The effect of phosphate deficiency on the kinetics of phosphate absorption by sterile excised barley roots,and some factors affecting the ion uptake efficiency of roots

Abstract

The influence of phosphate nutrition on the kinetics of phosphate absorption by sterile excised barley roots was examined. The roots of seedlings grown in dilute CaSO₄ showed uptake kinetics similar to roots grown in phosphate deficient nutrient culture. The absence of microorganisms did not abolish the dual form of the absorption isotherm at pH 4.0

The most important effect of phosphate deficiency for uptake at low phosphate concentration was a marked decrease in the apparent dissociation constant of the ion‐carrier complex postulated to be involved in the uptake process. The results are discussed in relation to kinetic factors which may influence the efficiency of ion uptake by roots of different species of plants, including the apparent dissociation constant, the rate constant for uptake and the concentration of the ion‐carrier system.     

Kinetics of phosphate absorption by Stylosanthes spp. in the presence of aluminium

The mechanisms of action by which aluminium affects phosphate absorption were evaluated in Stylosanthes guianensis (aluminium‐sensitive) and Stylosanthes macrocephala (aluminium‐tolerant), through kinetic studies with aluminium in pre‐ and co‐treatment. Multiphasic and cooperative models of ions absorption were tested. In the absence of aluminium, S. guianensis, a specie which normaly requires more phosphorus, showed lower rates of phosphate absorption, which was attributed to slower turnover of the carrier. In S. guianensis, the higher rates of absorption may be related to higher turnover and/or higher concentration of the carrier in the roots. Both species showed negative correlation in the absorption of phosphate, but it was more pronounced in S. guianensis. The effect of aluminium seems to be related to the decreased capacity of the carrier to associate with the ion. There may also be a reduction in the turnover of the carrier, which appears to be more pronounced in the tolerant species, reducing phosphate absorption. In the presence of aluminium, the association becomes positive or approaches Michaelis‐Menten kinetics in both species. However, the absorption of phosphate is not increased since there is also a reduction in the capacity of the carrier to bind to the ion.     

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectra of phosphate sorbed on alumina gel

Infrared absorption spectra of phosphate sorbed on alumina gel were obtained by subtracting the diffuse reflectance infrared (DRIR) spectra of alumina gel from those of phosphated alumina gel. The positions of the absorption bands due to P·O stretching vibration were little affected by the change in pH and the amount of phosphate sorbed. These absorption bands were similar to those for aluminium phosphate gel. The sorption product of phosphate on alumina gel was amorphous by X-ray diffraction. Na⁺ and Cl^? adsorption properties of alumina gel tended towards those of aluminium phosphate gel with phosphate sorption. It was concluded that the state of phosphate sorbed on alumina gel is similar to that of aluminium phosphate gel.     

The use of chemical potentials to express nutrient availabilities

The absorption of an ion is balanced, electrically, by either an uptake of an equivalent amount of counter ions or an exchange for ions of the same charge. An ion such as phosphate can be removed from a many-component solution in different ways, e.g., together with potassium, calcium, or magnesium, or in exchange for hydroxyl ions. In each individual case the status of the nutrient in the soil is expressed by a different chemical potential, and without further knowledge it is not possible to say which potential best expresses the availability. Schofield's phosphate potential implies phosphate uptake associated with calcium. This potential, like Woodruff's potassium potential, has been chosen arbitrarily and does not apply to the general process of phosphate uptake.A physiologically meaningful nutrient potential must be selected relative to the uptake process. Thus, if nutrient A is taken up with counter ion B, then AB's chemical potential is of interest. The fact that uptake processes are not sufficiently understood and proposed mechanisms are not generally accepted puts serious limitations on the usefulness of the potential concept. A few possibilities for selecting nutrient potentials are discussed.Since the nutrient capacity is the differential between nutrient content and potential, the above problem of selection is also inherent in the capacity.     

PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF STRUCTURAL SILICON IN AN ALLOPHANE CLAY

Phosphate was adsorbed at a constant pH, on allophane clay samples which had been pre-treated with selenite to remove adsorbed silicate. The concomitant release of selenium, silicon, and hydroxyl ion on phosphate adsorption was also measured. The results are compared with those obtained from a similar experiment conducted using clay which had not been treated and they substantiate the earlier conclusion that phosphate displaces structural silicon of clays. The amount displaced increases parabolically with increasing levels of phosphate adsorbed over the concentration range studied.     

Comparison of aluminum tolerance and phosphate absorption between rape (Brassica napus L.) and Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) in relation to organic acid exudation

Aluminum (Al) tolerance and phosphate absorption in rape and tomato were compared under water culture and field conditions. The relative growth rate in the Al treatment compared with -A1 treatment was similar in the two crops under water culture conditions, while under field conditions, the growth rate was 2- to 3-fold higher in rape than in tomato in spite of the higher Al concentration in the soil solution than in the culture solution. The relative amount of phosphate absorbed in the Al treatment compared with - Al was not appreciably different between rape and tomato under water culture conditions, while under field conditions, it was 3- to 6-fold larger in rape than in tomato. The exudation rate of citric acid by roots was much higher in rape than in tomato. The plant growth, root elongation, and amount of phosphate absorbed in rape were inhibited in the 150 µM Al in the culture solution. However, the inhibition was alleviated by the addition of 200 µM citric acid or 500 µM malic acid. The P concentration in the culture solution decreased by the presence of Al as aluminum phosphate. However, addition of citric and malic acids increased the amount of phosphate released from the precipitated aluminum phosphate. In conclusion, one of the mechanisms for the higher Al tolerance and larger phosphate absorption in rape than in tomato under field conditions was ascribed to the higher concentration of exuded citric acid by Al in the rhizosphere. It was suggested that the exudation of citric acid might contribute to the detoxification of Al and to the increase phosphate availability in the rhizosphere in rape.     

New infrared band assignments for the arsenate ion adsorbed on synthetic goethite (α-FeOOH)

Infrared spectroscopy was used to show that arsenate is adsorbed on the surface of synthetic goethite (α-FeOOH) as the acidic HAsO₄²- ion, replacing singly coordinated surface OH groups. In this respect, arsenate is analogous to phosphate, but its larger size apparently causes it to interact more strongly with some of the OH groups that remain on the surface. This has suggested an alternative assignment for the absorption bands of these OH groups.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中施用磷肥对环境激素铅吸附-解吸的影响

采用室内模拟施肥、恒温振荡平衡法研究了磷肥种类、磷肥浓度、铅离子浓度、离子强度和酸度影响三峡库区消落带土壤对铅离子的吸附量和解吸量。结果表明：（1）磷肥种类与铅离子的吸附量和解吸量显著相关,施用Ca（H2PO4）2使铅离子的吸附量和解吸量相对较小;（2）土壤铅离子的吸附量和解吸量与施用磷肥浓度呈显著相关,建议选用磷酸二氢钙、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾3种磷肥,施用量在3.4066～8.5164kg P2O5·666.6m-2之间较为合适;（3）铅离子浓度极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,随着铅离子浓度的增加,吸附量和解吸量都呈逐渐增加的趋势;（4）离子强度和酸度都极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,建议选用磷酸二氢钙盐、钾盐和铵盐作为磷肥,可以减小土壤铅离子的环境风险。     

On the mechanism of specific phosphate adsorption by hydroxylated mineral surfaces: A review

Abstract

The mechanism of specific phosphate adsorption by hydroxy‐lated mineral surfaces comprises two aspects: the phosphate‐hydroxyl surface reaction and the configuration of the adsorbed phosphate ion. Evidence pointing to ligand exchange as the mechanism of the phosphate‐surface hydroxyl reaction include kinetics of adsorption and desorption; hydroxyl ion release; infrared spectroscopy, and stereochemical calculations. Data pertaining to the coordination of adsorbed phosphate on hydroxy‐lated mineral surfaces have not been conclusive overall. Isotopic exchange experiments and studies of desorption kinetics do not provide definitive information on surface coordination. Measurements of hydroxyl ion release and crystallographic calculations provide support for the existence of both monodentate and bidentate surface complexes of phosphate ions. Infrared spectroscopic investigations suggest a binuclear complex on dried, phosphated goethite. However, these studies cannot be extrapolated automatically to soil minerals, since the addition of water favors formation of a monodentate surface complex. Further research is needed to establish the configuration of adsorbed phosphate ions.     

矮壮素对马铃薯磷素营养动态变化和产量的影响

通过对生育前期的马铃薯品种"中薯3号"喷施浓度为0、1.5、2.0和2.5g/L矮壮素(chlorocholine chloride,CCC)后,应用32P示踪技术研究其对磷素营养及其平均每穴产量的影响。结果表明:在各出苗后天数,CCC增加了植株对磷素的吸收,植株中的磷素主要分配到地上茎和叶中,按其相对含磷量依次为地上茎>叶>根>地下茎;植株吸磷量随其生长而增加,但在生育后期总株的吸磷量减少;在各出苗后天数,2.0g/L处理对中薯3号的总株吸磷量增加最大;1.5、2.0、2.5g/LCCC处理使中薯3号平均每穴产量分别增加6.83%、10.10%和3.08%,各处理平均每穴产量与其出苗后36d的叶片含磷量成极显著性正相关。     

溶磷菌株组合的溶磷效应及对玉米生长的影响

【目的】 本研究以革兰氏阴性菌Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0、F113、Phl1c2、PF5与阳性菌Bacillus megaterium X14为研究对象,通过各菌株及菌株组合的溶磷能力评判组合效果,并进一步通过玉米盆栽试验验证其应用效果。【方法】 通过菌株在NBRIP培养基中对难溶磷源Ca₃（PO₄）₂的溶解能力评价各菌株及菌株组合的溶磷能力,测量接菌处理后的玉米干重、株高和全磷含量评价各菌株和菌株组合的盆栽应用效果。【结果】 1）纯培养实验中CHA0、F113、Phl1c2、PF5在NBRIP无机磷液体培养基中可溶磷含量均显著高于X14,且4株阴性菌两两组合后,培养基中可溶磷含量显著高于对应的阴性菌与阳性菌的组合,即阴性菌组合后的溶磷效果高于阴性菌与阳性菌组合后的溶磷效果。2）单菌比较,盆栽试验接种阳性菌X14对玉米生长及全磷吸收累积量的效果与阴性菌的差异不及室内实验显著,说明该阳性菌盆栽应用效果较好。比较菌株组合的处理,发现接种阴性菌与阳性菌组合的处理,其对玉米生长及全磷吸收累积量的效果与接种对应的阴性菌组合的处理效果相近,甚至显著高于一些阴性菌组合。3）综合比较室内实验结果与盆栽试验结果,发现阳性菌X14虽然在培养基中溶磷效果差,但在盆栽试验中,无论是单菌还是与阴性菌组合后的处理均表现出了良好的溶磷效果,且部分阴性菌与该阳性菌配合后,在玉米盆栽应用中促生和溶磷效果最佳。【结论】 与阴性菌组合相比,阳性菌与阴性菌组合室内溶磷效果均较差,但盆栽应用效果良好,甚至优于部分阴性菌组合,表明筛选溶磷菌株组合时,单一的室内纯培养结果不能作为唯一的评价指标,应同时结合盆栽的促生及溶磷效果。     

矮壮素对马铃薯中薯3号光合特征和磷素营养的影响

为进一步研究矮壮素调节马铃薯生长发育及其增产的原因,对出苗后24.d和28.d的马铃薯品种"中薯3号"植株分别喷施矮壮素(CCC)0.g/L(A1,对照)、1.5.g/L(A2)2、.0.g/L(A3)、2.5.g/L(A4)各1次,研究CCC对马铃薯中薯3号出苗后不同天数的光合特征和磷素营养的影响。结果表明:A2、A3、A4处理在出苗后36.d(B1)的叶片净光合速率均低于对照,而A2和A3处理的SPAD值高于对照;A3处理在出苗后46.d(B2)、56.d(B3)和66.d(B4)的净光合速率和SPAD值都最高。应用32P示踪技术研究表明,在植株的不同部位[叶(C1)、地上茎(C2)、地下茎(C3)和根(C4)]中,处理组合A3B1C1、A3B1C2、A2B1C3和A3B1C4对32P放射性活度的影响分别与其他相同部位的处理组合有显著差异;在出苗后36.d时,处理A3的根对磷素的吸收量最大,磷素主要运输、分配到地上茎和叶,按各部位相对含量排序,依次为地上茎>叶>根>地下茎。各CCC处理的全株吸磷率随植株的生长而增加,在56.d时全株吸磷率都达到最大值,但在66.d时对磷素的吸收量减少;处理A4、A2和A3在出苗后36.d时的全株吸磷率都高于对照;处理A3的全株吸磷率在出苗后不同天数都高于其他处理。     

ARSENATE INDUCES WATER STRESS

The effects of arsenate and arsenite on growth and transpiration were investigated in cucumber plants grown in nutrient solution containing 2, 10, and 100 μM phosphate, respectively. Root and shoot growth decreased by 48–64% compared to the control in all treatments and there was no significant difference between the effects of arsenic As(V) and As(III) except for the lowest phosphate concentration. At 2 μM phosphate As(III) had significantly higher growth inhibition than As(V). The inhibition of transpiration was between 46–68% in all treatments, and As(V) had stronger effect at 10 μM phosphate compared to 100 μM. Arsenic caused fast wilting 2 hours after the commencement of the treatment. However, the formation of adventitious roots prevented the loss of turgor. The hypothesis that aquaporins might be involved in the action of As(V) has been tested by comparison of the effect of As(V) and Hg, the inhibitor of aquaporins. Both treatments resulted in similar inhibition of growth and transpiration, increase in water saturation deficit and decrease in root exudation. Data imply that (i) phosphate reduces arsenate uptake, (ii) arsenate can be at least partially detoxified in cucumber at higher phosphate concentrations, (iii) arsenate may be reduced to arsenite and (iv) As(V) may interfere with the proper functioning of aquaporins.     

供磷水平对不同磷效率玉米氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响

在砂培条件下,以磷高效利用型玉米(KH5)和磷低效利用型玉米(西502)为材料,研究了低磷(Pi25μmol/L,LP)和正常供磷(Pi2mmol/L,NP)2个供磷水平对其氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明,磷高效利用型玉米氮钾素吸收和干物质积累受低磷处理的影响较小,表现出对氮、钾的高效吸收。正常供磷水平下,磷低效利用型玉米氮、钾素吸收量和干物质积累量显著高于磷高效利用型,但其氮、钾吸收和干物质生产能力远低于后者。低磷处理使玉米干物质和氮钾营养向根系分配的比例增加,磷低效利用型玉米这种趋势更为明显,反映其耐低磷能力较弱。     

施钾对不同小麦品种氮素、磷素吸收利用的影响

盆栽条件下,研究了黄淮麦区当年广泛种植的28个小麦品种在2个供K水平下N、P吸收利用差异。研究结果表明,高K与低K条件下,不同小麦品种N、P吸收利用能力差异都很大,小麦品种间N、P积累量与干物质积累量呈极显著正相关;相关分析表明,无论是低K还是高K下,不同小麦品种K积累量、K利用效率与N积累量、N利用效率及P积累量、P利用效率都存在极显著的正相关,这就显示出K高效小麦品种同时也是N高效、P高效小麦品种。     

油茶根系吸收铝导致生长介质酸化

选用油茶为试验材料,采用固体琼脂培养和溶液培养两种试验体系,研究了油茶根系吸收铝离子与生长介质pH变化的关系。琼脂培养试验结果表明,在钙离子和铝离子介质中,油茶根际区域均发生了明显的酸化;溶液培养试验结果进一步表明,阳离子的吸收尤其是铝离子的吸收是介质酸化的原因,铝与钙同时存在时,溶液酸化主要是由铝离子的吸收引起的。另外,随着溶液铝浓度的增加,溶液pH下降幅度增加,二者之间呈现极显著正相关关系,且油茶培养时间越长,溶液pH下降越多。所有这些结果表明油茶吸收铝会降低生长介质pH。     

不同施肥处理对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

试验探索了前作(冬季)种植蔬菜的情况下,不同氮磷肥施用量与配施植物/土壤调理剂对水稻产量和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明,水稻产量与N、P肥施用量呈抛物线型关系,土壤植物调理剂在提高水稻N、P肥吸收利用率方面效果显著。本试验条件下,667m2施N5.9kg+P2O54.1kg+K2O5kg+土壤植物调理剂33kg,能获得高产。对于高需N、P品种,在合理施肥的同时配合使用土壤植物调理剂能充分发挥其产量优势。     

魔芋辐照接枝物凝胶的水分状态和结构分析

为研究辐照接枝制备的魔芋吸水材料性能,对材料的吸水倍数、速度、保水性进行了测定,并采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、透射电镜（TEM）技术表征材料凝胶态水分含量和形貌结构。结果表明,常温下材料吸自来水速度最大可达16g·g-1.min-1,60min时吸水倍数达400倍。吸水倍数受粒度、温度、离子浓度、离子类型的影响,并以...     

电解质种类和浓度影响磷酸根解吸的机理研究

本文研究了吸附性阳离子、电解质浓度和组成影响几种矿物和土壤吸附态磷的解吸的机理。结果表明,吸附性阳离子影响磷酸根解吸与离子桥有关。桥接静电场愈强,被束缚磷的释放就愈困难。电解质阳离子对磷酸根解吸的影响则取决于其对表面负电荷的屏蔽效应。阳离子电价高,屏蔽作用大,磷解吸就少。电解质浓度影响吸附态磷的解吸主要与表面电位的变化有关。当pH>PZC值时,提高电解质浓度降低表面负电位,从而减少磷的吸附;当pH<PZC时,提高电解质浓度则降低表面正电位,促进磷的解吸。磷酸根解吸盐效应零点(P_PZSE)值一般都介于土壤或矿物样品吸附磷酸根前后测得的两个PZC值之间。不同浓度电解质溶液中磷解吸量之差与吸附层电位变化量(△ψ_x)呈正相关。     

Diurnal Macronutrients Uptake Patterns by Lettuce Roots under Various Light and Temperature Levels

In order to reduce nutrient wastes to the environment the supply should be in accordance to the demand for these. Two experiments were conducted to study and quantify the effect of temperature, irradiance, and plant age on the uptake of nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and sulfate (SO₄²). In the first experiment, various levels of temperature and irradiance were applied to plants in a growth chamber, while in the second experiment the uptake was studied along the crop season under greenhouse conditions. The uptake rates were calculated at 2-hour intervals through sampling the nutrient solution and analyzing it by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Increasing light and temperature enhance the uptake rates, while the rates decrease with plant age. Nitrogen absorption was similar during the day as during the night. No differences were found in the absorption of H₂PO₄^?, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄^2? between day and night. Nitrate absorption was found to have a positive correlation with the absorption of all the ions except for NH₄⁺.