Chemical forms and stability of selenium in soil

The chemical forms of selenium (Se) in soils derived from different parent rocks, and the stability of Se species in soils were investigated. Around 40% of the total Se occurred as organic Se on the average. Total selenite content was higher than that of total selenate. The content of organic Se decreased with heating of the soils at high temperatures, and most of it disappeared at heating temperatures above 500°C. However, the results of incubation experiments indicated that Se species were stable in soil, and that their chemical forms did not change appreciably with the variation of soil conditions. In soluble Se, organic Se accounted for about 50%, and in contrast to the total Se, the selenate content was higher than that of selenite.     

Waterlogging effects on elemental composition of wheat genotypes in sodic soils

Waterlogging + sodicity proved more harmful than sodic or waterlogging stress individually. Wheat genotypes were evaluated for waterlogging tolerance in neutral (pH 7.8) and sodic (pH 9.3) soils. There was 50% greater reduction in overall grain yield when genotypes were waterlogged for 15 days in sodic soil than in neutral soil. This was associated with proportional reductions in biomass and productive tillers. Severe effects of waterlogging were observed on grain yield in sodic soil and the extent of damage depends heavily on the stage of development, duration, and temperature. Waterlogging reduced the concentration of macro elements (K, Ca, and Mg), whereas effects on microelements concentration were mixed, with some elements increasing (Fe, Al, Mn, and Na) and others decreasing (Cu and Zn). Significant genotypic variation was observed for grain yield and biomass under the stress treatments and KRL 3–4, KRL 99, KRL 210, and Kharchia 65 were the top performers.     

Total selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the selenium (Se) level in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate its determining factors, 180 soil samples were collected from the surface layer of paddy or upland fields in Japan and their total Se contents were determined. Finely ground soil (50 mg) was wet-digested with HNO₃ and HClO₄ solution and the released Se was reduced to Se(IV). The concentration of Se(IV) was then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector after treatment with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and extraction with cyclohexane. The total Se content ranged from 0.05 to 2.80 mg kg⁻¹ with geometric and arithmetic means of 0.43 and 0.51 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The overall data showed a log-normal distribution. In terms of soil type, volcanic soils and peat soils had relatively high Se content and regosols and gray lowland soils had relatively low Se content. In terms of land use, upland soils had significantly higher Se content than paddy soils. Among regions, soils in the Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido and Kyushu regions had relatively high content. The total Se content had a significant positive correlation with the organic carbon content ( P  < 0.01) and the equation for the estimation of total Se content with organic carbon suggested that on average approximately 48% (0.24 mg kg⁻¹) of the total Se was in inorganic forms and approximately 52% (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) was in organic forms. Soil pH, on the contrary, did not show a significant relationship with the total Se content. In conclusion, the organic matter content, in combination with volcanic materials, was the main determining factor of the total Se content of agricultural soils in Japan.     

我国主要类型土壤的有效态硒及其与某些土壤性质的关系

Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49~18.10 μg kg^-1, with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg^-1, and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH, base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.     

Effect of organic amendments on uptake of selenium and biochemical grain composition of wheat and rape grown on seleniferous soils in northwestern India

Crops grown in seleniferous soil may accumulate selenium (Se) to levels considered highly toxic for animal and human consumption. Furthermore, higher Se content in plant tissues leads to considerable deterioration in product quality. Application of organic amendments plays an important role in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions and influencing nutrient availability. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments, namely poultry manure (PM), sugar cane press mud (SCPM), and farmyard manure (FYM), on Se uptake and grain quality of wheat and oilseed rape grown on a seleniferous soil in Punjab, India. Selenium accumulation by wheat and oilseed rape grains decreased significantly (75%–95%) with the application of PM and SCPM, while FYM application resulted in a significant decrease (23%) only in case of wheat grains. The amount of Se associated with seed proteins varied in proportion to its uptake under different treatments. Quality of wheat grains improved considerably with respect to total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, starch, lipids, and sulfur concentrations only after application of SCPM and PM. Treating a Se‐contaminated soil with organic amendments significantly increased the oil concentration and changed the proportion of various fatty acids in rape grains. It is concluded that applying organic amendments to Se‐contaminated soils can alleviate the deleterious effects of Se and restore the nutritional quality of grains.     

我国某些土壤中硫素的氧化

The status and activities of boron in soils were studied by the approach of electro-ultrafiltration(EUF).The samples of soils,including brown-red soil and calcareous alluvial soil,were collected from Hubei Province of China.The soil samples were incubated in saturated water and then their nutrients were ultrafiltrated with EUF equipment.Filtration and extraction were conducted in accordance with routine process,but fractions in anode and cathode were all collected.Analyses of B,K^ ,Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,Cl^- and pH in fractions supposed that boron existed not only in a simple form of borate but also in ion -pair with cations partly in acidic soil,and borate was the primary form existing in the calcareous soil.In studying desorption kinetics with EUF,the boron content of Fractions 2-6 was accumulated.and the accumlative quantities were fit to time factors in three kinetic equations:the zero-order,first-order,and parabolic diffusion equations,Fit degree of the parabolic diffusion equation was the best,followed by the zero-order equation,and the first-order equation was the worst。     

兰州碱性土壤与农产品中硒分布及形态研究

通过对兰州市主要农业区表层土壤总硒有效硒调查和部分农产品总硒有机硒测定,研究了兰州市碱性农田土壤与农产品中硒的积累特征和分布规律。结果表明,兰州市农田表层土壤pH 8.39±0.26,总硒含量为(0.179±0.066)mg/kg(n=473),处于全国中等水平。全市土壤总硒含量区域性差别较大,市辖区明显低于三县,榆中县居全市之首。土壤有效硒与总硒含量显著正相关,有效硒占比为4.63%～15.8%,平均8.27%。农产品中玫瑰(Rosa rugosa),部分西兰花(Brassicaoleracea var.italica)和芹菜(Apium graveolens)样品硒含量高于0.015 mg/kg,为该市天然富硒农产品。农产品中有机硒占总硒比例较高,均值为73.4%。从区域整体来看,土壤硒含量较高的县区农产品硒含量相对也较高,适合富有机硒优质农产品开发。     

The determination of extractable plant available selenium from soils by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract

Plant available selenate was measured in a soil extract by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Selenate in soil was first extracted with potassium sulfate then extracted into toluene fron an iodide‐sulfuric acid media. Aliquots of the toluene were injected into the graphite furnace for selenium determination. Quantities of extractable selenium measured using the electrothermal atomic absorption method compared favorably with the results of determinations using a fluorometric technique on aliquots of the soil extract. The simplicity of the procedure allowed for the precise determination of soil selenate in a brief period of time.     

Sorption behavior of selenium and antimony in soils as a function of phosphate ion concentration

Abstract

Both selenium (Se) and antimony (Sb) are major soil and water pollutants. Their sorption behavior in a soil–plant system was studied. Soil–soil solution distribution coefficients (K _ds) for Se and Sb were measured, using a radiotracer, as an indicator of their sorption levels. Both Se and Sb behave as oxoanions (SeO^2? ₄, H₂PO^? ₄ and SO^2? ₄) in soil; thus, the effects of concentrations of two major oxoanions (SeO^2? ₄ and SeO^2? ₃) on Se and Sb sorption were also examined. The K _d values for Se for Japanese soils significantly correlated with the K _d values for Sb (n = 141). The K _ds of both Se and Sb similarly decreased with increasing SbO^? ₃ concentration. These results indicated that the sorption of Se and Sb was similarly controlled by a ligand-exchange mechanism such as phosphate sorption in soil. However, an increase in the concentration of SeO^2? ₃ did not decrease the K _ds of Se and Sb. Furthermore, the ligand-exchangeable fractions of stable Se and Sb in major Japanese soils were determined by extraction with 0.1 mol L^?1 Na₂HPO₄ solution. For both Se and Sb, the phosphate-extractable fractions were 10-fold higher for Se and fivefold higher for Sb than their water-soluble fractions. Although the total Se and Sb amounts in soils were the same, their ligand-exchangeable fractions were different. Approximately 0.9–12% of total Se and 0.2–1.3% of total Sb were extracted by the phosphate solution. These findings suggested that Se was more likely to be mobilized by the addition of phosphate than Sb. The effect of plant-available phosphate in the soil and the phosphate sorption capacity of soil on Se and Sb availabilities for plants were also examined using a pot experiment with soybean plants. The experimental results suggested that a high content of available phosphate and/or low phosphate sorption capacity of soil increased both Se and Sb availabilities to the plant. However, the results also suggested that the soil Se availability to the plant was higher than that of Sb even though the soil total Se and Sb amounts were the same.     

土壤Se的分级与Se的植物有效性的关系

Nine soils with distinct properties and Se levels were selected to test a fractionation procedure of soil Se based on sequential extraction. Soil Se was fractionated into readily available Se (fraction Ⅰ, extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃), slowly available Se (fraction Ⅱ, extracted by 0.1 M NaOH-0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇), amorphous oxide-occluded Se (fraction Ⅲ, extracted by acid ammonium oxalate), free oxide-occluded Se (fraction Ⅵ, extracted by dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate buffer solution) and residual Se (fraction Ⅴ, determined by HNO₃-HClO₄ digestion of the final soil residue). The recovery of soil Se (the sum of all fractions over total soil Se determined independently) by this procedure was from 88.1% to 110.9%, mean 99.2%±6.4% for the test soils. The sum of fractions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, provided a good measure of available Se in soils and the percentage of fraction Ⅰ plus Ⅱ over the total soil Se, tentatively defined as Se availability index, could be used to indicate soil Se status and predict Se deficiency.     

土施有机添加剂和硫磺对小白菜生长和养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了土施粗氨基酸、风化煤、L-TRP、L-PHE和硫磺对小白菜干物质积累、叶绿素含量、硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)以及N、P、K、Fe吸收的影响。结果表明,土施风化煤、硫磺以及L-TRP和L-PHE混施可以显著提高小白菜生物量。当风化煤的用量为20g/kg干土时,能显著提高小白菜的叶绿素含量和N的吸收量,改善氮素营养状况。当硫磺的施用量为0.2g/kg干土和0.4g/kg干土时,可使小白菜体内的硝酸盐含量分别比对照降低41.6%和47.4%。供试条件下,硫磺可以提高小白菜对P、K、Fe的吸收,而粗氨基酸、风化煤、L-TRP、L-PHE以及L-TRP和L-PHE混施处理抑制了P、K、Fe的吸收或促进作用不明显。研究结果还表明,土施有机添加剂和硫磺与对照相比,能显著提高小白菜体内的NRA,但是各处理硝酸盐含量与NRA之间不存在显著的相关关系,NRA提高可能是由于植物激素或有机酸和硝酸盐共同作用的结果。     

石泉县中部地区土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

石泉县是我国富硒(Se)的重点地区,研究其土壤Se元素的分布特征及影响因素,对特色农业资源的开发利用具有重要意义。为开发富硒土地,以1个·km^-2的采样密度对石泉县研究区土壤的Se分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：石泉县研究区表层土壤中Se含量为0.06～12.8 mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.678 mg·kg^-1,以足Se(0.175～0.40 mg·kg^-1)或富Se(0.40～3 mg·kg^-1)为主,其分布面积达到80.28%,Se中毒(>3mg·kg^-1)区域仅为3.83%,缺Se(<0.175 mg·kg^-1)面积仅为15.88%。成土母质是影响石泉县Se含量的主要因素,高Se土壤主要分布在以页岩、板岩为母质的古生代地层区;Se含量与主要重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn、Pb等元素存在着较强的伴生关系;海拔、坡度等地形地貌因素对Se的含量无明显影响;另外,Se含量与p H存在一定正相关关系,...     

Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall

Experiments were conducted to study drainage and runoff losses of selenium (Se) from two seleniferous soils (from Simbly containing total Se 850 μg [kg soil]^–1 and from Barwa containing 1310 μg [kg soil]^–1) under simulated rainfall (250–260 mm in three rainstorms) conditions. Rainfall intensities ranged from 56 to 120 mm h^–1 with uniformity coefficients ranging from 70.6% to 84.2%. Selenium lost through drainage (sum of drainage from initially saturated soil for 24 h and through dry and wet runs) was 0.15% and 0.11% of total Se content in the two soils. In soils having similar pH and organic‐C content, losses of Se through drainage as well as runoff were defined by total Se, water‐soluble Se, CaCO₃ content, and texture of the soils. The amount of runoff water was almost two times in the soil with fine texture and less infiltration rate than in the other and that same trend was observed with respect to loss of sediment. The soil with higher CaCO₃ content and water‐soluble Se lost more Se with moving water both through leaching and runoff, whereas the other soil with fine texture lost greater amount of Se with the sediment. Total Se lost through drainage as well as runoff was 0.29% of the native Se present in both the soils suggesting that significant amount of Se could be lost from seleniferous soils during irrigation and rainfall events.     

Selenium uptake response among selected wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and relationship with soil selenium fractions

Some South Dakota soils contain high levels of available selenium (Se) for crop uptake. A field study was conducted to determine if any popular wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties demonstrate differential Se uptake. A total of 280 samples including eight winter wheat and ten spring wheat varieties were analyzed for grain Se concentration and uptake for two growing years. Soil samples were sequentially fractionated into (1) plant available (0.1?M KH₂PO₄ extractable) and (2) conditionally available (4?M HCl extractable) pools and analyzed separately for total Se. Selenium concentration in wheat grain had a wide variability and the mean value over two years was 0.63?µg?Se?g^?1. Grain Se concentration and Se uptake were not significantly different by wheat varieties tested in this study. Grain Se concentration was significantly correlated with soil Se levels, soil pH, and orthophosphate-P content within a location, but grain Se concentration was strongly influenced by geographical location in which different amounts of soil Se bioavailability occurred.     

方正县土壤全硒空间变异研究

为了明确富硒水稻主产县方正县土壤中全硒的含量、分布等特征,以方正县农业土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学和Arc GIS相结合的方法研究土壤全硒含量的空间异质性和分布格局,并探讨硒浓度变异与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,土壤全硒含量变异函数符合指数模型,空间异质性指数Q=0.125,说明全硒含量的变异主要由结构性因素引起,空间自相关性较强。用普通克里格法(OK法)绘制全县的土壤全硒分布图,发现研究区绝大多数土壤(69.3%)属于足硒土壤,硒含量高值区出现在研究区中部及西南部,而低值区主要分布在研究区东北部。不同土壤类型中,泥炭土全硒含量最高(0.267 mg·kg-1),而沼泽土全硒含量最低(0.153 mg·kg-1);不同土地利用方式下,稻田土全硒含量(0.230 mg·kg-1)略高于旱地土(0.217 mg·kg-1)。影响土壤全硒含量的主要因素为土壤有机碳、粘粒及粉粒含量。     

新疆水稻主产区土壤硒含量与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关性

对新疆水稻主产区的44个稻田耕层土壤及收获籽粒进行调查取样,结果表明:稻田13%属于足硒土壤,82%属于富硒土壤且有5%属于高硒土壤。而水稻籽粒硒含量达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准的仅有20%,水稻籽粒硒含量与稻田土壤全硒含量相关性不显著,但水稻籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,且土壤p H值及土壤有效磷含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,说明在新疆水稻主产区土壤有效硒含量是衡量土壤供硒潜力的有效指标,在实际生产中大部分的稻田需要通过施用适量外源硒肥来提高水稻籽粒中硒的含量。     

南宁市土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素探讨

以南宁市土壤为对象,系统采集了2 767个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和711个母质样(150～200 cm)。用AFS原子荧光光谱法进行了样品全硒含量质量分数分析;研究了南宁市土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,南宁市土壤全硒含量变幅为0.09～1.34 mg kg-1,算术平均值为0.57 mg kg-1。土壤类型中,新积土全硒含量最高,平均为0.89 mg kg-1;紫色土全硒含量最低,平均为0.37 mg kg-1。成土母质中,全硒含量以二叠系碳酸盐岩母质发育土壤为最高,平均为0.79 mg kg-1;以下白垩系紫红色碎屑岩母质发育土壤为最低,平均为0.39 mg kg-1。影响南宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤pH、有机碳及铁和铝的含量对土壤全硒含量的富集与分布也有一定影响。     

红壤磷酸单酯酶活性测定方法的改进

以甘油磷酸钠为底物,通过添加适量无机磷减少土壤吸附作用对磷酸单酯酶活性测定的影响,探讨红壤磷酸单酯酶活性测定方法的改进.在4个红壤样品的测试结果中,与Rogers法相比,RSD从≤10.2%降为≤3.2%;省去了HCl浸提步骤:耗时从19 h左右变为2 h左右.与对硝基苯磷酸盐法相比,底物更具代表性:所测磷酸单酯酶活性为P4.4～6.8 μmol/(g土·h),比对硝基苯磷酸盐法的测定值P 0.8～2.2 μmol/(g土·h)更大,更灵敏.     

Fixed ammonium determination in some clay soils

Abstract

We have shown that the traditional Kjeldahl method applied to clay soils of the Duero Basin (Spain) is not effective; so, it is necessary to add HC1 + HF to free trapped ammonium. This fixed ammonium has been measured by two methods which give significantly different results. The level of fixed ammonium in cultivated clay soils is relatively high (it ranges from 180 to 490 ppm). Fixed ammonium is significantly correlated to clay content and total inorganic nitrogen of the soil. A proposed method of analysis for total N is given.