Distribution of free oxides along soil profiles in time series of dry rice fields in polder lands of Kojima-basin

The distributions of free oxides along profiles of some dry rice fields were set forth in the previous reports²,³,⁴,⁶⁾, In this paper, the distribution of free oxides in dry rice field⁵⁾ in polder lands of Kojima-Basin, Okayama pref. is reported. Localities, years elapsed since the planting of rice began in each field and the characteristic of soil profiles are given in Table 1. All the fields are dry rice fields except Soil A, and carry barley or wheat in winter season. Parent materials are similar in all horizons of all soils and rich in fine particles. Fine sands (0.2-0.02 mm) are mainly composed of quartz somewhat accompanied with feldspars, mica, augite and amphibolite. Clays (< 0.002 mm) are mainly composed of halloysite accompanied with a small proportion of montmorillonite. The structure develops well in all the soils.     

Distribution patterns of soluble salts and gypsum in soils under large-scale irrigation agriculture in Central Asia

Abstract

Soil salinization is a serious problem in the arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. To address the problems, we analyzed the dynamics and distribution patterns of salts in both rice-based and cotton-based cropping fields in selected farms of southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan with special emphasis on the dynamics of gypsum, which had a lower solubility than Na salts, as an index of water-movement regimes in irrigated fields. Most of the rice-based plots and some of the cotton-based plots exhibited no surface accumulation of soluble salts or gypsum because of repeated washing by a huge amount of irrigation water in the former or comfortable drainage in the latter. These soils are probably free from the risk of secondary salinization under present conditions and management practices. In contrast, uncultivated plots near canals accumulate both soluble salts and gypsum in the surface soil layers, and these salts would not be leached out without a drastic change to a predominantly downward pattern of water movement. In the intermediate stages in terms of soil salinization, some soils accumulated substantial amounts of soluble salts in surface layers but relatively low amounts of gypsum. In this case, periodic irrigation could have washed out most of the gypsum and soluble salts in a downward direction and, consequently, it is possible to leach out the accumulated soluble salts by applying additional irrigation water if necessary. However, there were some cases in which soils accumulated large amounts of gypsum in surface layers as well as soluble salts, suggesting that irrigation/drainage is generally insufficient to remove gypsum with a lower solubility and that these profiles are dominated by an overall upward movement of water. For these soils, drainage facilities should be improved to ensure the efficient leaching of accumulated salts on cropping. Thus, the condition of irrigated plots in terms of the direction of water movement and resulting salt regimes can be well understood from the distribution patterns of both soluble salts (or cations) and gypsum.     

Microbiological Studies on the Humification Process (Part 2) on the Aerobic Decomposition of the Fresh Plant Residue in the Case of Single Inoculation

The humification of several constituents of plant was studied by Trussow¹⁾ and Waksmans²⁾ in the Past, or by Kononova,³⁾ Tepper⁴⁾ and Laatsch⁵⁾ in recent years. In the previous paper, we experimented the microbial action on humus separated from an uncultivated soil, and showed that the inoculation of Trichoderma koningi and soil extract prqmoted the humification of the sample, but such tendency was not revealed in the case of single inocolation of two strains of Actinomyces and four strains of aerobic bacteria, and that when the humification of the soil humus was promoted it occurred, in the first place, as the transformation of the fulvic acid fraction, not as that of the precipitation part (the humic acid fraction). Following the previous report, we studied the humification process of fresh plant residue (upland rice straw) by a similar procedure.     

内陆干旱区不同灌溉制度对盐碱地滴灌土壤盐分离子分布的影响

通过田间试验研究覆膜滴灌条件下不同灌溉制度对土壤盐分分布的影响。试验通过控制滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤基质势下限进行灌溉,共设5个水平的土壤基质势处理:-5 kPa(S1)、-10 kPa(S2)、-15 kPa(S3)、-20 kPa(S4)和-25kPa(S5),每个处理重复3次,按随机区组布置。结果表明:不同土壤基质势控制对盐渍土中盐分分布有显著影响,不同土壤盐分离子的分布各不相同。其中Na+与Cl-容易被淋洗,两个生长季后,各处理土壤中Na+与Cl-含量有显著降低,并且土壤基质势控制越高淋洗效果越好。SO42-与HCO3-的淋洗效果主要受离子浓度影响,第一年淋洗效果较第二年明显。Mg2+与Ca2+不易随水移动,各处理无明显差异。经过两个生长季的灌溉淋洗,各处理土壤SAR值与全盐含量均有显著降低,根区内SAR值与全盐含量的降低幅度均在50%以上。研究结果对内陆干旱区盐碱地水盐调控和灌溉制度的制定具有理论意义和应用价值。     

塔河下游典型绿洲灌区不同土地利用类型土壤的盐渍化特征

[目的]探明干旱区绿洲不同土地利用方式下土壤的盐渍化特征,为区域土地资源可持续有效利用提供支撑。[方法]运用GPS定位技术对塔河下游灌溉用水、地下水以及4种典型土地利用方式下的土壤分不同季节进行调查与采样,并结合室内测定结果,对灌区内的盐分、盐分离子变化特征及其成因进行分析。[结果]研究区土壤呈碱性,盐分类型主要为硫酸盐—氯化物型,盐分含量在2.44～118.05g/kg之间,pH值范围在8.05～8.34之间,不同土地利用类型下土壤盐分含量和pH值在各季节的整体变化均表现为：盐荒地>盐碱草地>耕地和林地。从不同土层深度来看,耕地的盐分在6月和10月呈表聚型,在3月和12月无明显规律,盐荒地和盐碱草地在不同季节下不同土层深度的盐分变化均呈明显的表聚型,林地在各季节下无明显规律。研究区受水库地理位置影响地下水水位较浅(1.4～3.51 m),地下水矿化度较高(1.56～21.30 g/L),灌溉用水、地下水中的盐分离子均以Na⁺和Cl^-为主。[结论]研究区不同土地利用类型下的土壤盐渍化特征主要是受地表覆盖度、作物种植类型、灌溉事件等...     

土地利用对天山北麓土壤盐渍化的影响

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了新疆三工河流域平原绿洲耕地、人工林地、草地、灌木林地和盐碱地0～20 cm表层土壤盐溃化特征.结果表明:整个农业绿洲土壤盐分含量均值为9.33 g/kg,其中耕地平均值为6.9g/kg,超过75%耕地样点集中分布在低于2 g/kg的区间,而其它土地利用类型均高于10 g/kg,并且样点分散分布于各盐分等级中,自然和人为活动对不同土地利用类型盐分聚积均有显著作用;随地貌单元,自南向北盐分均值含量增加,在冲洪积扇中上部和地下水溢出带,盐分均值低于3.8 g/kg,而在冲洪积平原区,则高于10g/kg;由于区域水资源的南北分布格局与利用差异,使得土壤盐分具有中等或强的空间变异性.     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林对土壤碳库的影响

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究石羊河流域民勤干旱沙区种植人工梭梭林4,13,36年后的土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、无机碳(Soil inorganic carbon,SIC)、全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)和总碳(soil total carbon,TC)含量及储量变化特征。结果表明:流动沙地种植梭梭后,0-50cm层灌丛下和行间SOC和TN含量总体随造林年限增加而增加,5-50cm层灌丛下SIC含量在13年梭梭林地最高。36,13年林地0-50cm层灌丛下SOC和TN储量均高于行间,而13年灌丛下SIC储量低于行间,4年灌丛下5-50cm层SOC、TN和SIC储量均低于行间。0-50cm层土壤有机碳、无机碳、全氮储量增幅分别为102.44%,24.66%,54.55%,36年林地SOC和TN储量随土层加深先降低后增加,但4,13年和流动沙地SOC、SIC和TN储量均随土层加深而增加。土壤有机碳占总碳比例随造林年限增加而增加。相关分析结果表明,土壤颗粒组成、造林年限、土层深度等与土壤有机碳和全氮储量显著相关(P0.01)。民勤干旱沙区造林提高了土壤碳库截存量,并且随林龄增长而增长。     

干旱区土地利用和土壤改良及植被恢复方式对沙地养分的恢复效应

为研究干旱区土地利用、土壤改良和植被恢复方式对沙地养分的恢复效果,在乌兰布和沙漠东北缘开展试验研究。研究表明,土地利用方式和人为合理的经营活动对沙漠化土地肥力的恢复和提高有较大影响,在农业耕作制度中,其改土培肥效应以草田轮作最高,农作物套种次之,农作物单种最低;在荒漠沙地上种植农作物较果树更有利于保护土壤生态环境;在荒漠沙地上造林,应以防护林为主,不宜营造大规模杨树速生丰产林;在沙地上营造灌木薪炭林,可起到改良贫瘠沙地的功效;在沙地上种植沙打旺、草木樨和苜蓿均可有效的提高沙化土地肥力,以沙打旺效果最好,草木樨次之,苜蓿最差;在围栏封沙育草中,不同植物群落类型对沙地土壤改良效果有所不同,多植物群落优于单一植物群落。土壤氮磷比由高到低依次排序为白刺＋沙蒿＞沙蒿＋沙竹＞沙蒿＞沙竹＞小花棘豆＋沙蒿＞白刺＞小花棘豆,土壤氮磷比的高低主要取决于氮素水平。     

灌水对不同次生盐渍化水平设施土壤氮、磷迁移特征的影响

通过野外调查与室内土柱模拟试验相结合的方法,对灌水条件下不同次生盐渍化水平设施土壤氮、磷含量的变化及迁移特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)灌水后土壤水分变化主要集中于20 cm以上土层,灌水后13～15 d,不同次生盐渍化程度的土壤水分都表现出向下迁移的特征.(2)设施土壤硝态氮含量最高值均出现在土层20 cm处,且次生盐渍化程度越严重,硝态氮表聚现象越为突出.灌水15d后,各处理铵态氮集中分布于20-40 cm土层,灌水后土壤铵态氮含量变化不明显,环境风险较小.(3)设施土壤速效磷含量高于露地土壤,且表层土壤速效磷含量介于40～60 mg/kg之间,灌水后各时期不同次生盐渍化程度土壤剖面中速效磷的分布趋势基本一致,虽受灌水的影响较小,但存在潜在的环境风险.     

吡嘧磺隆对土壤中与氮素转化有关微生物活性的影响

在室内培养条件下,研究了水田除草剂吡嘧磺隆在田间用量下对水稻土中与氮素转化有关的生物活性的影响。结果表明,吡嘧磺隆在培养7～30天内能显著抑制土壤脲酶的活性;在培养的前20天内表现为对土壤硝化作用和土壤微生物量氮的抑制作用;施用吡嘧磺隆处理的土壤脲酶活性、土壤硝化作用及土壤微生物量氮间存在显著相关关系。     

冬季增温对土壤水分及盐碱化的影响

为了研究冬季增温对土壤水分及盐碱化的影响,采用红外线辐射器增温法,在宁夏引黄灌区西大滩试验站进行了大田试验。结果表明,冬季增温0.5～2.5℃与未增温比较,土壤层0～20、>20～40、>40～60?cm土壤含水率分别减少0.2%～3.9%、 0.4%～1.4%、0.3%～0.6%;碱化度分别增加1.2%～4.4%、0.1%～0.4%、0.2%～0.6%;总碱度分别增加0.01～0.04、0.01～0.03、0.01～0.02 cmol/kg;pH值分别增加0.1～1.0、0.1～0.5、0.1～0.6;全盐分别增加0.05～0.71、0.02～0.20、0.01～0.11 g/kg。冬季增温加剧了土壤水分蒸发, 增强了土壤盐碱化,导致土壤盐碱化危害加剧。     

干旱区绿洲灌溉条件对土壤盐分分布的影响

干旱区绿洲土壤盐渍化现象普遍,不同灌溉条件下土壤盐基离子的季节分布、垂直分布各异,盐渍化是一个不断变化的动态过程。采用统计学方法,对新疆玛纳斯河流域不同灌溉条件下的夏秋两季土壤盐基离子进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:天然降水方式下土壤含盐量高于滴灌与漫灌方式,且各盐基离子季节差异最明显;滴灌在干旱区作物灌溉中意义重大,但压盐效果仍不及漫灌;滴灌和漫灌方式下全盐量在秋季呈现减少趋势,而天然降水方式下的土壤全盐量有所增加;各盐基离子中,季节变化最明显的有HCO₃^-,Na⁺,K⁺,其余离子在不同深度存在微量变化;不同深度土壤的盐渍化类型在漫灌方式下不稳定性要高于滴灌和天然降水方式下的土壤,且季节变动明显;流域内土壤的变异强度多为中等变异性,不同灌溉下各深度土壤全盐量的变异强度秋季大于夏季。流域内盐渍化现象普遍,pH值集中在7.9～8.7,建议建立合理的灌排体系,滴灌的同时要做好排盐压盐工作,防止区域土壤盐渍化的加剧。     

北方滨海盐碱地冬季咸水结冰灌溉对菊芋生长及离子分布的影响

为探讨冬季咸水结冰灌溉对河北省滨海平原区盐碱土的土壤盐分变化以及对菊芋生长的影响,在冬季利用地下苦咸水对河北海兴盐碱地进行咸水结冰灌溉试验,设冬灌覆膜处理,其中包括膜上挖孔直接播种处理（T1）和揭膜播种再覆膜处理（T2）,以无冬灌＋覆膜处理作为第一对照（CK1）,不冰灌和不覆膜的小区作为第二对照（CK2）。结果表明,冬季灌溉咸水结冰、春季咸水冰融化入渗后土壤各层次脱盐效果明显,播种期T1和T2处理的0～5cm、5～20cm表层土壤含盐量较CK1和CK2分别降低了41.9%、65.0%、46.5%、67.7%、29.9%、47.1%,40.8%和55.3%,在菊芋播种期耕层土壤含盐量降低到0.6%左右,T1和T2单位产量分别较CK1和CK2高54%、115%、97%和175%,T1和T2处理下Na＋和Cl-含量较CK1和CK2显著降低,而K＋含量和K＋/Na＋较CK1和CK2显著增高。通过冬季咸水结冰灌溉和覆膜措施可以确保土壤盐分下降,从而降低了盐分对菊芋生长的毒害作用,使菊芋产量得到显著提高。     

渗灌灌水控制下限对保护地土壤剖面磷素分布的影响

连续5 a以相同方案于2000～2004年在沈阳农业大学科研基地进行保护地番茄栽培的渗灌试验,其5个处理的灌水控制下限土壤水分吸力值分别为10、16、25、40和63 kPa,灌水控制上限土壤水分吸力值均为6 kPa。 研究结果表明：渗灌及其灌水控制下限能够显著影响不同形态磷素含量在土壤剖面中的分布。具体表现为土壤表层（0～10 cm和 10～20 cm）的土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量均高于其他土层,在30～40 cm土层的含量为最低,灌水对土壤速效磷含量的影响主要发生在0～30 cm土层;有机磷随着灌水向土壤底层发生迁移,其含量在土壤深层40～60 cm为最高;各处理不同深度土层中的磷素均以无机磷为主。因此,灌水可以作为调节土壤中磷素的转化及其有效性的方式。     

劣质水灌溉对土壤盐碱化及作物产量的影响

长期的劣质水灌溉将导致土壤潜在的次生盐碱化。通过在以色列的大田试验,分析了劣质水灌溉对浅埋地下水位条件下土壤盐碱动态和作物产量的影响。试验在安装有暗管排水系统的试验田中进行。试验田土壤为粉砂粘土,种植有饲料玉米(Zea mays L.)。试验结果显示,高盐碱地下水的侧向运动和蒸发形成了试验田南半部和北半部土壤中盐碱度分布的巨大差异。在试验条件下,0～1.2 m土壤中的盐分在整个玉米生长期内平均增加了7.5%,碱度增大了19.6%。作物产量和植株高度与土壤含盐量成反比,籽粒产量受影响最为严重。利用冬季的降雨淋洗土壤盐分是维持本地区灌溉农业持续发展的关键。     

干旱区盐碱地滴灌土壤基质势对土壤盐分分布的影

该文通过田间试验研究覆膜滴灌条件下土壤基质势对土壤盐分分布的影响。试验设3个水平的土壤基质势处理： -5 kPa (S1),-15 kPa (S2) 和-25 kPa (S3),每个处理重复3次,按随机区组布置。试验结果表明：垄作覆膜滴灌条件下各盐分离子的迁移和分布特性不同。Na+ 和Cl- 易被灌溉水淋洗,主要分布在湿润体的边缘,在滴头附近含量最低,远离滴头含量逐渐增大,土壤基质势越高,淋洗效果越明显,离子含量和土壤总盐量呈线性相关。Mg2+、Ca2+、HCO3-含量受土壤基质势影响较小,在土壤剖面分布相对均匀,离子含量和土壤总盐量之间没有明显相关关系。盐渍化土壤中总盐分的淋洗主要受到作物播种时第一次大水量灌溉和苗期阶段较高土壤基质势控制的灌溉影响,作物生育中后期不同土壤基质势处理对土壤总盐分的淋洗影响较小。该研究结果对盐碱地水盐调控和灌溉制度的制定具有理论意义和应用价值。     

贵州喀斯特山区土壤物理性质对土壤侵蚀的影响

对贵州喀斯特山区在不同土地利用方式下土壤主要物理性质对土壤侵蚀的影响进行了研究。结果表明:土壤物理性质是影响土壤侵蚀和土壤抗蚀性能的内在因素。贵州喀斯特山区土壤表现出明显的粗骨性土壤特征。不同土地利用方式下土壤物理性质具有明显的差异,林地、草地和台耕地的土壤物理性状良好,缓解了土壤侵蚀的发生发展,能有效地发挥保持水土的作用;大面积农耕坡地和裸坡地的土壤物理性状极差,促进了山区土壤侵蚀的发生发展,是引起土壤侵蚀的主要因素。喀斯特山区不同土地利用类型的土壤抗蚀能力依次为台耕地>林地、草地>坡耕地、裸坡地。     

Impacts of land use and salinization on soil inorganic and organic carbon in the middle-lower Yellow River Delta

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is an important reservoir of carbon (C) in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid regions. However, knowledge is incomplete on the dynamics of SIC and its relationship with soil organic C (SOC) under different land use types in the semi-humid region, particularly in coastal zones impacted by soil salinization. We collected 170 soil samples from 34 profiles across various land use types (maize-wheat, cotton, paddy, and reed) in the middle-lower Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. We measured soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble salts, and SOC and SIC contents. Our results showed significant differences in both SOC and SIC among land use types. The dry cropland (maize-wheat and cotton) soils had significantly higher SOC and SIC densities (4.71 and 15.46 kg C m^-2, respectively) than the paddy soils (3.28 and 14.09 kg C m^-2, respectively) in the 0–100 cm layer. Compared with paddy soils, reed soils contained significantly higher SOC (4.68 kg C m^-2) and similar SIC (15.02 kg C m^-2) densities. There was a significant positive correlation between SOC and SIC densities over a 0–100 cm soil depth in dry cropland soils, but a negative relationship in the paddy soils. On average, SOC and SIC densities under maize-wheat cropping were 15% and 4% lower, respectively, in the salt-affected soils in the middle-lower YRD than the upper YRD. This study indicated that land use types had great influences on both SOC and SIC and their relationship, and salinization had adverse effect on soil C storage in the YRD.