Absorption and accumulation of potassium in component parts of sugarcane as affected by age,phosphorus deficiency and phosphorus fertilization

Like nitrogen and phosphorus, the amount of potassium taken up by the sugarcane plant, varies enormously with the conditions of soil and climate, the amount of potassic fertilizer applied singly or in combination with N and P, the general cultural conditions and above all the age of the plant at which potassium was estimated. Even individual tillers and leaves of various stages of development show marked variations in potassium content. Very often it has been suggested that a certain critical concentrations of N, P and K in actively growing leaves was necessary for good growth. Below such critical limits, conditions of deficiency set in while above a certain critical limit state of sufficiency often resulted in very little proportional growth.     

Genetic diversity of Syrian pistachio (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pistacia vera</Emphasis> L.) varieties evaluated by AFLP markers

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a strategic nut tree species in the Middle East which holds comparative advantage over other fruit trees in view of its hardiness, income generation opportunities and benefits for the ecosystem. Yet pistachio cultivation depends on a very narrow genetic base, in spite of the existence of many varieties still marginally exploited. Syria is an important center of diversity for pistachio. A country wide ecogeographic survey in this country was carried out to determine the extent of pistachio genetic diversity and its use. As a whole, 114 accessions were collected from 37 farms to assess diversity at morphological and molecular level. Molecular evaluation was carried out using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique and performed using seven primer pair combinations. Results from the studies allowed the identification of 25 pistachio female varieties in Syria, some of which unique and described for the first time. Three groups of pistachio diversity were identified by cluster analysis which provides useful information about the distribution of genetic diversity in Syria for enhanced use and sustainable conservation.     

稻草还田对春玉米生长发育与产量的影响

连续4年进行晚稻稻草异茬还田,以提供春玉米生长所需钾肥的定位试验,结果表明:(1)第1年由于稻草未能完全腐解而影响玉米的生长发育,玉米的生物学产量和经济产量均有所下降;从第2年开始,化肥 稻草处理(NPS)的生物学产量和经济产量均明显高于化肥处理(NPK),4年平均增产7.3%和7.6%。(2)在玉米生长的拔节期前,NPS处理的生长发育往往不如NPK处理,但拔节期之后,NPS处理能明显促进玉米的生长发育,其出叶速度、叶面积指数、株高等指标均明显高于NPK处理,抗旱能力增强,穗长、穗行数、百粒重等产量构成指标亦明显提高,空秆率和秃顶度等显著降低。     

利用Technosols改善铜矿土壤的物理化学特性

Mine tailing soils created from the copper extraction in Touro Mine (Northwest Spain) are very degraded both physically and chemically. Three plots in this mine tailing were amended with Technosols in different proportions in each one to know if this mixture improved the physico-chemical characteristics of the mine soil and contaminated it with heavy metals. The Technosols were made of organic wastes, including mussel residues, wood fragments, sewage sludges and paper mill ashes. An unamended area was used as a control soil. Pseudototal and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable contents of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in soil samples. The untreated soil had significant limitations for vegetation growth. All the Technosols improved the properties of the mine soil by increasing organic carbon and pH value, but they added Ni, Pb or Zn to the soil. It is advisable to check whether the heavy metal concentrations of the wastes are hazardous or not before adding to soils. It is also necessary to study the effect of these wastes over time and in more areas to conclude if they are actually favourable to restore degraded mine soils.     

我国农业生态补偿制度存在的问题及完善

农业是我国国民经济中最为重要的产业,因此农业生态补偿占据着我国生态补偿的最大比重,同时也是我国最为典型的生态补偿制度。我国农业生态补偿制度现在存在着相关法律制度不完善、经济手段运用不充分且补偿方式比较单一、缺乏科学的补偿标准和管理体制不规范等问题。对此可以通过完善农业状态补偿制度的法律依据、充分发挥农业生态补偿中的经济手段并使其生态补偿形式多样化、建立科学的农业生态补偿标准和管理规范化等方式加以完善。     

热脉冲法测定土壤热性质的研究进展

土壤热性质包括土壤热容量、热扩散率和导热率等,是决定土壤热状况的内在因素,与土壤水分状况之间关系密切。热脉冲—时域反射仪方法所用成本低,对土壤扰动小,测试时间短,具有很多优点,因此在测定土壤热性质方面具有很大的潜力。该方法在国外已得到了大量应用,在国内应用却很有限。本文综述了土壤热性质的计算模型及研究现状,重点针对近年来国内外研究土壤热性质的新方法———热脉冲法的理论和技术发展,及其在土壤水和其他物理性质应用方面的进展。该方法在国内相关研究领域里有进一步推广的意义。     

磷矿粉施用法试验结果初步报告

近年来农作物的单位面积产量已逐步提高,并且将继续不断提高,以满足日益增长的人民需要。在单位面积产量相当高的情况下,磷肥在增加农业生产中的作用将愈来愈重要。随着国家工业化的发展,农业的商品产品的比重势必日益增加,因此仅靠当地农家     

Oman at the cross-roads of inter-regional exchange of cultivated plants

During the past years the Sultanate of Oman which is located at the south-eastern tip of the Arabian peninsula has been studied for its cultivated plant genetic resources. Data from this study, that commenced in 2002 and information from the literature have been combined to document the millenia-old cultivation history of many agri- and horticultural crop plants in this country at the cross-roads of inter-regional exchange. The resulting checklist comprises 194 species from 133 genera and 53 families and 11 geoelements of 136 selected species. Notable inputs came from South and Southeast Asia with 21.3%, from the Near East and East Mediterranean with 20.6%, and from Central and South America with 15.4%. Most elements are allochthonous while real autochthonous elements such as Boswellia sacra Flueck. and Prunus arabica (Oliv.) Meikle are rare. A remarkable infraspecific variation in several crop species and evidence of introgession were found indicating an evolutionary power of Oman that is similar to that of South Italy.     

泥石流灾害对策分析——以甘肃舟曲“8·7”特大山洪泥石流灾害为例

 我国是一个山地灾害多发的国家,尤其是近年来频发的山地灾害,给国家和人民造成了巨大的损失。通过对2010年8月7日甘肃省甘南州舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害状况、自然和人为因素的分析,详细阐述目前我国在应对突发性山地灾害预警及管理中存在的问题:排查精度低、灾害预警技术低、信息不畅、灾害应对体系不完善。针对各问题提出提高排查精度、开展以流域为单元的地质灾害详细调查和危险区区划、建立和管理灾害信息共享平台、完善灾害应对体系等建议,可为今后泥石流灾害预警预报提供科学依据。     

华北平原农田生态系统钾平衡研究

华北平原大部分农田土壤发育在黄河冲积物母质上,矿物钾含量较高,在当前中低产农田中,尤其在有一定秸秆还田的条件下,施用化肥钾增产效果不显著,过多施钾会出现“奢侈性消耗”。在高产条件下,适当施钾对增产仍有一定作用。农田生态系统钾平衡研究对作物生产有重要意义。本文通过3年试验探讨了华北平原农田钾平衡和供钾能力。     

Genetic diversity of Ethiopian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthosoma sagittifolium</Emphasis> (L.) Schott accessions assessed with AFLPs

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott originated from the American tropics. Domestication may have occurred in various places as this Araceae species is an important food source. It has been cultivated for many decades. In this study, Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to analyze the genetic relationships among 78 Ethiopian X. sagittifolium accessions, for conservation purpose. Cormels were collected from Bench-Maji, Kefa, Dawuro and Wolaita zones, representing four populations. The accessions belonged to either green (G) or purple (P) colored leaf and petiole accessions. Three different AFLP primer combinations resulted in 478 scorable bands, of which 99.2% were polymorphic. The mean Nei’s gene diversity (He) within populations was 0.35 while the G accessions featured higher He (0.38) than the P ones (0.35). The Nei’s gene diversity (He) at entire collection level was 0.38. The detected high genetic diversity may indicate the X. sagittifolium plants growing in the country may derive from diverse parental genotype stock elsewhere and/or there may be multiple introductions to the country. Low levels of genetic differentiation were detected among populations (Gst?=?0.07) and between the G and P accessions (Gst?=?0.02). Insignificant genetic and geographic correlation was revealed by Mantel test. Clustering analysis grouped 91% of the accessions together. Conservation and management of X. sagittifolium in the country should concentrate on maintaining high level genetic diversity within each population as well as at entire collection level through both ex situ and in situ conservation actions.     

中国东部丘陵矿区复垦土地利用结构优化研究

该文以受华丰矿开采影响的小河西村为例,在SPSS软件的支持下,利用复垦前后不同土地利用类型的生态足迹、景观多样性、产值等指标,运用多目标规划法对我国东部丘陵矿区复垦土地利用结构进行了优化分析。结果显示,利用生态足迹法、景观多样性指数和多目标规划得出的复垦土地结构与复垦前比,不仅经济效益明显提高,生态赤字明显降低,生态环境明显改善,而且景观多样性指数增加,能促进生态、经济和社会目标的实现,也必将缓和长期以来形成的矿山与周边农民的矛盾,并能调动矿山和村集体复垦积极性,推动矿区和周边农村和谐发展。     

我国奶牛养殖小区生产工艺与工程配套技术体系研究

近年来，中国奶业持续快速发展，作为我国奶牛饲养主体的农村散户小规模饲养已占奶牛总饲养量的80%左右。由于养殖规模小，设备简陋，饲养条件差，疾病难以防控，很多地方试图通过建设奶牛养殖小区来加以解决。但目前我国奶牛养殖小区还没有一套可供实际推广应用的生产工艺模式，小区没有科学的规划布局，工艺技术路线和工程防疫技术不到位，设施设备的配置不合理，饲养方式不统一，管理松散，缺乏计划性和全年生产的均衡一致性，无法从根本上克服这些矛盾。为此，作者在广泛调研的基础上，结合中国国情，提出了一套适合于奶牛养殖小区的舍饲散养生产工艺模式，并就该工艺模式的特点、生产工艺技术路线、工艺技术参数确定、配套设施与设备、小区布局以及工程防疫等关键技术进行了探讨，旨在为推进奶牛养殖小区的规模化、标准化的进程，提升我国奶业生产水平提供参考。     

The economics of soil productivity: local,national and global perspectives

Soil degradation is a mounting problem on many smallholder lands in developing countries. Economic analysis has been an important tool in addressing this problem, beginning with assessments of the financial attractiveness of investing in soil conservation works. Data compiled from 67 studies of the financial attractiveness of conservation technologies suggest that many can provide positive net returns at the farm level (64·2 per cent). While such studies have made a valuable contribution, economists have been exploring additional applications of economics to the problem, such as the development of new perspectives under the guise of ecological economics. As a result, this paper argues it is an opportune time to assess progress in the field of economic analysis of soil degradation and to consider the policy ramifications of this research. Key issues are grouped into farm‐level considerations, national policy linkages and global issues. A number of policy implications emerge. Clearly, devising effective incentives at the farm or community (collective action) level must be a priority. As part of this effort, even more attention should be paid to the influence of macroeconomic and sectoral policies on soil productivity. Since soil degradation is also a problem with global ramifications, there is a clear rationale for intervention at the international level via mechanisms such as international transfers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水稻谷粒与脱粒元件碰撞过程的接触力学分析

针对中国水稻在机械化收获过程中稻谷损伤严重,脱粒装置的设计仍以经验为主等现状,从碰撞的角度,建立了谷粒与脱粒元件接触过程的位移量和最大压力分布方稃,并以钉齿脱粒滚筒为例,求得了稻谷产生应力裂纹或破碎时稻谷与脱粒元件碰撞的临界相对速度,室内台架试验验证了理论分析的正确性,为深入研究水稻谷粒与脱粒元件的相互作用、稻谷的脱粒损伤机理以及脱粒装置的设计提供了理论依据.     

种猪数字化养殖平台的构建

目前,虽然中国规模化养猪业快速发展,但是饲养设施和技术手段与发达国家相比仍然相对落后。该文提出数字化种猪养殖平台,利用先进技术和管理方法提高养猪业效益。整个平台从种猪生产过程和个体信息的管理到数字化监管等方面作了详尽的阐述,并逐一给出平台中各组成子系统的构建方法,利用无线射频识别（RFID）、智能控制、网络传输等多项数字化技术和手段,完成平台的建设,包括饲料的自动输送和精细饲喂系统、猪舍环境智能化调控及数字化表达、猪只个体信息的数字化表达和猪舍实况的可视化监视、种猪养殖全过程的网络化监管。该平台作为内蒙古科技园区数字化养殖的具体示范实例,将数字化技术应用到种猪生产,体现了农牧业生产过程科技化的基本理念。     

Management of Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Mine Waste Tips in China

Coal mine waste tip spontaneous combustion is a world-wide environmental concern. The practice for preventing as well as extinguishing the waste tip spontaneous combustion in China has been undertaken for 15 yr with the first practice at Fenxi Coal Mine Management Bureau. In this paper, the current development of coal mine waste tip spontaneous combustion management in China is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the techniques currently used in preventing and extinguishing the spontaneous combustion in China.     

施钼对大豆与间作玉米增加氮素及产量的效果

钼是豆科作物固氮酶复合体组成的必需元素。我国有较多土壤的有效钼含量低，不少研究已证明施用钼肥可使豆科作物明显增产。国外近期的研究指出，豆科作物固定的氮可被间作的高梁、玉米等作物吸收。本文介绍了对大豆与玉米间作体系中施钼肥的研究结果，证明施钼不仅增加了大豆的固氮量及产量，而且还增加了玉米对氮的吸收量与产量。因此，推广应用该措施对粮食增产具有重要意义。     

The Health Safety Programme for Workers Exposed to Elemental Mercury at the Mercury Mine in Idrija

In the Idrija Mine ore appears in two forms: the first as cinnabar (70%) and the second as native mercury (30%). In the area where native mercury was mined the concentrations of elemental mercury in the working and unventilated areas of the pit were very high, they periodically reached over and above 3 mg/m³ of air and most of the time exceeded the maximum acceptable levels of mercury vapours in the air (0.1 mg/m³). In such specific working conditions the number of workers suffering from the effects of mercury was very high. Work conditions in the mine urgently required more effective and preventative measures against exposure to mercury. The health and safety program includes monitoring of mercury concentrations, technical measures, personal protection, evaluation of individual external intensity of exposure and medical surveillance. The results were very successful, the number of mercun intoxicated workers dropped and after 1975 there were no more intoxicated workers, in spite of the increase in the number of areas worked where native mercury was present.     

土壤矿物钾活化途径

针对我国钾肥资源短缺问题,分析了土壤钾资源的开发潜力,概述了土壤矿物钾的存在状态及其释放特点,综述了硅酸盐细菌、富钾植物和有机酸活化土壤矿物钾的能力与机理,并展望了活化土壤矿物钾的三种途径在生产中的应用前景。