水土保持治沟骨干工程监理浅议

1999年，黄河流域水土保持治沟骨干工程首次实行了工程建设监理制，使工程质量，施工进度等方面较以往有了明显提高，为进一步规范治沟骨干工程建设监理工作，建议采用监理与报账相结合的方法，尽快完善相关监理规程，努力促进监理工作从以质量控制为主延伸到对质量、投资、进度进行全面监理，同时逐步引入设计阶段监理和施工招标阶段监理，全面提高水土保持工程管理水平。     

水土保持工程推行项目法人责任制初探

黄河流域水土保持工程实行项目法人责任制 ,有利于全面落实“三项制度” ,有利于建立财务管理新体制 ,有利于水土保持工程项目质量和效益的全面提高。推行项目法人责任制迫切需要完善水土保持投资机制 ,设立与水土保持工程实际相适应的项目法人 ,并扩展与水土保持工程建设相关联的施工、设计、监理等机构的发展空间。     

水土保持生态建设工程监理实践中存在的问题与对策

近年来天水市水土保持生态建设工程建设监理方面存在诸多问题和不足,如监理机构管理混乱、监理规划操作性不强、监理过程资料缺乏、项目竣工监理总结报告不符合相关规范要求等问题。针对存在问题提出了相应对策:加强水土保持宣传教育、加强监理单位业务能力建设、制定监理操作性强的"三控制"措施、加强行政管理监理单位力度,促进水土保持工程监理工作健康、稳定的发展,为推进水土保持生态建设工程建设监理提供一定的借鉴价值。     

黄河流域水土保持监督工作经验与成效

黄河流域的水土保持监督成效显著,主要体现在水土保持理念已深入人心、水土保持“三同时”制度得到全面落实、水土保持监督管理水平明显提高、水土保持监测与监理工作进展顺利、水土保持先进典型大量涌现、重点行业水土保持工作取得突破性进展等方面.文章论述了黄河流域水土保持监督工作开展情况、主要经验及其成效.     

黄委直属水利工程水土保持监督管理工作初探

针对直属水利工程项目具有建设规模大、涉及路线长、扰动面积广、动用土石方量大、施工场地多、管理难度大、极易产生水土流失等特点,黄委采取建章立制、加强培训、强化组织、加强督导、全程监管等措施,推动该类项目水土保持监督管理工作取得了明显进展。针对存在的问题,建议进一步加强学习培训、强化施工管理、规范资料档案等,为全面落实水土保持法律法规,为创建国家水土保持生态文明工程创造条件。     

提高实施方案编制质量 确保工程建设顺利进行

国家水土保持重点工程项目实施方案是工程建设管理过程中非常重要的依据。近几年的督查发现,黄河流域有关省区在国家水土保持重点工程项目实施方案编制过程中还存在一些不足及问题,如:底图使用比例尺不合理,质量不高;图斑不精确;方案报告内容不准确;文、图、表不一致;缺少典型设计图;设计图标题栏中缺少相关技术人员签名。基于此,就水土保持工程实施方案编制有关问题进行分析,并提出了提高实施方案编制质量的有关建议。     

黄河流域水土保持工程建设监理存在问题及对策

黄河流域水土保持生态工程项目试行建设监理遇到的主要困难和问题是 ,有关各方对水土保持生态工程实行建设监理的重要性在认识上存在差距 ,抵触情绪较大 ;许多行为不规范 ,削弱了监理工程师履行职责的能力 ;监理取费偏低 ,监理单位工作经费不足影响监理工作的开展。对策是加强监理知识的宣传和普及 ,制定水土保持生态工程建设监理规范 ,足额支付监理经费     

浅析水保工程施工阶段监理的质量控制方法

水土保持监理工作是对水利工程建设领域监理工作的细化,虽然水保工程相对于其他水利工程级别低、规模较小,但同样存在施工质量与安全问题。为此,作者简要分析了水保工程施工阶段监理质量控制的重要性,并结合工程实际,总结了水保工程施工阶段加强监理质量控制的方法。     

铁路建设中水土保持监理工作存在问题及措施——以改建铁路通辽北—霍林河段扩能改造工程为例

通过列举工程实例,分析了铁路建设中水土流失成因、监理实践过程中存在的问题,提出了合理化建议:合理处理现场监理工作中遇到的工程弃渣堆放、临时措施落实不到位等突出矛盾,督促施工单位做好水土保持工程的施工准备工作,合理布设水土保持措施,加强工程建设过程中弃土、弃渣的管理,及时进行有效拦挡、排水、集蓄和临时防护,就会大量避免人为引起的水土流失,保证进度,提高水土保持工程的施工质量。     

关于生产建设项目水土保持监理工作的思考

在生产建设项目施工过程中引入专业的水土保持监理机构有利于“三同时”制度的落实、有利于水土保持方案的落实、有利于提高和完善水土保持专项设计和后续设计、有利于保证水土保持设施的建设质量、有利于提高所有参建单位的水土保持责任意识等。水土保持监理工作在我国开展10多年来,在促进生产建设项目落实水土保持法,确保水土保持方案的有效实施等方面发挥了重要作用,但也存在一些问题,如：多数生产建设项目水土保持监理报酬过低,影响了监理工作的开展;水土保持监理市场存在一定的无序竞争现象;一些水土保持方案与实际差距较大给监理工作造成了一定困难等。针对存在问题提出了加强对监理单位资质的管理、加强对生产建设单位落实水土保持方案和执行有关监理工作规定的督促检查、进一步加强水土保持方案编制及后续设计工作、认真执行《水土保持工程施工监理规范》等建议。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.