饼肥中的有机营养物质及其在发酵过程中的变化

分析测定了在恒温、恒湿条件下 4种植物油饼发酵过程中有机物质的变化。结果表明 ,由于不同植物油饼化学组成不同在发酵过程中所产生有机营养物质的成分和数量存在较大差异。发酵过程所产生的高级脂肪酸以C18、C16酸为主 ,并且不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于饱和脂肪酸 ;有机酸则以乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、乙酸含量较高 ,草酸含量较低 ;氨基酸则以谷氨酸含量最高 ,天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸含量次之。有机酸和高级脂肪酸含量随发酵时间的增加而增加 ,腐熟到一定程度时达到最高 ;而饼肥发酵 70d时各种氨基酸含量明显降低。 4种饼肥相比 ,豆饼和花生饼在发酵过程中氨基酸产生量大于芝麻饼和菜籽饼。从速度来看 ,芝麻饼腐熟最快 ,其次是豆饼 ,再次是花生饼 ,菜籽饼腐熟最慢。     

有机物料对植烟土壤氮素矿化及微生物性质的影响

采用稻草、油菜、黑麦草和菜籽饼等4种有机物料,采集高有机质含量(68.2 g·kg^–1)烟-稻轮作土壤和低有机质含量(17.2 g·kg^-1)旱地植烟土壤,在等氮(100 mg·kg^-1)投入条件下通过室内培育实验,分析了不同培育时段土壤无机氮(NO3-、NH4+)矿化动态、土壤酶活性以及微生物功能多样性的变化。结果表明:植烟土壤矿化氮动态特征与施用有机物料碳氮比(C/N)密切相关,高有机质植烟土壤中添加稻草、油菜和黑麦草显著降低土壤净矿化氮水平,而低C/N的菜籽饼添加显著促进了土壤净矿化速率,引起土壤无机氮积累。在低有机质植烟土壤添加各有机物料明显提升了土壤硝化速率,但稻草和油菜添加显著降低了培养前期土壤无机氮浓度;而菜籽饼添加显著促进了土壤的净矿化速率,在短期培养内(7 d)土壤铵态氮浓度较对照土壤增加了3.3倍~3.7倍。施入高C/N的有机物料显著提升了土壤微生物功能多样性,引起土壤酶活性增高;但不同物料添加下土壤微生物群落变异不同,诱导了对碳源利用类型不同的微生物种群变化。因此,烟-稻轮作区的高有机质植烟土壤上合理施用稻草是改善烤烟品质重要措施,而对旱地植烟土壤应更加重视高氮源有机肥料的施用,以实现不同植烟区提质增效的目标。     

土壤氨基酸生物有效性及其环境调控研究进展

土壤中种类繁多的小分子和大分子有机氮,是土壤氮素的重要组成成分。大多数植物可以直接吸收氨基酸乃至多肽和蛋白质,不是完全需要经过传统理论认知的微生物分解为无机氮的过程。植物根系具有吸收、转运和代谢外源吸收的有机氮的能力。土壤微生物是植物根系有机氮的主要竞争者,不同土壤中,参与竞争的微生物组成存在较大差异。环境对植物根系吸收和后续代谢有机氮都具有重要的调控作用。未来应着重于精准定量化分析土壤有机氮组成及含量,确定土壤有机氮对植物生长的长期效应,探索环境变化尤其是复杂环境变化对植物吸收利用有机氮的影响及其关键步骤,进一步确定土壤有机氮对植物氮营养的贡献。     

有机肥施用对植烟土壤氮素矿化及土壤酶和微生物群落的影响

为探索不同有机肥对植烟土壤氮素矿化及土壤微生态的影响。在等氮(100 mg/kg)投入和30℃条件下对施入不同有机肥(植物源有机肥、芝麻饼肥、生物质炭有机肥)的土壤进行室内培养，分析不同时期土壤NO3–-N和NH4+-N含量、土壤酶活性及细菌群落多样性的变化。结果表明：施用不同有机肥均可提高土壤矿质氮含量，在培养前期以饼肥矿化量最高，矿化速率最快，而后期为生物质炭有机肥处理的氮素矿化量、矿化速率高于其他处理；施用生物质炭有机肥、植物源有机肥均可显著提高土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性，芝麻饼肥对蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性有显著的提升作用；相较不施有机肥处理，添加不同有机肥的土壤细菌多样性明显提升。优势菌门为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、浮霉菌门，优势菌属为Sphingomonas、RB41,Sphingomonas在不施有机肥处理中最高，RB41在生物质炭有机肥处理中最高。Sphingomonas与蔗糖酶活性呈正相关关系，与脲酶、硝酸还原酶均呈负相关关系；PCA分析显示，生物质炭有机肥处理的细菌群落结构与其他处理相比差异较大。施用芝麻饼肥有利于促进早期氮素矿化，提高矿化量，而生物质炭有机肥后期矿化量较...     

The absorption and translocation of amino acids and amides in rice plant

It has been well known that the inorganic nitrogen compounds used as the common nitrogen source for the growth of higher plants can be replaced by some organic nitrogen compounds such as amino acids or amides. According to GHOSH and BURRIS (1), who investigated the effect of some amino acids as the nitrogen source, alanine, asparagine, glutamate and histidine were better nitrogen sources than ammonia for clover and tomato plants. For tobacco, however, nitrate and ammonia were superior to all organic nitrogen compounds used. RATNER et al. (2). made the same kind of study by using corn and sunflower plants and reported that the plants could grow with glycine, aspartate, glutamate and arginine, but all of them were inferior to inorganic nitrogen as the nitogen source.     

菜籽饼肥不同用量对烤烟产量及质量的影响

试验研究了菜籽饼肥不同用量对烤烟产量和质量的影响。结果表明,施25%熟饼肥 75%复合肥的处理烤烟产量、产值最高,在施用饼肥纯N占25%以上时,随着饼肥用量的增加,烤烟产量、产值呈下降态势。饼肥用量相同时,腐熟饼肥产量、产值高于生饼肥。25%熟饼肥 75%复合肥处理的烟叶内在化学品质协调性较好,单施复合肥或单施菜籽饼肥(包括生饼和熟饼肥)都不利于烟叶内在化学品质的协调。     

施用芝麻饼肥对植烟根际土壤酶活性和微生物碳、氮的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了施用芝麻饼肥对烟草根际土壤酶活性和微生物C、N的影响。结果表明,施用芝麻饼肥可明显提高根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物C和N含量,芝麻饼肥和化肥配施(CF)与单施化肥(F)相比,根际土壤脂肪酶、转化酶和脲酶活性分别提高了24.85%～60.00%、23.08%～39.46%和4.17%～56.21%;根际土壤微生物C、N含量分别提高79.88%～97.14%和29.73%～74.96%。表明施用芝麻饼肥土壤生物过程活跃,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和烤烟正常生长所需的营养供应。在烟草不同生育期,根际土壤微生物C和微生物N含量动态变化不同,土壤微生物C含量在现蕾期达到最高值,而土壤微生物N含量高峰出现在团棵期。随着烟草的生长发育土壤微生物N逐渐降低,表明一部分微生物N又被释放出来,以供烟草生长发育需要;到成熟期明显降低,反映出土壤微生物N在协调土壤N素供应方面的重要作用。适量饼肥与化肥配合施用,有利于平衡烟草N素营养,改善烟叶品质。     

Plant species affect the concentration of free sugars and free amino acids in different types of soil

Substantial amounts of low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWs) such as sugars and amino acids are transferred from plant roots into soil. These substances are released due to decomposition processes or leaching (exudation). Afterwards they can be metabolized by soil microorganisms into different compounds, or they can be partially re‐absorbed by the plants. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of five wild plant species on the composition and pool sizes of LMWs extractable from three different soils. Four of the five species caused significant changes in soil LMW pools. In Chernozem, the sugar concentrations of soil with plants were up to 60 % higher than those of the bulk reference soil, and amino acids increased by as much as 207 %. The relative abundance of free amino acids in roots did not correlate with the relative abundance of amino acids in soil after six weeks of plant growth. The relative abundance of soil amino acids, that increased after plant growth, was strongly dependent on the type of soil and on the plant species present. We suggest that rather than rhizodeposition being dependent on soil type, it reflects differential microbial metabolization of amino acids in the respective soils.     

有机物料类型对烟草根际微生物及烟叶产质量的影响

作为土壤微生物重要的碳、氮源,有机物料在调节根际微生物群落结构、改善土壤养分循环、提高作物产质方面发挥着重要作用。本文以常规化肥处理为对照,设定等有效氮条件下水稻秸秆还田、油菜绿肥翻压和饼肥(腐熟)等3种有机物料类型对烟草根际土壤酶活性、微生物功能多样性及烟叶产质的影响,以期为合理施用有机物料来提高烟叶品质提供科学依据。结果表明,稻草还田和油菜绿肥翻压处理显著提升了烟草根际脲酶活性,但对根际过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响;Biolog分析发现稻草还田和油菜绿肥翻压显著提高了烟草生育后期根际微生物群落的代谢活性和功能多样性指数,碳源利用类型差异是引起有机物料处理下烟草根际微生物群落变异的重要因素,其中糖类碳源影响最大。有机物料处理下烟叶化学指标无显著变化,但上中等烟叶比例显著提高,其中稻草还田和油菜绿肥翻压处理下烟叶产值分别比对照提高29.4%、19.8%。本研究表明,植烟土壤上合理采用有机物料部分替代化肥的施肥措施有效改善了烟草根际微生态环境,提升烟叶品质,可作为烟草优质生产的有效栽培措施。     

Changes in amino acid and organic acid composition in tomato and cucumber plants in relation to salinity and nitrogen nutrition

Under conditions of salt stress, plants show qualitative and quantitative alterations in various organic compounds, such as nitrogen (N) compounds and organic acids. In this work, the effect of different saline levels as well as various N levels, supplied as nitrate (NO₃) or as ammonium (NH₄)+NO₃ on the concentration of amino acids and organic acids in the leaves of tomato and cucumber plants has been studied. The effect of the source of N on individual amino acid contents varied with plant species. Most of the amino acids increased when the concentration of N in the nutrient solution was increased, except when N was added as NH₄+NO₃ for tomato. The effect of salt stress depended on which amino acid was considered. The data also indicate that the effect of salinity on each particular amino acid was greatly dependent on the plant species and N source. Organic acids were differently affected by salinity and by the N source, depending on the plant species. In tomato, the concentrations of short‐chain organic acids were 2–3 times higher in NO₃‐supplied plants than in those grown with NH₄+NO₃. Finally, in cucumber, malic acid concentration increased as a function of the saline level in the medium.     

饼肥对土壤性状、烤烟生长及烟叶品质的影响

试验结果表明，植烟土壤施用油菜籽饼肥后，增加了土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，提高了土壤蔗糖酶、尿酶、过氧化氢酶的活性，促进了烟株的生长发育，增加了烤烟的经济产值；水稻田土壤中的微生物数量多于山地土壤，酶活性也高于山地土壤，烟株长势较强，经济产值也高于山地烟；田烟氮化合物含量高，化学成分协调性稍差；烟叶感官评吸质量以施用油菜籽饼肥的山地烟最高，未施用油菜籽饼肥的山地烟最低。     

Transformation of nitrogen compounds in the tundra soils of Northern Fennoscandia

The transformation of organic nitrogen compounds in the soils of tundra ecosystems of Northern Fennoscandia has been studied under laboratory and natural conditions. Tundra soils contain significant reserves of total nitrogen, but they are poor in its extractable mineral and organic forms. The potential rates of the net mineralization and net immobilization of nitrogen by microorganisms vary among the soils and depend on the C: N ratio in the extractable organic matter and microbial biomass of soil. Under natural conditions, the rate of nitrogen net mineralization is lower than the potential rate determined under laboratory conditions by 6–25 times. The incubation of tundra soils in the presence of plants does not result in the accumulation of mineral nitrogen compounds either in the soil or in microbial biomass. This confirms the high competitive capacity of plants under conditions of limited nitrogen availability in tundra ecosystems.     

羊粪在豫西旱地烟田的矿化特征研究

为了明确羊粪有机肥在豫西丘陵旱地的养分释放规律,为豫西旱地烟田施用羊粪有机肥提供理论基础。于2019年采用尼龙网袋田间原位培养的方法,研究烟苗移栽前15 d结合起垄施入腐熟羊粪有机肥在洛阳烟田的碳氮矿化特征及其对土壤速效养分含量和腐殖酸组分的影响。结果显示羊粪有机肥在土壤掩埋0~15 d矿化速度缓慢,15 d后快速矿化,在75 d达到峰值,碳、氮矿化率占整个矿化掩埋期矿化量的87.81%和88.11%,75 d后矿化减弱,矿化率趋于平稳。随着羊粪有机肥掩埋天数的增加,土壤硝态氮、土壤速效磷和速效钾含量升高,土壤铵态氮含量降低,表明羊粪有机肥在矿化过程中有利于促进土壤的硝化作用,增强土壤的供肥能力；羊粪有机肥施入土壤还能促进土壤腐殖酸的形成和积累,在施入土壤60 d后,土壤腐殖酸、富里酸、胡敏酸的含量及胡富比较对照处理明显升高。因此在豫西烤烟旱作区,于移栽前15 d施入腐熟羊粪有机肥,其碳氮矿化规律与烤烟的需肥要求能够较好地吻合,且有利于改善烟田土壤质量。     

Organic fertilizers derived from plant materials Part II: Turnover in field trials

Our aim was to investigate two different organic fertilizers derived from plant materials (OFDP) with respect to their nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) turnover in field trials planted with small radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) and white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata var. alba) or fallow. The two fertilizers investigated were coarse seed meal of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) and coarse meal of castor cake (Ricinus communis L.). Under cool spring conditions, the soil turnover of yellow lupin–seed meal was slightly enhanced compared to castor‐cake meal. During the vegetation period of the vegetables, N added with both fertilizers was metabolized more or less completely by soil microorganisms. Due to similar efficiencies of the fertilizers tested, no significant difference could be found in the N uptake of plants. From this point of view, yellow lupin–seed meal, which can be produced by farmers themselves, has the potential to replace the widely used castor‐cake meal. Considerable amounts of N may remain in the field after fertilization with OFDPs either as mineral N or as easily mineralizable organic N. This N should be utilized immediately by a succeeding crop to avoid leaching losses.     

Effect of nitrogen nutrition on the free amino acid composition in tobacco plant

Nitrogen nutrition has great influences not only on the growth, but also on leaf quality of tobacco. There have been many reports on the nitrogen nutrition of tobacco, in which various nitrogen constituents such as amino acids and related compounds have been analyzed. But definite conclusions were often hard to be drawn out, since sometimes the work was limited by the failure of finding suitable chemical techniques. The recent development of paper chromatographic methods, however, has made possible to detect the individual amino acids, and has provided a new approach to the study of nitrogen nutrition of tobacco. Using the paper chromatographic techniques, the effects of nitrogen form, the effect of sulfur nutrition and excess of chlorine on free amino acid composition of tobacco leaf have been reported by the authors (1). The next step of the work presented here was undertaken for the quantitative study of the effect of nitrogen nutrition on free amino acid content of tobacco cultured for commercial purpose employing the amino acids estimation method developed by MOORE and STEIN (2) (3).     

Evolution Of CO2 from amino acids in tobacco plant

Abstract

Amino acids in the free state in the higher plants play important roles in the nitrogen metabolism. Contents of amino acids in tobacco plants grown in the various conditions have been reported by many workers (1?15). Physiological roles of amino acids in tobacco plant have been regarded as the intermediates of protein synthesis or degradation, and the those of nicotine synthesis.     

Organic fertilizers derived from plant materials Part I: Turnover in soil at low and moderate temperatures

The aim was to investigate different organic fertilizers derived from plant materials with respect to their nitrogen and carbon turnover in soil in comparison with organic fertilizers derived from animal‐waste products. In a 64‐day incubation study at 5°C and 15°C, the following fertilizers were used: coarse faba bean–seed meal (Vicia faba L.), coarse meals of yellow and white lupin seeds (Lupinus albus L. and Lupinus luteus L.), Phytoperls^® (waste products of maize [Zea mays L.] processing), coarse meal of castor cake (Ricinus communis L.) as a widely used organic fertilizer, and horn meal as a reference fertilizer‐derived from animal waste products. At 15°C, horn meal showed the highest apparent net N mineralization of fertilizer‐derived N, followed by castor cake and the two lupin meals. At 5°C, apparent net N mineralization of fertilizer‐derived N from horn meal and coarse meal of yellow lupin seeds was nearly identical, followed by castor‐cake meal. Net N mineralization from legume‐seed meals showed no or even a negative temperature response, at least temporarily. In contrast, the other fertilizers showed a positive temperature response of net N mineralization. The content in recalcitrant structural components and the decoupling of decomposition of N‐rich and C‐rich tissue components in time are discussed as controlling factors of fertilizer‐N turnover at low temperature. Microbial residues seem to be an important temporary sink of fertilizer‐derived C and N. Legume‐seed meals induced considerable N‐priming effects. Temperature induced differences in the decomposition of total fertilizer C, indicated by changes in the sum of cumulative CO₂‐C evolution, total K₂SO₄‐soluble organic C and microbial‐biomass C were much smaller than indicated by cumulative CO₂‐C evolution alone. Our results indicate that legume‐seed meals have the potential to replace horn meal and castor‐cake meal in organic vegetable production, especially when soil temperatures in early spring are still low.     

Competition for amino acids between wheat roots and rhizosphere microorganisms and the role of amino acids in plant N acquisition

The direct uptake of organic nitrogen compounds from the soil solution by plant roots has been hypothesised to constitute a significant source of N to the plant particularly in N limiting ecosystems. The experiments undertaken here were designed to test whether wheat roots could out-compete the rhizosphere microflora for a pulse addition of organic N in the form of three contrasting amino acids, namely lysine, glycine and glutamate. Amino acids were added at a concentration reflecting reported soil solution concentrations (100 μM) and the uptake into either plant biomass or respiration or microbial biomass and respiration determined over a 24 h chase period. The results showed that the plant roots could only capture on average 6% of the added amino acid with the remainder captured by the microbial biomass. We therefore present direct in vivo evidence to support earlier work which has hypothesised that organic N may be of only limited consequence in high input agricultural systems. We suggest that this is a result of the higher concentrations of NO₃⁻ in agricultural soil solutions, the slow movement of amino acids in soil relative to NO₃⁻, the rapid turnover of amino acids by soil microorganisms, and the poor competitive ability of plant roots to capture amino acids from the soil solution.     

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is a poor predictor of low molecular weight organic nitrogen mineralization in soil

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) has frequently been shown to be a good predictor of the speed of organic residue decomposition and N mineralization in soil. While this relationship appears to work well for complex organic materials (e.g. plant litter), its applicability to smaller organic substrates containing N remains unknown. Here we evaluated whether the intrinsic properties of amino acids and peptides could be used to predict their rate of microbial uptake and subsequent N mineralization. In an agricultural grassland soil we found that C:N, molecular weight, aromaticity and sulphur content provided poor indicators of amino acid bioavailabilityand subsequent NH₄⁺ release into soil. We therefore hypothesize that the position of amino acids along microbial biosynthetic pathways together with internal demand for individual amino acids rather than their C or N content is the primary determinant of N mineralization.     

Dissolved organic nitrogen uptake by plants—an important N uptake pathway?

The direct uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) by plants has the potential to be a primary Factor in ecosystem functioning and vegetation succession particularly in N-limiting environments. Clear experimental evidence to support this view, however, is still lacking. Further, many of the experimental approaches used to assess whether DON is important may be compromised due to the use of inappropriate methods for comparing and quantifying plant available inorganic and organic soil N pools. In addition, experiments aimed at quantifying plant DON capture using dual-labelled (¹⁵N, ¹³C) organic N tracers often do not consider important aspects such as isotope pool dilution, differences in organic and inorganic N pool turnover times, bi-directional DON flows at the soil-root interface, and the differential fate of the ¹⁵N and ¹³C in the tracer compounds. Based upon experimental evidence, we hypothesize that DON uptake from the soil may not contribute largely to N acquisition by plants but may instead be primarily involved in the recapture of DON previously lost during root exudation. We conclude that while root uptake of amino acids in intact form has been shown, evidence demonstrating this as a major plant N acquisition pathway is still lacking.