Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

Effect of rice straw application on CH4 emission from paddy fields

The effect of rice straw (RS) incorporated at the time of plowing in the previous cr–p season on CH₄ emission from rice paddies was investigated in a pot experiment. Rice straw that incorporated just before transplanting of rice seedlings (June) into a paddy field was collected after the harvest (October) and at the beginning of the next cropping period (May). Methane emission rates from the rice-planted pots with the application of fresh RS, RS collected in October. and RS collected in Mayas well as the pots without RS application were measured using the chamber method. The composition of organic constituents in the three kinds of RS was estimated by the proximate analysis. The cumulative amount of CH₄ emitted during the first 50–d period was lower in the order of the pots with RS collected in May, pots with RS collected in October, and pots with fresh RS. The cumulative amount of CH₄ emitted throughout the rice growth period from the pots with fresh RS and with RS collected in October was significantly larger while that from the pots with RS collected in May did not differ statistically compared with the total CH₄ emission from the pots without RS. These results suggested that there was an overall decrease in the amount of organic constituents in RS based on the large differences in T-C content and similar composition of organic constituents between the fresh RS and RS collected in May. Significant effect of RS continuously applied during the previous cropping period on the increase in CH₄ emission was discussed.     

Methane emission from paddy fields in Taiwan

 In order to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on CH₄ emission from paddy fields in Taiwan, four locations, two cropping seasons and two irrigation systems were studied. CH₄ emission was high at the active tillering and the booting stages in the first cropping season, whereas it was low at the transplanting and the ripening stages with an intermittent irrigation system. CH₄ emission was high at the transplanting stage in the second cropping season, and decreased gradually during rice cultivation. Daily temperature and light intensity increased gradually during rice growth in the first cropping season (February–June), while it was reversed in the second cropping season (August–December). The seasonal CH₄ emission from paddy fields ranged from 1.73 to 11.70 g m^–2, and from 10.54 to 39.50 g m^–2 in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The seasonal CH₄ emission in the second cropping season was higher than that in the first cropping season in all test fields. The seasonal CH₄ emission was 32.65 mg m^–2 in the first cropping season of the National Taiwan University paddy field with continuous flooding, and it was 28.85 mg m^–2 in the second cropping season. The annual CH₄ emission ranged from 12.3 to 49.3 g m^–2 with an intermittent irrigation system, and the value was 61.5 g m^–2 with a continuous flooding treatment. The annual CH₄ emission from paddy fields was estimated to be 0.034 Tg in 1997 from 364,212 ha of paddy fields with an intermittent irrigation system, which was less than the 0.241 Tg calculated by the IPCC method with a continuous flooding treatment Received: 23 February 2000     

Effect of application of rice straw and cellulose on methane emission and biological nitrogen fixation in a subtropical paddy field

Methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB, methanotrophs) limit the flux of methane to the atmosphere from sediments and soils, and consume atmospheric methane (King 1992; Oremland and Culbertson 1992). IPCC (1995) reported that an aerobic soil is equivalent to a sink of 10–20% of methane emissions. Hence MOB play an important role in regulating the atmospheric methane content (Mancinelli 1995). Over the last 20y, although a large amount of information has been supplied on the biochemistry of MOB, few ecological investigations have been devoted to them so far (Holzapfel-Pschorn et al. 1985; Oremland and Culbertson 1992).     

不同施肥处理稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放特征

采用静态箱－气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理(NPKS、CK、NPK和NKM)的稻田CH₄和N₂O排放进行了观测。结果表明,稻田CH₄和N₂O排放季节变化规律明显不同,二者排放通量季节变化呈显著负相关(p<0.01)。与单施化肥和CK相比,施用有机肥显著促进CH₄排放,排放量最高的NPKS处理早晚稻田排放量分别是：526.68 kg/hm²和1072.92 kg/hm²。对于N₂O排放,早稻田各处理间差异不显著,NPK处理排放量最大,为1.48 kg/hm²;晚稻田各处理差异极显著(p<0.01),NPKS处理排放量最大,为1.40 kg/hm²。晚稻田CH₄排放通量和10 cm土层温度及土壤pH值相关极显著(p<0.01),并与二者存在显著的指数关系。没发现N₂O排放通量与温度及pH值间存在显著相关。稻田CH₄和N₂O排放受多种因素影响,但对全球变暖的贡献率CH₄远大于N₂O。NPKS处理的增温潜势最大,NPK处理的最小。     

Methane emissions from paddy fields in Bali Island,Indonesia

Abstract

Methane emission rates from plots with and without fertilizer and rice straw application, and growth of two rice varieties (an improved variety, IR74 or IR64, and a local variety, Krueng Aceh) in two Indonesian paddy fields (Inceptisol and Alfisol soils of volcanic ash origin) were measured every week throughout the growth period in the first and the second cropping seasons, 1994. The CH₄ emission rates from the fields were similar between the two varieties. The effect of chemical fertilizer on the increase of the emissions was observed only in the Tabanan paddy field for the plots treated with rice straw. Application of rice straw increased the CH₄ emission rates. The mean rates of CH₄ emission were 1.37-2.13 mg CH₄?C m^?2 h^?1 for the plots without rice straw and 2.14–3.62 mg CH₄?C m^?2 h^?1 for the plots with rice straw application in the Alfisol plots, and 2.32–3.32 mg CH₄ -C m-2 h-1 for the plots without rice straw and 4.18–6.35 mg CH₄?C m^?2 h^?1 for the plots with rice straw application in the Inceptisol plots, respectively. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the growth period were 3.9–6.8 and 2.6–3.3 g CH₄?C m^?2 for the Alfisol plots and 6.9–10.7 and 4.2–5.8 g CH₄?C m^?2 for the Inceptisol plots with and without rice straw application, respectively. These findings suggested that CH₄ emission from tropical paddy fields with soils of volcanic ash origin is low.     

耕作措施对双季稻田CH4与N2O排放的影响

随着全球气温的不断升高,温室气体减排成为研究的热点。该文旨在研究不同耕作措施下双季稻田CH4及N2O排放特征及其消长关系,为稻田温室气体减排及土壤固碳潜力评价提供依据。试验在湖南省宁乡县进行,通过静态箱法测定翻耕秸秆还田（CT）、旋耕秸秆还田（RT）、免耕秸秆还田（NT）的稻田CH4及N2O排放。结果表明：CH4排放主要来自于晚稻田,翻耕、旋耕和免耕晚稻田CH4排放分别占研究时段CH4排放的69%,67%,73%;各处理冬闲季CH4排放均不到研究时段排放量1%,冬闲CH4排放量为RT＞CT＞NT,差异显著;N2O排放时间变异性较大,早稻稻田N2O排放量为RT＞NT＞CT,晚稻稻田N2O排放量为NT＞RT＞CT,冬闲期各处理稻田N2O均为负排放;从研究时段排放量分析,翻耕秸秆还田有利于减少N2O排放,免耕秸秆还田有利于减少CH4排放;CH4与N2O排放呈显著负相关,冬闲季稻田CH4与N2O排放相关性不显著。总之,NT减少了CH4排放,虽N2O排放略有增加,但CH4与N2O引发的综合温室效应有所减弱。     

基于多年田间实验的尿素和控释尿素肥料对稻田甲烷排放的影响研究

A four-year(2008–2011) field study was implemented in a major rice-growing region of China to better understand the effect of urea and controlled release fertilier(CRF, thermoplastic resin-coated urea in this study) on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Over the four years, the average CH4 emission during the rice growing seasons was 76.9, 65.8 and 64.9 kg CH4ha-1in treatments CK(zero N), U(urea) and C(CRF), respectively. Urea and CRF significantly reduced CH4 emission by 14.4% and 15.6%, and increased average rice grain yield by 25.8% and 19.7%(P 0.05), respectively, compared with treatment CK. Flooding duration would affect CRF's effect on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Under normal aeration conditions, CH4 emission tended to be 3.9%–15.2% lower in treatment C than in treatment U from 2009 to 2011, while it tended to be 4.2% higher under delayed aeration conditions in 2008. The findings suggest that mid-season aeration(MSA) starting on D30(30 days after rice transplanting), just like the local practice, would optimize the CRF's effect on CH4 emission from rice fields in China. Over the four years, average rice yield did not differ between treatments U and C, and tended to be 5% lower in treatment C than in treatment U.     

Community structure of bacteria and fungi responsible for rice straw decomposition in a paddy field estimated by PCR-RFLP analysis

Rice straw including leaf sheaths and blades put in nylon mesh bags was placed in the plow layer of a Japanese paddy field after harvest under upland conditions and after transplanting of rice seedlings under flooded conditions. In addition, rice straw that was decomposed under the upland conditions during the off-crop season in winter was placed again in soil at the time of transplanting. The materials were collected periodically to analyze the community structure of the bacteria and fungi responsible for rice straw decomposition by PCR-RFLP analysis. The PCR products with 27f and 1492r primers designed for bacterial 16S rDNA and with EF3 and EF4 primers designed for fungal 18S rDNA were digested with four restriction endonucleases (Hinf I, Sau3A I, Hae III, EeoR I). Bacterial communities in the decomposing rice straw were different from each other between upland and flooded conditions, between leaf sheaths and blades, and between straw samples with and without decomposition under upland conditions during the off-crop season. Fungal communities in the decomposing rice straw were also different between the leaf sheaths and blades under upland soil conditions. Score plots of bacterial and fungal communities in the principal component analysis were separated from the plot of the straw materials along with the duration of the placement, indicating the succession of bacterial and fungal communities in decomposing rice straw with time.     

Characterization and implication of phytolith-associated potassium in rice straw and paddy soils

Rice straw contains up to 2.3% K in dry matter, including potassium (K) subcompartmented in phytoliths, complex siliceous structures formed in plant tissue via precipitation of Si. Rice straw is usually returned to the soil as a conventional practice to sustain soil nutrients, and therefore, the K pool accompanied with rice straw phytoliths is also cycled. Based on phytoliths obtained by ashing of rice straw at 400 °C and dissolution experiments using batch extraction in combination with physical separation of phytoliths by heavy liquid, this study evaluated the phytolith K(phytK) pool in rice straw and aged phytoliths in paddy soils. Entrapped organic matter containing K within phytolith silica cells was visualized by X-ray tomographic microscopy, and releases of this phytK pool accompanying phytolith dissolution were quantified. A 1% Na₂CO₃ solution, which has been commonly used to extract amorphous Si and to quantify soil phytoliths, showed obvious responses for K derived from phytolith dissolution, indicating that the Na₂CO₃ method can be developed for measurement of phytK. In 13 soil samples, Na₂CO₃-dissolvable K content assignable to phytK was 0.55 ± 0.39 g kg^?1 in the puddled horizon, suggesting the phytK pool is of high significance for the management of K in paddy soils.     

控制灌溉水稻叶片水平的水分利用效率试验研究

根据现场试验资料,分析了晚稻叶片水平的水分利用效率的日变化与全生育期变化,叶片的水分利用效率与气孔导度及外界影响因子包括光合有效辐射、土壤水分、叶气温差等的相互关系。结果表明：控制灌溉水稻叶片的水分利用效率在较高土壤水分时与对照处理差别不明显,适度土壤水分调控可以获得较高的水分利用效率;全生育期水稻叶片的水分利用效率随土壤水分变化而波动,过高过低的土壤水分均不利于水分利用效率的提高;叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率与水分利用效率均随气孔导度的增加表现出先增后减的变化规律。水稻叶片的水分利用效率影响因素分析显示：水分利用效率随叶气温差、二氧化碳浓度和空气湿度的增加而增加;有利于获得较高水分利用效率的气孔导度、光合有效辐射、空气温度和土壤水分范围分别是200～350 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、400～900 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、28～34℃和85%～90%的土壤饱和含水率。     

基于排水过程分析的水稻灌区农田面源污染模拟

对前郭灌区主要面源污染物迁移、转化及汇集过程开展了2a的系统试验与监测,模拟了灌区面源污染水质水量过程,分析了灌区农田面源污染形成机制。水均衡测定结果表明,灌区排水主要由灌溉退水、稻田地表弃水和稻田渗流排水3部分组成,采用马斯京根法和连续分段马斯京根法能够有效地模拟各级排水沟道的排水过程。主要面源污染物随水体发生迁移及掺混,采用一级动力学方法描述污染物转化过程,模拟的灌区水质水量过程与实际过程符合较好,稻田地表退水主要影响水稻抽穗前的面源污染入河过程,而渗流排水则在抽穗后灌区排水水质中起主要作用。结果表明水稻灌区中地表排水和稻田渗漏排水对于面源污染过程起主要作用。     

节水灌溉对稻田N2O季节排放特征的影响

为了揭示节水灌溉对技术对稻田N2O排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对稻田N2O排放进行了田间原位观测,分析了节水灌溉对稻田N2O季节排放特征的影响。结果表明,水稻全生育期节水灌溉稻田N2O平均排放通量为41.84 μg/(m2 ?h),较淹水灌溉稻田N2O平均排放通量增加了33.3%;节水灌溉稻田N2O排放总量为119.86 mg/m2,比淹水灌溉稻田显著增加了17.8%;节水灌溉稻田N2O排放通量呈现明显的季节变化规律,有两次较大的排放峰值,峰值主要出现在施肥后1周左右;节水灌溉稻田土壤的每次脱水过程均不同程度地加剧了N2O排放,复水后N2O排放通量有增有减但变幅不大,而淹水灌溉稻田在黄熟期落干阶段N2O排放出现反弹。由此可见,不同灌溉模式下的稻田土壤水分状况决定了N2O季节排放的差异,与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉显著增加了稻田N2O季节排放量。     

适宜节水灌溉模式抑制寒地稻田N_2O排放增加水稻产量

2014年在大田试验条件下,设置控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌4种水分管理模式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间观测寒地水稻生长季N2O排放特征,研究不同灌溉模式对寒地稻田N2O排放的影响及N2O排放对土壤环境要素的响应,同时测定水稻产量,以期为寒地稻田N2O排放特征研究提供对策。结果表明:不同灌溉模式下N2O排放的高峰均出现在水分交替频繁阶段,水稻生育阶段前期,各处理N2O排放都处于较低水平,泡田期几乎无N2O排放。与淹灌相比,间歇灌溉使N2O排放总量增加47.3%,控制灌溉和浅湿灌溉使N2O排放总量减少40.7%和39.6%。寒地稻田N2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量关系密切,与土壤10 cm温度显著相关(P0.05)。水稻生长期间各处理N2O排放顺序间歇灌溉淹灌,二者均显著高于浅湿灌溉和控制灌溉(P0.05)。各处理水稻产量以浅湿灌溉最低、其他方式差异不显著。可见,间歇灌溉有助于提高水稻产量,但会促进稻田N2O的排放。在综合考虑水稻产量及稻田温室效应的需求下,控制灌溉为最佳灌溉方式,应予以高度重视。该研究可为黑龙江寒地稻作区选择节水减排模式提供科学支撑。     

Microbial communities responsible for the decomposition of rice straw compost in a Japanese rice paddy field determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis

To identify the microbial communities responsible for the decomposition of rice straw compost in soil during the rice cultivation period, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition of rice straw compost was determined by periodically sampling the compost from a Japanese rice field under flooded conditions. About 21% of the compost was decomposed within a period of 3 months. The total amount of PLFAs, as an indicator of microbial biomass, was significantly lower under drained conditions than under flooded conditions and was relatively constant during the flooding period. This indicates that the microbial biomass in the compost samples did not increase during the gradual decomposition of rice straw compost under flooded conditions. The proportion of branched-chain PLFAs (biomarker of Grampositive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria) slightly decreased during the early period after placement, and increased gradually afterwards. Among the branched-chain PLFAs, i15:0, ail5:0, i16:0 and i17:0 PLFAs predominated and their proportions increased gradually except for i16:0. The proportion of straight mono-unsaturated PLFAs (biomarker of Gramnegative bacteria) was almost constant throughout the period, and 18:1ω9 and 18:1ω7 PLFAs predominated. The proportion of straight poly-unsaturated PLFAs as a biomarker of eukaryotes including fungi was also constant throughout the period, except for a decrease under drained conditions. Straight poly-unsaturated PLFAs consisted mainly of 18:2ω6c PLFA. Therefore, these results suggest that the proportions of Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria increased during the decomposition of rice straw compost in flooded paddy field. Statistical analyses enabled to divide PLFA patterns of microbiota in the rice straw compost into two groups, one group consisting of rice straw compost samples collected before mid-season drainage and the other of samples collected after mid-season drainage. Small squared distances among samples in cluster analysis indicated that the community structure of microbiota was similar to each other as a whole. These results suggest that the microbial communities changed gradually during the period of placement, and that mid-season drainage may have affected the community structure of microbiota. Principal component analysis of the PLFA composition suggested that the succession of microbiota along with the decomposition in flooded soil was similar between rice straw compost and rice straw and that the changes in the community structure during the decomposition in flooded soil were more conspicuous for rice straw than for rice straw compost.     

水田行间除草装置设计与试验

为减少化学除草剂的使用,解决现有水田除草机械除草效果差等问题,该研究设计了一种水田行间除草装置,包括压草浮板和除草辊等结构,工作时压草浮板先将压倒杂草,紧接着除草辊将压倒的杂草压入泥中。压草浮板先将杂草压倒,除草辊将杂草压入泥中的几率可提高9.98%。除草辊两端设有倒角,在避免或减少对水稻根系损伤的同时可扩大行间除草区域,最大可增加常规除草宽度的3%。对压草浮板和除草辊进行了参数设计,通过仿真试验分析了行间除草装置与土壤之间的相互作用规律,确定最佳作业条件为入土深度35 mm,前进速度0.8 m/s。以未除草、化学除草、人工除草和不同参数的除草辊为试验因素,以水稻植株高度、产量、产量构成因素和水稻根系参数为试验指标,进行田间试验,试验结果表明,行间除草装置平均除草率最高为87.51%,可以翻动土壤,增加土壤透气性。与常规宽度的除草辊相比,增加除草宽度,扩大行间除草区域最大可提高除草率7.3个百分点。不同的除草处理对水稻植株高度和产量等有显著影响（P<0.05）,机械除草可以促进水稻的生长发育,其产量可以达到甚至超过化学除草和人工除草水平。不同参数的除草辊对植株高度、产量和根系等有显著影响（P<0.05）,增加除草辊宽度同时两端设倒角,可以减少对水稻根系的损伤,有利于水稻的生长发育,提高水稻产量。研究结果可为水田除草机械装备的研究提供参考。     

养殖池塘废水灌溉下稻田减量施肥试验研究

采用田间试验,以当地常规施肥和灌溉为对照(CK),研究了减量施用氮、磷肥条件下,稻田湿地生态系统对池塘养殖废水中氮、磷的消纳效果,池塘养殖废水灌溉后对稻田田面水和渗漏水水质、水稻养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,稻田系统可有效消除池塘养殖废水中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、总氮(TN)、可溶性磷(DP)、颗粒态磷(PP)、总磷(TP),其去除率随着施肥量的减少而增加,在常规施肥量、减量施肥20%和减量施肥40%情况下对池塘养殖废水TN的去除率平均分别为25.1%、38.9%和50.5%,对TP的去除率平均分别为56.4%、71.2%和76.2%,对氮、磷的去除以NH_4~+-N、NO-3-N和PP为主;池塘养殖废水灌溉后,稻田田面水和渗漏水中NH_4~+-N、NO-3-N、TN、DP、PP、TP质量浓度会随着施肥量减少呈现下降趋势,减量施肥20%和减量施肥40%下,田面水中TN、TP的质量浓度平均分别较CK降低5.8%和23.4%、20.8%和35.5%;渗漏水中TN、TP的质量浓度平均分别较CK降低18.3%和27.5%、23.1%和45.8%。在水稻养分吸收和产量构成方面,减量施肥20%后,池塘养殖废水中的营养物质能满足水稻的养分需求;池塘养殖废水灌溉时,水稻产量以常规施肥量处理最高(较CK增产2.3%),常规施肥量80%的处理其产量与CK相似,而常规施肥量60%的处理其产量较CK显著降低。综合考虑水稻种植的经济效益和环境效益,建议池塘养殖废水灌溉条件下施肥水平应在常规施肥量的80%左右。     

控制地下水位减少节水灌溉稻田氮素淋失

为探讨高效的稻田灌排管理模式,降低稻田氮素淋失风险,该文利用装配有地下水位自动控制系统的蒸渗仪,研究地下水位调控对节水灌溉稻田氮素淋失的影响。结果表明,稻田排水控制限的提高可减少控制灌溉稻田地下排水量,控制地下水位处理1稻田地下排水量为179.4mm,分别较控制地下水位处理2(195.9mm)和控制地下水位处理3(285.8mm)稻田减少8.4%和37.2%。随稻田排水控制限的提高,控制灌溉稻田地下排水中铵态氮(NH4+–N)浓度增加,硝态氮(NO3-–N)浓度下降。与控制地下水位处理2和控制地下水位处理3稻田相比,控制地下水位处理1稻田地下排水中NH4+–N质量浓度均值分别增加9.3%和27.3%,地下排水中NO3-–N质量浓度均值分别减少32.6%和1.8%。稻田排水控制限的提高显著减少了控制灌溉稻田NO3-–N淋失量(P0.05),控制地下水位处理1稻田NO3-–N淋失量为0.27kg/hm2,分别较控制地下水位处理2(0.43kg/hm2)和控制地下水位处理3(0.88kg/hm2)稻田显著减少0.16和0.61kg/hm2(P0.05),控制地下水位处理2稻田NO3-–N淋失量较控制地下水位处理3稻田显著减少0.45kg/hm2(P0.05)。采用控制排水技术,适当提高控制灌溉稻田的排水控制限,可有效降低稻田NO3-–N淋失对地下水污染的风险。该研究可为制定满足控污减排需求的稻田灌排管理模式提供指导。