苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散特征研究进展

土壤黏粒分散指的是黏土颗粒遇水相互分离的行为。苏打盐碱土可交换性钠含量高,使得黏粒表面大部分负电荷被中和,形成较厚正电荷层,引起黏粒分散。目前国内外对黏粒分散的研究集中在化学和环境领域,针对农业领域,特别是苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散特征的研究还鲜有报道。本文系统总结了黏粒分散特征表征方法,归纳可用于表征黏粒分散程度的主要指标;概述了黏粒分散对土壤物理性质的影响;重点阐述影响黏粒分散的因素,包括：土壤酸碱性、离子浓度、土壤有机质、农业管理措施、外源物质施用等;提出了黏粒分散控制方法。分析表明,根据钙钠钾镁不同分散和絮凝能力得出,离子性指数、电荷稀疏性、净分散量、土壤结构稳定性的阳离子比和阳离子交换量等是表征黏粒分散特征的常用指标;电动电位势和浊度与黏粒分散存在密切联系,有待进一步应用于苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散研究。黏粒分散破坏土壤结构,导致土壤水力传导率下降,严重阻碍土壤正常功能。黏粒分散机理：不同阳离子价态不同和不同土壤溶液浓度不同导致黏粒表面正电荷层厚度不同,引起黏粒之间范德华吸引力和静电排斥力作用效果差异,正电荷层较厚导致黏粒分散。通过明晰黏粒分散机理,有助于掌握影响黏粒分散的主要因素,抑制苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散,改善土壤结构,以期为苏打盐碱土治理提供理论参考和技术指导。     

土壤特性对保水剂持水性能的影响

为研究土壤特性对保水剂持水性能的影响,测试了4种保水剂分别与砂壤土、壤砂土、砂粘壤土1和砂粘壤土2共4种土壤混合后的保水率,混合时土壤为风干土,保水剂与土壤混合的质量百分比为0.5%。结果表明:与单纯保水剂或者保水剂与砂子混合相比,保水剂与土壤混合后可明显降低保水剂的释水速度,提高保水剂的持水能力。土壤特性对保水剂释水速度有明显影响,土壤粘粒含量高,保水剂的释水速度慢,反之,则快。土壤粘粒含量高,土壤含水量高,保水剂表面水势梯度变低,使释水速度变慢;粘粒含量低,水势梯度变大,保水剂释水速率加快。经过7 h的恒温蒸发后,4种保水剂在粘粒含量较高的砂粘壤土(粘粒含量25%)中的保水率比在粘粒含量低的壤砂土(12.5%)中的保水率高43.7%~71.3%,且具有明显的差异。     

黏粒质量分数对土壤水分蓄持能力影响的模拟试验

通过人工配制不同质地土壤,测定土壤水分特征参数,研究土壤中黏粒质量分数对其水分蓄持能力的定量影响。结果表明：1）黏粒质量分数对土壤水分蓄持能力有较大影响,土壤持水能力随黏粒质量分数增加而递增。2个水分特征曲线模型——Gardner模型及van Genuchten模型中,表征土壤持水能力的参数均随黏粒质量分数增加而增大。2）黏粒质量分数对土壤比水容量有较大影响,试验土壤在任一水吸力水平下的比水容量值均随其黏粒质量分数增大而增大。3）试验土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量分别与黏粒质量分数呈指数、对数正相关,凋萎系数与黏粒质量分数呈指数正相关。4）试验土壤有效水、迟效水含量随黏粒质量分数增加呈先升高后降低趋势,二者与黏粒质量分数均呈抛物线关系,最高点分别出现在黏粒质量分数为35.9%和35.8%处,易效水含量与黏粒质量分数相关性不显著。研究结果可为黄土区土壤水分蓄持机制进一步研究提供一定理论依据。     

蒸发条件下粘土层对土壤水和溶质运移影响的模拟

以土壤水和溶质运移的动力学原理为基础 ,采用数值模拟方法 ,研究了在浅层地下水和蒸发条件下含有粘土层土壤的水和Cl-的运移状况 ,重点探讨了两种粘土的层位和层厚对水和Cl-运移影响的差别及原因。研究结果表明 ,粘土层对土壤的水和溶质运移影响的程度 ,与层状土壤中该粘土及其组合土壤的水力学性质有关。本文模拟的重粘土 (简称Y粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,其基本情况为 ,随粘土层层位的升高和层厚加大 ,土壤水分蒸发和地下水补给速率降低 ,Cl-积累减少。而轻粘土 (简称R粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,由于它们的导水率曲线在压力水头h约 - 10 0 0cm处相交 ,当h低于此值时 ,R粘土的导水率就大于轻壤土的。因此 ,蒸发、补给速率和Cl-积累强度出现以顶位最高 ,甚至高于均质轻壤土 ,其次为底位 ,最低为中部层位的现象。在蒸发条件下Cl-在剖面中的积聚部位主要是土表。粘土层的存在 ,起到了阻滞作用 ,而阻滞程度则与该粘土水力学性质、层位、厚度和地下水埋深有关     

青海省东部山区旱作农田土壤团聚体特征研究

比较了青海省东部山区垂直梯度分布的三种旱作农田土壤(黑钙土、栗钙土、灰钙土),在0~60 cm土层的不同粒级土壤风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量间的差异,并结合其它土壤质量指标(有机质、粘粒)对不同土壤结构和抗侵蚀能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,>0.25mm风干团聚体、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机质含量与土壤类型间有密切关系。均表现为黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土。黑钙土和栗钙土的土壤有机质含量与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体间存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),灰钙土则无明显相关性;三种土壤粘粒含量与>0.25mm风干团聚体和0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量间无明显相关性。各项指标综合比较,三种土壤抗侵蚀能力大小为:黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土。     

Dynamics of the microaggregate composition of chernozem in relation to changes in the content of organic matter

Monitoring of soil dispersivity and humus state has been performed in the stationary profile of ordinary chernozem in the Botanic Garden of the Southern Federal University in 2009–2014. The contents of physical clay and sand are almost stable in time, which indicates a quasi-static (climax) equilibrium in the soil. Another (reversible dynamic) process occurs simultaneously: seasonal and annual variation in the mass fractions of clay and silt in physical clay. Variations of humus content in the whole soil and in its physical clay are also observed on the background of seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature. A procedure has been developed for the analysis of the polydisperse soil system with consideration for the quasi-static and dynamic equilibriums. A two-vector coordinate system has been introduced, which consists of scales for changes in the contents of physical clay and physical sand in 100 g of soil and changes in the fractions of clay and silt in 100 g of physical clay. Co-measurements of two dispersivity series of soil samples—actual dynamic and calculated under quasi-static equilibrium (ideal)—have been performed. Dynamic equilibrium coefficients, which cumulatively reflect the varying proportions of physical clay and physical sand in the soil and the mass fractions of clay and silt in physical clay, have been calculated.     

层状包气带黏土层厚度对硝态氮迁移的影响

层状包气带结构中黏土层对污染物进入地下水具有阻滞作用,黏土层的厚度对硝态氮(NO_3~--N)在包气带迁移中的淋失、累积以及反硝化作用等具有非常重要的影响,而目前关于这方面的研究还不足。该研究通过设置高度为40 cm、砂土与黏土层厚度比分别为3∶1,1∶1,1∶3的"上粗下细"型以及全黏土型的4组填充土柱,采用稳定浓度的定水头淋滤试验,研究黏土层厚度不同的土柱NO_3~--N溶液入渗过程、土壤NO_3~--N淋滤、累积和反硝化特征,进而阐明层状包气带黏土层厚度对NO_3~--N迁移的影响。结果表明:湿润锋运移深度和累积入渗量与入渗时间的关系在溶液穿越砂黏土层界面前后由非线性趋于线性,累积入渗量随黏土层厚度增加而显著减小(P0.05);当土柱内黏土层厚度达到40 cm时,其对NO_3~--N淋滤的阻滞作用明显强于黏土层厚度为10～30 cm的土柱;淋滤试验过程中在砂黏土层界面形成水分滞留层,界面处黏土层中NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N累积量均达到峰值,且随着深度的增加,NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N累积量降低;黏土层厚度差不小于20 cm的土柱内NO_3~--N累积量差异显著(P0.05),而40 cm黏土层的土柱反硝化量[(0.15±0.05) g]显著高于黏土层厚度为10～30 cm的土柱(P0.05),说明当黏土层达到一定厚度时(如40 cm),对NO_3~--N的阻滞作用和反硝化作用具有显著影响,对防止NO_3~--N淋失进入地下水产生重要作用。该研究可为层状包气带土壤条件下农田施肥管理与地下水保护提供科学依据。     

几种土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附特性的研究

采用批量平衡试验,研究了不同土壤及长黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附特性。结果表明:多氯联苯浓度范围为0.25~5.0mg L-1时,不同土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯的吸附均能用Freundlich方程很好地拟合,随着溶液中多氯联苯浓度的增加,土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯的吸附量增加;几种土壤对多氯联苯吸附量大小顺序为:红壤>黄褐土>砂姜黑土,土壤有机质、粘粒等对多氯联苯吸附起主要作用,土壤更易吸附高氯代PCB77;黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附量大小顺序为:纳米蒙脱石>纳米SiO2>凹凸棒石,黏土矿物吸附多氯联苯能力的大小与黏土矿物的比表面积、粒径、层状结构等有关;多氯联苯本身分子的大小影响其在黏土矿物上的吸附;土壤中添加黏土矿物可以提高对多氯联苯的吸附。     

土壤特性对保水剂吸水性能的影响

该文测试了保水剂与砂壤土、壤砂土、砂黏壤土1和砂黏壤土2四种土壤混合后的吸水倍率,研究了土壤特性对保水剂吸水性能的影响,混合时土壤为风干土,保水剂与土壤的混合比例为0.5%。结果表明：与对照相比,保水剂与土壤混合后明显降低了吸水倍率,且随着吸水时间加长,降低幅度增大。吸水10 min后,吸水倍率下降14.4%～58.0%,70 min后,下降41.8%～90.2%。研究认为：吸水初期,吸水倍率主要受土壤孔隙特性的影响,随着吸水时间的加长,土壤溶液中离子增多,对保水剂吸水倍率产生了影响。土壤溶液中离子量与黏粒含量有关,黏粒含量高,土壤溶液中离子量大,反之则小,保水剂在黏粒含量高的土壤中的吸水倍率较在黏粒含量低的土壤中低。与土壤混合还改变了保水剂的吸水规律,对照中,吸水倍率随着吸水时间加长而加大,达到最大后趋于稳定;而在土壤中,短时间内吸水倍率达到最大,随着吸水时间加长,吸水倍率逐渐下降。     

红壤丘陵区坡地土壤颗粒组成的空间分布特征研究

通过分析红壤丘陵区农田坡面14个0~100 cm剖面的土壤颗粒组成,结合研究区土壤侵蚀等相关资料,拟阐明坡面尺度土壤砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量的空间分布特征,揭示自然条件下土壤颗粒组成在水平和垂直方向上的分布规律。结果表明:坡面尺度土壤砂粒、粉粒和黏粒均呈现出中等的空间异质性,变异系数分别介于17.6%~23.2%、10.7%~15.8%和13.5%~17.0%。由于粗颗粒的沉积,花生地和橘园地均表现出坡下的砂粒含量显著高于坡上和坡中(P0.05),黏粒含量坡下显著低于其他坡位(P0.05);由于黏粒更容易随入渗过程向深层运动,两种植被类型均表现出土壤砂粒含量随深度增加而降低(P0.05)、黏粒含量随深度增加而增加的趋势(P0.05)。无论在水平方向还是垂直方向上,粉粒含量均无明显变化规律(P0.05)。砂粒含量随坡位和土壤深度的变化程度均大于粉粒和黏粒。植被类型及相应的耕作制度影响土壤颗粒的分布,土壤砂粒在水平方向上的运动在花生地表现得强于橘园地;橘园地土壤黏粒含量在垂直方向上的迁移速率大于花生地,而对粉粒含量的分布规律影响不大。     

双氰胺对不同质地红壤中碳酸氢铵的硝化抑制作用研究

通过室内好气培养试验,研究了双氰胺(DCD)对施入不同质地红壤中碳酸氢铵的硝化抑制作用。结果表明,添加DCD明显提高了相应处理的铵态氮含量,降低了硝态氮含量。无论加入DCD与否,砂壤土中碳酸氢铵的硝化时间大约都需7周;轻粘土中碳酸氢铵的硝化时间为35.d,加入硝化抑制剂后硝化时间可延长2周;而中壤土中至培养结束时仍有较高的铵态氮,故铵的硝化时间有待进一步研究。DCD对碳酸氢铵的硝化抑制效果中壤土优于砂壤土、轻粘土;在砂壤土和轻粘土中,DCD对低浓度铵态氮处理的硝化抑制效果好;而在中壤土中对高浓度的抑制效果好。     

胡敏酸对土壤和矿物粘粒分散的影响

研究了土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid)对红壤和黄棕壤以及高岭矿和蒙脱矿粘粒分散的影响。研究结果表明：土壤HA对Na⁺饱和的土壤及矿物粘粒分散作用很大。用H₂O₂除去土壤有机质后,粘粒分散明显下降。然而,添加少量HA后,又能显著地提高粘粒的分散性。这种现象在两种土壤中,红壤表现更为突出。Na⁺饱和的高岭矿粘粒分散性很差,而蒙脱矿粘粒分散性很强,这与它们所带电荷量有关。但是,添加少量HA后,高岭矿粘粒分散性急剧提高,而蒙脱矿的变化却很小。试验结果进一步表明：有机质HA对土壤和矿物粘粒分散作用受矿物类型的影响。     

石羊河尾闾黏土质夹层结构土壤对降雨入渗的响应

为探明该种土壤结构如何影响降雨在土壤中再分配及其影响效果,采用自然降雨背景下的人工试验方法开展了黏土质夹层对降雨入渗影响效果的试验研究。结果表明:(1)降雨后经过相同时间水分再分布后的土壤末期含水率主要受控于降雨初期含水率、降雨入渗所能达到的最高含水率及其黏土夹层厚度;(2)黏土质夹层表层沙土土壤含水率在降雨条件下经过长期水分再分布后表现出黏土层厚度越小,表层含水率越低的特征;黏土层及黏土层下部的沙土层初始含水率越高,在降水初期水分增加量、增加速度以及水分流失量、流失速度与初始含水率具有一定的正相关关系。因此,黏土质夹层结构土壤阻滞水分入渗到植物难以利用到的深层,将水分固持于黏土层及黏土层上下部,在表层覆沙20 cm情景下,10,20,30 cm厚度的黏土质夹层以10 cm处理总体水分保持效果最好。     

Clay Addition to Sandy Soil——Influence of Clay Type and Size on Nutrient Availability in Sandy Soils Amended with Residues Differing in C/N ratio

Addition of clay-rich subsoil to sandy soil results in heterogeneous soil with clay peds(2-mm) or finely ground( 2 mm) clay soil(FG), which may affect the nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of clay soil particle size(FG or peds)and properties on nutrient availability and organic C binding in sandy soil after addition of residues with low(young kikuyu grass,KG) or high(faba bean, FB) C/N ratio. Two clay soils with high and low smectite percentage, clay and exchangeable Fe and Al were added to a sandy soil at a rate of 20%(weight/weight) either as FG or peds. Over 45 d, available N and P as well as microbial biomass N and P concentrations and cumulative respiration were greater in soils with residues of KG than FB. For soils with KG residues,clay addition increased available N and initial microbial biomass C and N concentrations, but decreased cumulative respiration and P availability compared to sandy soil without clay. Differences in measured parameters between clay type and size were inconsistent and varied with time except the increase in total organic C in the 53 μm fraction during the experiment, which was greater for soils with FG than with peds. We concluded that the high exchangeable Fe and Al concentrations in the low-smectite clay soil can compensate a lower clay concentration and proportion of smectite with respect to binding of organic matter and nutrients.     

不同土壤质地条件下麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤系统中迁移的影响

通过室外砂土和黏土的大型土柱栽培试验,研究了麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤中迁移的影响。研究结果表明,在砂土和黏土中随着水稻的生长发育,水稻植株镉含量逐渐降低,添加铅和麦秸均促进了水稻对镉的吸收,增加了水稻植株镉的含量,且铅的促进效应大于麦秸处理。添加铅和麦秸有利于镉向籽粒的转运和提高水稻籽粒镉的富集系数,砂土中添加铅、麦秸的处理籽粒镉含量和富集系数比镉单一处理分别增加44.00%、36.00%和41.67%、50.00%;黏土中分别增加58.62%、43.00%和46.15%、61.54%。镉进入土壤后会随着水分流动向下迁移,在砂土中的迁移能力大于黏土。随着土壤深度的增加镉含量逐渐减少,黏土在40～60cm、砂土在60～80cm土层中镉含量与对照含量差异不显著。添加铅和麦秸可以降低镉在土壤中向下迁移的能力,降低幅度黏土大于砂土。     

天然降雨下紫色土和第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程研究

选取南方红壤区紫色土和第四纪红黏土两种典型土壤类型,通过天然降雨试验,在同等试验条件下对紫色土和第四纪红黏土两种土壤的坡面侵蚀过程中径流量变化、产沙量变化、土壤团聚体以及粒径分析来阐述我国南方红壤区的土壤坡面侵蚀过程。结果表明:（1）降雨是造成土壤坡面产生径流的主要原因,随着降雨的不断增大,土壤坡面径流量不断的增加,紫色土的总径流量较第四纪红黏土大。（2）雨强是造成土壤坡面产沙量的主要原因,特别是在中雨强降雨和大雨强降雨时,土壤侵蚀泥沙量的产生比较明显,紫色土与第四纪红黏土的土壤侵蚀泥沙量比例关系为:1.14∶1.0。（3）紫色土和第四纪红黏土均以 < 0.25 mm的微团聚体占优势,均占65%以上,而紫色土达到90%之多,紫色土微团聚体流失较第四纪红黏土严重。（4）通过两种土壤的降雨前后土壤颗粒对比分析,紫色土减少的土壤颗粒主要是黏粒和粉粒,砂粒相对增加,变化量大,而第四纪红黏土相对较少。     

Soil texture and irrigation influence the transport and the development of Pasteuria penetrans, a bacterial parasite of root-knot nematodes

The transport of the spores of Pasteuria penetrans was studied in three contrasted textured soils (a sandy, a sandy-clay and a clay soils), cultivated with tomato, inoculated with juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica and watered with 25 or 150 mm day⁻¹. One month after inoculation of the nematodes, 53% of the spores inoculated were leached by water flow in the sandy soil but only 14% in the sandy-clay soil and 0.1% in the clay soil. No nematodes survived in the clay soil, while the population was multiplied both in the sandy and in the sandy-clay soils. But juveniles of M. javanica were more infected by P. penetrans in the sandy-clay soil than in the sandy soil. Comparing different combinations of bare soils containing 1.1-57% of clay showed that the best spore percolation and retention balance occurred in soils amended with 10-30% clay. However, the spore recoveries decreased when the soil was enriched with more than 30% clay. The role of clay particles on the extractability of spores and on their availability to attach to the nematode cuticle in the soil is discussed.     

湿润速率和粘粒含量对红壤沟间侵蚀的影响

An aggregate stability test and a simulated rainfall test were conducted on four representative Ultisols from southeastern China. The soils selected, with clay contents ranging between 117 and 580 g kg-1 , were derived from shale and Quaternary red clay. The stability of aggregates (2–5 mm in diameter) obtained from the soil samples were determined by the Le Bissonnais method. For determination of infiltration, runoff, and erosion, the soil samples were packed in 30 cm × 60 cm trays, wetted at rates of 2, 10, and 60 mm h-1 , and then exposed to simulated rainfall at 60 mm h-1 for 1 h. The results indicated that both aggregate stability and slaking caused by fast wetting increased with increasing clay content. The effect of wetting rate (WR) on infiltration and seal formation varied with clay contents. In the soil with low clay content (sandy loam), the infiltration rate was affected slightly by WR due to low aggregate stability and slaking. In the soils with medium clay content (silt clay loam and clay), WR affected infiltration significantly due to the high aggregate slaking force. In the soil with high clay content, the effect of WR on infiltration was significant, but not as evident as in the soils with medium clay content, which may be related to high aggregate stability by wetting partially compensating for slaking force. The effect of WR on soil loss was similar to that of runoff, but more pronounced. The findings from this study indicated that the relationship between wetting rate and clay content should be considered when predicting interrill erosion in Ultisols.     

三峡库区皇竹草植物篱对坡面土壤分形特征及可蚀性的影响

基于土壤颗粒分形维数及EPIC模型研究定植皇竹草植物篱,对三峡库区坡耕地土壤分形特征及土壤可蚀性的影响作用。结果表明：植物篱对坡面土壤粘粒的拦截作用显著,粘粒在篱前富集含量升高;土壤分形维数与土壤砂粒含量呈负相关,与粉粒、粘粒含量呈正相关,总体上表现为：粘粒〉砂粒〉粉粒,土壤颗粒分形维数值受细颗粒含量的影响作用显著;土壤可蚀性K值与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.870;与土壤粉粒含量、粘粒含量、有机碳含量、团聚度及土壤颗粒分形维数呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.538,-0.739,-0.603,-0.486,-0.538;有机质及粘粒含量的高低是反映库区土壤抗侵蚀能力强弱的有效指标。皇竹草植物篱带间距对三峡库区坡耕地土壤颗粒分形特征及可蚀性的影响作用总体上表现为：4.5 m带间距〉5.5 m带间距〉7.5 m带间距。库区10°坡耕地篱带间距布设在6 m以内时,植物篱对改善坡面土壤分形特征、降低坡面土壤可蚀性、控制农业面源污染的作用最显著。     

有机质与黏粒含量对黑土压缩-回弹特性的影响

为探明有机质和黏粒对黑土压缩-回弹行为的影响,以典型黑土区耕作土壤为研究对象,通过人工添加腐植酸、人工分离-提取-添加黏粒、恒温恒湿培养的方法各配制3个梯度的重塑土。采用室内固结的方法,通过压缩系数、压缩指数及回弹指数的测定与分析,研究了2种含水量条件下黑土压缩与回弹对有机质和黏粒含量变化的响应行为。结果表明:(1)压缩指数均随有机质含量的增加而增大,且在高含水量时二者呈极显著正相关,有机质含量最高时压缩指数为0.246 3,但有机质含量对回弹无显著影响。(2)无论含水量高低,压缩指数均与黏粒含量呈极显著正相关,而回弹指数随着黏粒含量的增加逐渐降低,且在低含水量时二者呈显著负相关。(3)含水量不同,有机质与黏粒对黑土压缩-回弹特性的影响亦不同;黏粒对黑土压缩-回弹行为的影响更为显著。