态的含量在1.7%左右;碳酸盐结合态为3.2%。水稻根部富集了大部分的Se(73%),其各部位中Se含量随根、叶、茎、谷的顺序依次减少。将土壤按有机质和p H的大小进行分区分析后发现,当有机质含量小于25 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与水稻根部Se呈显著正相关;当有机质含量大于35 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与谷Se呈显著正相关;当p H7时,碳酸盐态Se与谷Se呈显著负相关。水溶态Se和离子交换态Se与水稻各部位Se含量之间并未呈现明显的相关性。水稻各器官Se含量受土壤p H、有机质含量、各形态Se含量等土壤性质的交互作用影响。     

Iodine desorption from rice paddy soil

Laboratory experiments on the desorption phenomena of iodine from rice paddy soil under waterlogged conditions, with a special reference to soil redox potential (Eh) and pH, have been conducted. Radioiodine tracer (1251), added to the soil, was readily sorbed on it. At the beginning of the waterlogging, the iodine desorption was low. However, iodine was desorbed into soil solution with time. The iodine desorption was enhanced markedly by the addition of organic substances such as straw pieces and glucose to the soil. Cultivation of rice plants in soil also affected the iodine desorption, suggesting root exudates and/or root autolysis might be participating in the desorption process. Eh dropped considerably after soil was waterlogged due to microbial metabolisms. Particularly low Eh values were observed in soils with plants and also with added organic substances. A negative correlation was seen between the desorption and soil Eh. High desorption was frequently observed when the Eh dropped to about -100 mV or below. Due to the reducing conditions (low Eh) by waterlogging, iodine in soil was leached into the soil solution; consequently total iodine concentration in paddy soil was considerably lower than forest and upland field soils. These iodine desorption phenomena under anaerobic conditions should be considered in assessing transfer of the long-lived radioiodine (129I) in the environment, especially in rice fields and marshland.     

几种禾本科作物对铝的敏感性或耐性

通过调查几种禾本科作物根的伸长，根尖的铝含量、铝诱导其根系有机酸的分泌，探讨作物耐铝（铝敏感）性及作物对铝毒害的抵御机理。结果表明，水稻、黑麦是耐铝的作物，而大麦、小麦（Scout 66)是对铝敏感的作物，玉米和高梁对铝敏感性较小麦弱。小麦和玉米品种间对铝的敏感性差异显著，而高梁对铝的敏感性品种间差异性较小。铝能够诱导水稻、黑麦和耐铝的玉米及小麦品种的根系分泌柠檬酸和/或苹果酸。这表明铝诱导有机酸的分泌是它们抵御铝毒害的机理。     

水稻秸秆/根系添加对稻田红壤发生层颗粒态及矿物结合态有机碳的影响

  目的  基于室内培养试验,明确等碳量添加水稻秸秆（S）、根系（R）或二者混合物（S + R）对稻田红壤不同发生层中颗粒态有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的影响。  方法  以稻田红壤（20 ~ 30年）氧化还原层1（Br1）、犁底层（Ap2）及水耕表层（Ap1）的土壤为材料,基于等碳量添加S、R及S + R的培养试验,分析了水稻秸秆与根系添加到供试土壤30、60、120和210天时,各发生层土壤中总有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳及矿物结合态有机碳的变化差异与影响因素。  结果  等碳量添加S、R或S + R均可显著增加稻田红壤各发生层土壤总有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳及矿物结合态有机碳含量。但随着培养时间的延长,各发生层土壤总有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量均呈显著降低趋势,而游离态颗粒有机碳含量则呈显著增加趋势。R或S + R处理的土壤总有机碳增加量均高于S处理,且Br1层土壤总有机碳的增加量显著高于Ap1和Ap2层。  结论  水稻秸秆与根系还田利于稻田红壤有机碳的增加,而将水稻秸秆和根系的混合物深还至Br1层（20 ~ 40 cm）对稻田红壤有机碳量的增加效果更好。     

Bicarbonate Had Greater Effects Than High pH on Inhibiting Root Growth of Zinc‐Inefficient Rice Genotype

Abstract

Effects of bicarbonate (10 mM as NaHCO₃) and high pH (pH 8 buffered with HEPES) separately on root growth and accumulation of organic acids in the roots of zinc (Zn)‐efficient (IR36) and Zn‐inefficient (IR26) rice genotypes (Oriza sativa L.) were investigated in this study. The results indicated that shoot dry matter yields were decreased more by bicarbonate than by high pH for the Zn‐inefficient genotype, but not affected for the Zn‐efficient genotype. Root dry weights, especially root length, was significantly decreased by bicarbonate and high pH treatments for the Zn‐inefficient genotype, whereas was considerably enhanced by only bicarbonate treatment for the Zn‐efficient rice genotype. The reduction in root growth of the Zn‐inefficient rice genotype and the enhancement of root length in the Zn‐efficient genotype were greater when plants grown with bicarbonate than with high pH treatment. Accumulation of malate, citrate, and fumarate in roots of the two genotypes increased considerably due to both high pH and bicarbonate treatments, but to a greater extent for the Zn‐inefficient than for the Zn‐efficient cultivars. After an 8‐day treatment, more organic acids accumulated in the roots of the Zn‐inefficient genotype (IR26) when plants grown with bicarbonate than at high pH, but this was not the case for the Zn‐efficient genotype. The influence of root growth by bicarbonate appeared to be one of the major factors for the sensitivity of rice genotypes to Zn deficiency in calcareous soils. The greater inhibitory effect of bicarbonate than high pH on root growth of the Zn‐inefficient genotype might result from an excessive accumulation and inefficient compartmentation of organic acids, particularly citrate and malate, in the root cells.     

控制灌溉模式对稻田土壤-植物系统镉和铬累积的影响

为了揭示不同灌溉模式Cd、Cr灌溉输入量差异及对Cd、Cr在稻田土植系统总累积的影响,基于田间试验开展了不同灌溉模式稻田土-植系统Cd、Cr含量观测。结果表明,控制灌溉与淹水灌溉相比在水稻全生育期可分别减少Cd、Cr灌溉输入量60.8%和59.8%。灌溉模式的改变显著影响了重金属Cd、Cr在植株地上部分的累积。与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉植株地上部分Cd、Cr累积量分别增加了29.5%和5.4%。植株吸收的Cd、Cr大部分储存在根部,只有少量向地上部分迁移,控灌植株根部Cd、Cr吸收富集系数大于淹灌处理。控制灌溉增强了Cd、Cr向水稻植株的迁移能力,以及Cd、Cr向地上部分迁移。因此控制灌溉减少了稻田重金属Cd、Cr的输入风险和土壤累积风险,但会导致水稻植株吸收Cd的增加,需要有针对性地进一步开展相关修复和防治研究。     

水稻植株特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其机制的研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的口粮作物,稻田是重要温室气体甲烷的主要排放源之一。水稻植株特性既是水稻产量形成的关键因子,也是稻田甲烷排放的主要影响因子。但是,至今关于水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的调控效应及其机制仍存在许多不一致的认识。为此,本文从形态特征、生理生态特征、植株-环境互作等方面,对现有的相关研究进行了综合论述。水稻地上部形态特征如分蘖数、株高、叶面积等对稻田甲烷排放的影响的研究结果不尽相同,起关键作用的是地下系统。优化光合产物分配在持续淹水的情况下可以减少稻田甲烷排放。提高水稻生物量在低碳土壤增加稻田甲烷排放,但在高碳土壤下降低甲烷排放。本文还明确了相关研究现状和存在的问题。在此基础上,作者认为未来应加强水稻根系形态及其生理特征,以及水稻植株-土壤环境(尤其是水分管理和养分管理)互作对稻田甲烷产生、氧化和排放影响的研究,在方法上应加强微区试验和大田试验的结合,并开展植株和稻田的碳氮互作效应及其机制研究,为高产低碳排放的水稻品种选育和低碳稻作模式创新提供理论参考和技术指导。     

不同土壤的还原状况对铁镉形态转化和水稻吸收的影响

采用土壤-蛭石联合培养,以填充蛭石的网袋模拟根际,置于红壤、水稻土、盐土中后淹水栽培水稻13 d.试验结果表明,水稻栽培期问,红壤、水稻土、盐土pH变化范围分别为6.05 ～6.78、6.47 ～7.33、6.42 ～7.44;有机质处理下,除红壤根际pH明显升高外,其余土壤根际和非根际pH均有所下降.各土壤对照根际Eh保持在233 ～ 385 mV;有机质处理使根际Eh下降,同时也导致除盐土外的非根际Eh上升.土壤还原溶解Fe与蛭石吸附Fe的90％以上均米自铁锰氧化物结合态铁(Oxide-Fe)组分,与溶液Eh、pe+ pH均有显著相关性,表明两表面同为Fe的氧化还原反应,但方向相反.水稻根表Fe膜的形成与根际氧化还原状况有关,在对照根际(高Eh)环境下,根表Fe含量随pH升高而降低,在有机质处理根际(低Eh)环境下则随pH升高而升高;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍Fe的吸收,在水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进Fe吸收.根表Cd含量与根内Cd、地上部Cd有显著正相关;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收;水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收.     

Alleviation of Soil Aluminum Phytotoxicity in a Typical Paddy Soil in Southern China by Using Weak Organic Acids

Weak organic acids including tartaric and citric acids were applied to a typical paddy soil in southern China to test their effects on rice in the field for three years. Their effects were also compared with top dressings of the two acids, basal application of diammonium acid phosphate, calcium carbonate, and the control. The results showed that rice grain yield of the citric acid treatment was significantly higher than that of the control and the same difference was also observed for the filled spikelets per panicle. There were no significant difference among all the treatments and the control on the accumulation of above ground dry matter. However the root dry matter, length, peroxidase activity, and white root number of citric acid treatment were significantly higher than that of the control, while no significant differences among other treatments were observed. Basal application of citric acid played a positive role on this soil.     

耕作模式对冷浸田水稻产量和土壤特性的影响

为探明不同耕作模式对冷浸田的影响机制,挖掘冷浸田的生产潜力,以冷浸田为研究对象,通过田间试验,以常规平作模式为对照,研究了垄作和稻鱼共作模式对冷浸田水稻产量以及土壤团聚体、温度、pH及有机质和还原性物质含量以及酶活性的影响。结果表明:相比对照(CK),垄作模式(T1)能显著降低土壤微团聚体(0.25 mm)含量,促进大团聚体的形成,提高土壤温度,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤pH,抑制水稻分蘖期后土壤亚铁含量的上升,降低土壤亚锰含量,减轻其对水稻根系的毒害作用,提高土壤酶活性,增加土壤速效养分含量。稻鱼共作模式(T2)对冷浸田土壤理化性状影响不显著,但能显著增加土壤速效养分含量,土壤速效钾含量在水稻孕穗期和成熟期分别较对照(CK)增加18.2%和69.2%,从而为水稻生长提供良好的土壤环境和营养,促进水稻生长发育,提高水稻产量。研究表明T1和T2模式能显著提高冷浸田水稻产量,增产范围为8.8%~25.8%,T1模式增产效果最显著,实际产量达到7 623 kg·hm-2。综上所述,垄作模式可以有效地改善冷浸田土壤特性,提高水稻产量,而稻鱼共作模式增产效果主要体现在增加冷浸田水体和土壤的速效养分。     

Studies on the metabolism in roots of lowland rice

In the previous studies we investigated some characteristics of paddy root in comparison with shoot by analysis of inorganic elements¹⁾ and metabolizable forms of organic compounds²⁾ of shoot and root at successive growth stages, and found that the contents of the above-mentioned components in root were generally lower than those in shoot with few exceptions. From this it is concluded that in root the contents of the residual components, mainly cell wall substances, must be high. To ascertain this surmise, we carried out analysis of shoot, root and inflorescences of rice plant with respect to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin which construct cell walls.     

Interrelationship of Organic Acids and Aluminum Concentrations in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soil Solution of Rice in Acidic Soil

To study the interrelationship of organic acids and aluminum concentrations in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil solution of rice (var. Satabdi and IR 64) in acidic soil, plants were grown in plastic pots containing 500 g soil. Three organic acids (viz., tartaric, oxalic, and citric acids) were identified and quantified in rice rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils. Organic acids were found more in the rhizosphere soil and at early stages of crop growth, decreased sharply after 30 days of germination, and found in negligible quantity after 45 days of germination. Regression analysis revealed a significant and negative relationship between solution aluminum and organic acid. Satabdi showed greater organic acid concentration in rhizosphere soil, leading to significantly lower root and shoot aluminum concentrations and consequently significantly greater dry-matter production as well as root volume, compared to IR 64. The findings established that organic acids can effectively reduce aluminum concentration in soil solution.     

Influences of organic debris and rice root on the nitrogen fixation in the submerged soil

Abstract

A series of experiments has been conducted on the N2 fixation in the paddy soils by the authors (1–4). The amount of organic substrates for microorganisms and the degree of reduction of the soil are found to be two major factors affecting the N₂-fixing activity of the heterotrophic microorganisms in the submerged soil. Organic debris, rice root and their neighboring soils are identified to be the important micro-sites for the heterotrophic N₂ fixers. The organic debris and the rice root are considered to play dual roles by supplying the organic substances; (1) increase of the population of the heterotrophic N₂ fixers—the amount of nitrogenase, (2) preparation of the reduced conditions favorable for the nitrogenase activity.

However, it is not yet clearly known which of these two roles of the organic substrates is more essential to the N₂-fixing activity in the paddy soil. In addition, it is expected that there must be some differences between the organic debris and rice root in their contribution to the N₂ fixation in the paddy soil.

An experiment was carried out to clarify these problems. Moist soil sample was collected from the plough layer of the paddy field at Central Agric. Exp. Sta. in Konosu City, Saitama Pref., passed through a 5 mm sieve and placed in pots (3 kg moist soil/pot). Ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate, and potassium chloride at the rate of 0.4-0.4-0.4 (N-P₂O₅-K₂0) g/pot were incorporated into the soil 7 days before transplanting. Split application of ammonium sulfate at the rates of 0.2 and 0.4 g N/pot were also incorporated at 30 and 41 days after transplanting respectively. These pots were divided into three series; planted (P-series), non-planted (N-series), and non-planted and applied with organic manure (O-series). In case of O-series, 60 g of fairly rotted organic manure was applied to each pot. Each pot of P-series was planted with two 4O-day-old seedlings of rice plant at 7 days after submergence. The Nseries was regarded as a control. Each series was not replicated in this preliminary experiment.     

不同水分管理下施用稻草对土壤有机酸和养分有效性的影响

为探索稻草还田短期内土壤有机酸积累和养分供应特征,在温室培养条件下,采用多孔聚酯管溶液采集器采集土壤溶液和"通用佳"离子交换树脂球法,分别研究了连续淹水和干湿交替下,施用稻草30天内对土壤有机酸产生和养分有效性的影响。结果表明,(1)无论连续淹水还是干湿交替,施用稻草后土壤中有机酸积累明显增加,但在干湿交替下的积累要低于连续淹水下;施用稻草后产生的有机酸以乙酸为主,且5cm处的有机酸积累明显低于15cm处。(2)施用稻草降低了土壤氮的有效性,但提高了土壤磷、铁、钾、钙和镁的有效性;与连续淹水相比,干湿交替下施用稻草降低土壤氮有效性的程度更大,而提高土壤磷、铁、钾、钙、镁的程度则较小。     

Calcium Effects on Acetic Acid Toxicity in Rice

Recent soil‐management practices such as no‐tillage and minimal tillage, when applied to the irrigated rice crop, promote changes in soil composition as a result of anaerobic degradation of organic matter. Several short‐chain organic acids are formed, such as acetic acid. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of calcium (Ca) on plant development under stress by acetic acid toxicity. The experiment was conducted in hydroponics by testing different Ca (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mmol L^?1) and acetic acid (0 and 2.5 mmol L^?1) concentrations. The variables evaluated were the root system morphological parameters (total length, radius, area, dry‐matter weight, and main root growth), shoot parameters (shoot dry matter, plant height), and concentration and total accumulated nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Ca, and magnesium (Mg) in the plants. The growth of the root system and the shoots of rice plants were not affected by the addition of Ca to the treatments containing acetic acid.     

Effect of Application of Acidified Porous Hydrate Calcium Silicate and Porous Hydrated Calcium Silicate on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of the application of acidified porous hydrate calcium silicate (APS) in nursery bed soil and porous hydrate calcium silicate (PS) in paddy fields on the growth of rice plants ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) was examined in 2002 and 2003. The results revealed the following: 1) Shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. The tiller number of rice plants after transplanting in both years also increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil, and in 2003, the tiller number in the treatment with a combination of APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in the other treatments until the maximum tiller number stage. Furthermore, the root length of rice plants 14 d after transplanting increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 2) Silicon concentration in the soil solution significantly increased by PS treatment in paddy fields, and the concentration of dissolved carbon oxide increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 3) Only in the APS treatment the rice yield was 341 g m⁻², while 400 and 450 g m⁻² in the PS and both APS and PS treatments, respectively, in 2003. Percentages of ripened grains in the plots without PS treatment ranged from 57 to 63%, respectively, while, those in the PS treated plots were 82%. The numbers of panicles and ripened grains in both APS and PS treatments were the highest among the treatments. Based on the above results, we concluded that both APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy field treatments were effective in improving the silicon nutrition and growth of rice plants, and that this effect was enhanced by a combination of treatments with the two.     

配施有机肥对潜育化水稻土的培肥效果

为探索潜育化水稻土的培肥措施,通过田间试验研究了有机无机肥配施对潜育化低产水稻土产量和土壤养分有效性的影响。结果显示:连续2季施用有机肥后,潜育化水稻土产量显著提高,以早稻配施紫云英-晚稻配施猪粪处理的产量最高。添加有机肥降低了潜育化水稻土耕层土壤p H值。早稻配施紫云英,晚稻配施猪粪处理的有机质提高明显,比NPK处理提高了15.22%;早稻配施紫云英,晚稻配施猪粪处理的潜育化水稻土全氮含量比单施化肥处理提高4.19%;早稻配施紫云英,晚稻单施化肥处理的潜育化水稻土有效磷含量提高最多,比NPK处理提高了4.92%;相比于NPK处理,早稻配施紫云英,晚稻单施化肥处理的土壤速效钾含量比两季均单施化肥处理提高了13.2%。因此,潜育化水稻土适当配施有机肥可以提高土壤养分有效性,增加水稻产量,可以作为培肥改良潜育化水稻土的参考方法。     

Studies on utilization of upland seedling as a counter measure to prevent zinc deficiency in rice plant

Zinc deficiency ot rice plants has been recently reported to produce symptoms similar to Akagare Type II disease (1), which appears in illdrained paddy fields as a type of root rot.     

不同肥料/改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响

【目的】西南地区冷泥田的水稻生长不良可归因于多种障碍因子,包括土壤物理、化学和生物因子。本文针对冷泥田影响水稻生长的土壤化学障碍因子,研究了不同肥料或改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收和土壤性质的影响,旨在为这类土壤的培肥、改良利用和水稻高产提供科学依据和实用技术。【方法】试验地点选在四川省东南地区冷泥田集中的泸县,试验历时2年。试验设无肥对照(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、NPK+泥炭(NPK+Pe)、NPK+商品有机肥(NPK+COF)、NPK+鸡粪(NPK+CM)、NPK+硅肥(NPK+Si)、NPK+石灰(NPK+L)、NPK+硅钙肥(NPK+Si Ca),NPK+锌肥(NPK+Zn)9个处理。在水稻收获前采集代表性植株样,调查水稻农艺性状,分析水稻对氮、磷和钾的吸收量;水稻收获后采集土壤样品,测定不同处理的土壤p H、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、还原性物质总量、活性还原物质以及亚铁和亚锰含量。【结果】结果表明,在所有处理中,NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可改善水稻的产量构成因子,稻谷产量比NPK处理显著提高15.40%和10.64%;而其他处理的增产效果则均不显著。NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理的土壤p H明显高于其他处理,土壤还原性物质总量和活性还原物质(含Fe2+和Mn2+)含量显著降低;NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可增加土壤养分的有效性,促进水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,改善土壤的化学性质。同时,土壤分析结果表明,该试验土壤的有效钙和有效硅均缺乏,而NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理增加了土壤的有效钙和有效硅,对提高水稻产量有重要贡献。有机肥对土壤相关性质的影响与石灰和硅钙肥相反,特别是鸡粪。施用锌肥对水稻有一定的增产效果,但差异不显著。水稻收获后土壤中氮、磷、钾养分残留量与施肥量和水稻吸收携出量密切相关。【结论】对长期淹水地势低洼的酸性冷泥田来说,石灰和硅钙肥是比较理想的土壤改良剂,能同时起到改善土壤性质和提高作物产量的效果;而有机肥,特别是未腐熟的有机肥或有机物料,则不宜在冷泥田中施用或大量施用。