氮沉降对细根分解影响的研究进展

随着人类干扰的加剧,大气中氮沉降量迅速增加,并显著影响生态系统碳循环过程。细根分解不但是陆地生态系统重要的碳汇和矿质养分库,也是土壤碳及养分的主要来源,对陆地生态系统物质和能量循环具有重要意义。细根分解是植物、土壤动物、微生物及土壤微生态系统间复杂的互作过程,氮沉降对细根分解速率的影响较为复杂,系统深入地研究氮沉降下植物、土壤动物、微生物与土壤微生态系统的相互作用方式与机理,对探索定向调控细根分解过程、预测生态系统对全球变化的响应具有重要的指导意义。对细根分解对大气氮沉降的响应进行了全面总结,系统分析和详细描述了氮沉降对细根分解关键因素的影响,及氮沉降对细根分解影响的机理;总结了目前细根分解研究中存在的问题,并对未来重点研究方向进行了展望,以期为深入研究氮沉降与陆地生态系统碳循环间的交互作用及反馈机制提供参考。     

氮沉降对土壤微生物影响研究热点与趋势分析

  目的  随着大气氮沉降现象加剧,其对生态系统的影响也日益严重;氮沉降改变了土壤氮库的特征,也影响了土壤中微生物群落组成和功能。采用文献计量学方法总结了近20年来国际上有关氮沉降对土壤微生物影响方面研究的特征、前沿、热点及其变化趋势。  方法  采用Citespace软件,自Web of Science核心数据库中选取2001 ~ 2020年间发表的有关大气氮沉降对土壤微生物影响方面的研究论文,从国家、学术机构、作者、期刊、关键词和学科类别等方面进行可视化分析,以阐明该研究领域的发展趋势和研究热点。  结果  结果表明,大气氮沉降对土壤微生物影响研究发文量最大的国家为美国,而发文量最大的学术机构为中国科学院,研究领域集中在环境科学、生态学和农学等学科,研究内容呈现出多学科融合趋势。  结论  目前有关大气氮沉降对土壤微生物影响方面的研究趋向于探究氮沉降影响土壤养分循环和土壤微生物对大气氮沉降响应机制。     

氮添加对土壤理化特性和芒萁根系生长的影响

氮沉降增加对陆地生态系统产生了巨大的影响,红壤侵蚀区生态系统较为脆弱,对氮沉降响应更加敏感.本文以芒萁为研究对象,设置不同氮添加水平的模拟试验,探讨氮沉降对红壤侵蚀区土壤理化特性和芒萁根系生长的影响.结果表明:①氮添加显著降低了土壤pH值与全磷含量,显著增加了土壤铵态氮与硝态氮及全氮含量,对全碳与有效磷含量无显著影响....     

武夷山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤养分及酶活性对氮沉降的响应

通过原位进行对照[N_0,0 kg/(hm~2·a)]、低氮[N_1,50 kg/(hm~2·a)]、中氮[N_2,100 kg/(hm~2·a)]和高氮[N_3,150 kg/(hm~2·a)]处理,对武夷山亚热带常绿阔叶林进行了为期12个月的模拟氮沉降试验,研究了土壤养分和酶活性及其对模拟氮沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)氮沉降对常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、有效磷和有效氮含量起到一定的增加作用,对土壤全磷没有显著的影响(p0.05),而高浓度氮沉降会引起土壤养分的降低,其中土壤有效养分(有效磷和有效氮)对氮浓度的响应较大。(2)土壤微生物量碳和氮随氮浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,大致表现为:N_2N_1N_3N_0,模拟氮沉降处理下土壤微生物量磷差异均不显著(p0.05)。(3)氮沉降对常绿阔叶林土壤Bglu活性、Bxyl活性、NAG活性、Phos活性和Pero活性起到一定的增加作用,对对Phox活性没有显著的影响(p0.05)。(4)相关性分析表明:土壤养分、酶活性与土壤含水量具有一定的相关性,其中0—5 cm土壤含水量相关系数R~2高于5—10 cm土壤含水量相关系数;土壤养分、酶活性与土壤温度具有一定的相关性,其中0—5 cm土壤温度相关系数R~2高于5—10 cm土壤温度相关系数,说明表层(0—5 cm)土壤温度和水分对土壤养分、酶活性的影响较大。     

模拟氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳和微生物氮的动态影响

为揭示过量的大气氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的影响,通过对照(N0:0 g/(m^2·a))、轻度施氮(N1:8 g/(m^2·a))、重度施氮(N2:15 g/(m^2·a))3个外源施氮水平下5年的野外定点试验和观测,模拟过量氮沉降条件下华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的变化,旨在阐明林下土壤微生物和呼吸对过量氮沉降的响应及其对土壤碳氮循环的影响。结果表明:在5-10月生长季中,土壤微生物碳和氮的平均含量分别为1 098.93,97.31 mg/kg,二者都随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势;轻度施氮促进土壤微生物碳和氮的增加,重度施氮抑制土壤微生物碳和氮的增加;土壤微生物碳和微生物氮从生长初期5月起,5-7月呈增加趋势,7月出现峰值,8月降低,9-10月小幅增加,呈现"N"形曲线。土壤微生物碳氮比为4.94~18.54,且随施氮量增加而减小。各氮处理下,华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸速率5,6月较低,7-8月持续增加,并在8月达到最高,9-10月逐渐降低。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与土壤全氮、含水量、微生物碳和微生物氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤有机质呈显著正相关关系。在全球变化背景下,研究结果可为进一步明确过量大气氮沉降对森林生态系统碳氮循环的影响途径和机制研究提供重要参考。     

修枝对滩地杨树生长和养分的短期影响

以怀宁县皖河滩地杨树林为研究对象,对修枝前后林木与土壤中的养分含量进行了研究.结果表明:(1)一定修枝强度下,修枝对杨树的树高和胸径生长影响显著(P<0.05),但随着修枝强度增大对树高生长的影响是先增大后减小,而对胸径的影响是一直增大;(2)修枝会降低林地土壤全氮含量,但对土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和钾含量影响不显著(P>0.05);(3)修枝对不同土层深度土壤养分影响不显著(P>0.05),但全氮、全磷、速效磷含量均随着土层深度的加深而逐渐减少,钾、钙、镁含量基本相同;同一修枝强度下,各种养分含量在不同方向基本持平,只有钙的含量在每个方向都是以轻度修枝最大;(4)植物各器官中,全氮含量以根最高,3种修枝强度下,随着年龄增大枝的全氮含量降低,根的全氮含量增加.同时,修枝对上部枝的全氮含量影响显著(P<0.05);修枝强度对中部枝和大于5 mm根的全氮含量影响显著(P<0.05);修枝对植物各组分全磷含量影响不显著(P>0.05);除中部枝的钙含量在轻度修剪与强度修剪有显著差异外(P<0.05),修枝对植物钾、钙、镁的影响不显著(P>0.05),但随着枝的生长钾、钙、镁的含量有降低的趋势;随着根的生长.钾、钙、镁的含量变化规律不明显.     

大气N沉降的增加对森林营养和胁迫敏感性的影响

概述了大气Ｎ沉降的发展趋势,讨论了Ｎ沉降增加对森林营养和胁迫的影响。提出在一些地区,大气Ｎ沉降已超过了森林生态系统的Ｎ需求;Ｎ沉降的大量增加对植物生长的刺激作用和对菌根的危害,可造成植物体内其它养分缺乏,导致森林养分失调;植物体内的高Ｎ水平将增加森林对胁迫的敏感性。     

大气氮沉降提高低磷土壤条件下马尾松菌根共生和磷效率的原因

【目的】菌根共生是提高植物磷(P)营养高效利用的重要机制之一。近年来大气氮(N)沉降的增加,导致森林土壤有效氮含量增加、 N/P比发生改变,将影响菌根共生植物的生长和磷效率。【方法】以马尾松优良家系作为试验材料,NH4NO3作为外加氮源,设置模拟氮沉降与同质低磷(介质表层与深层均缺磷)、 异质低磷 (介质表层磷丰富、 深层缺磷)耦合条件下马尾松外生菌根共生的盆栽实验,系统研究模拟氮沉降对低磷胁迫下马尾松家系菌根化苗生长和磷效率的影响。【结果】 1)模拟氮沉降对马尾松菌根共生的影响与土壤磷素环境有关。在表层和深层磷素均极为匮乏的同质低磷条件下,氮沉降降低了苗木菌根侵染率和侵染程度,然而提高了菌根共生对马尾松生长和磷效率作用的有效性,马尾松的生长量和生物量均显著增加。在表层磷丰富、 深层缺磷的异质低磷条件下,菌根共生对马尾松苗木生长有抑制作用,然而氮沉降降低了其抑制程度,高氮较低氮处理对菌根侵染苗木和菌根化苗生物量积累的抑制程度小; 2)同质低磷下,模拟氮沉降显著降低了菌根化苗的根系生长,但增加了根系APase活性和有机酸分泌量,尤其是有机酸分泌量增加了近3倍。相关性分析表明,有机酸分泌对菌根化苗生长的贡献显著高于APase,这是氮沉降促进马尾松生长的主要原因之一。异质低磷下,模拟氮沉降处理后苗木深层菌根的生长发育程度较表层好,深层根的根尖数显著增加。有机酸分泌的增加提高了苗木的磷效率,促进了菌根化苗木的生长; 3)不同低磷环境下,氮沉降的增加均降低了土壤磷的相对有效性,菌根通过增加马尾松苗木对土壤磷的吸收和利用, 从而改善磷素营养促进马尾松生长发育。两种磷素环境下,马尾松菌根化苗生长对模拟氮沉降均较敏感; 4)马尾松菌根化苗生长对模拟氮沉降的响应存在显著的家系差异。【结论】大气氮沉降可改善马尾松的氮素营养,增加菌根作用的有效性,从而促进马尾松对磷的吸收,进而促进了林木的生长。不同马尾松品种对氮沉降的反应有差异,筛选高氮-低磷环境下菌根共生能力强的马尾松基因型,将成为提高土壤磷素生物学利用效率的重要途径。     

模拟氮沉降对油松土壤水溶性碳氮及其光谱特征的影响

大气氮沉降对土壤水溶性碳氮含量变化的影响目前还没有一致的结论,为研究氮沉降对黄土高原林地土壤水溶性碳氮的影响,以人工油松林为研究对象,采用氮添加的方式模拟氮沉降,设置3个氮添加梯度,分别为N_3[3 g/(m~2·a),N_6[6 g(/m~2·a)],N_9[9 g/(m~2·a)],并选不施氮[CK, 0 g/(m~2·a)]作为对照处理,对土壤水溶性碳、氮组分及其光谱学特征进行了研究。结果表明:氮添加增加了水溶性总氮(WSN)和水溶性硝态氮(WNO~-_3-N)含量,随着氮添加水平增加均呈增长趋势,水溶性有机氮(WSON)、水溶性铵态氮(WNH~+_4-N)和WSON/WSN含量先降低后升高;对土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)没有显著影响。氮添加对土壤水溶性有机物质光谱特性影响不显著,三维荧光光谱分析表明土壤水溶性有机质主要由类富里酸物质、芳香族蛋白质物质组成,类富里酸物质随氮添加水平先降低后升高,类芳香族蛋白质物质在土壤表层呈升高趋势。氮沉降通过微生物的转化固定作用使C和N在土壤中积累,对土壤水溶性有机质产生了一定的影响,但微生物及组分分配、元素转化各过程的耦合及对氮沉降的响应机制还不清楚。     

土壤pH值与土壤因子灰色关联探讨

对于植物生长和发育来说,土壤养分是必要的营养物质,其有效性直接关系着植物发育情况、土壤肥力以及土壤生产力。土壤pH值对养分的有效性影响很大,为了研究其关联性,选用大庆市大同区四乡镇土壤作为样品,对样品的数据结果进行标准化处理,采用灰色关联法对土壤pH值与各土壤养分因子的关联性进行研究。结果表明,与pH值关联度最大的是有效氮,灰关联度为0.928。生产中应采取积极措施改善土壤酸碱度,合理施氮肥,以促进农作物更好地生长。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.