Amino acid metabolism in plant leaf

¹⁴C-labelled sodium bicarbonate and ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulfate were simultaneously vacuum-infiltrated into detached sunflower leaves, and the incorporation of ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N into free amino acids was chased during 60-min period in the light and in the dark.

In the light, the ue specific activity of aspartic acid, alanine, serine and glycine rapidly increased for 5 min and thereafter decreased. On the other hand, that of gultamic acid continued to increase slowly during the entire 60-min period. In the dark, aspartic acid most actively incorporated ¹⁴C. The difference of changes in ¹⁴C specific activity between glutamic acid and other amino acids was also observed in the dark as in the light. These results suggest that the carbon skeleton of glutamic acid is synthesized from aspartic acid, alanine, serine and glycine.

¹⁵N content of glutamine was the highest of all amino acids investigated in the light, and it was followed by glutamic acid. alanine, aspartic acid, serine and glycine, in this order. In the dark, ¹⁵N content of glutamic acid fell remarkably and was lower than that of alanine up to 5 min. From these ¹⁵N tracer experiments, it is suggested that the incorporation of ammonium into glutamic acid is strictly dependent on light and that alanine incorporates ammonium by the direct amination besides the transamination from glutamic acid.     

低次烟叶中蛋白质提取工艺优化及氨基酸分析研究

为了充分综合利用低次烟叶蛋白资源,采用碱溶酸沉法对低次烟叶中蛋白质的提取工艺进行了研究,并利用高效液相色谱系统对其氨基酸组成进行了分析。研究结果表明：烟叶磨浆的最佳工艺为固液比1∶17,提取温度60℃,提取液pH值8.0,磨浆两次;烟叶蛋白碱溶最佳工艺为温度60℃,pH8.0,时间60 min,搅拌条件下碱溶提取3次;烟叶蛋白酸沉工艺中,在pH3.0,4℃下静置8 h效果最佳,烟叶蛋白酸沉提取率最高为86.71％;烟叶蛋白的氨基酸分析结果显示,烟叶蛋白的氨基酸组成种类齐全,必需氨基酸含量较高,氨基酸分数较高,表明低次烟叶蛋白是一类比较优质的蛋白质资源。     

Nutrition and production of Helianthus annuus in a function of application of leaf silicon

Silicon (Si) is important as it increases plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, studies on in foliar fertilization are still scarce. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of silicon on nutrition and production of Helianthus annuus. The study was carried with a completely randomized design, consisting of five doses of silicon (0; 0.84; 1.68; 2.52 and 3.36?mg L^?1) applied as silicate, with four replicates. Biometric evaluations and relative chlorophyll index (RCI) measurements were performed, being also observed the dry matter production and the silicon use efficiency by plants. The RCI is not affected by the foliar application of Si, while the height and leaf area increase by 8.3 and 25.4%, respectively. Foliar Si application up to the dose of 3.36?g L^?1 promotes linear increases in the dry matter production of shoots (32%), capitulum (19%) and the whole plant of sunflower (27%).     

叶温测量仪的研制及其在叶片参数测量中的应用

为探索植物自身水分状态,研究叶气温差与叶片厚度变化,自行研制了叶温测量仪,同时利用YI-201020植物叶片参数测量仪,对辣椒和花生不同生长阶段的叶片温度和叶片厚度进行监测,结合环境温度,并对各个生长阶段的叶气温差和叶片厚度作相关性分析,结果表明:传感器线性度为1%,回程误差0.02V,灵敏度为0.04V/℃,分辨力为0.3℃,仪器在测量范围0～90℃下最大示值误差为0.27℃,得到仪器的扩展不确定度为0.41℃;叶气温差和叶片厚度在各个时期都呈显著的正相关,其中成长期显著性最为明显。研究结果对植物物理学研究有参考价值。     

Compound specific plant amino acid δ15N values differ with functional plant strategies in temperate grassland

The distribution and natural abundance isotopic (δ¹⁵N) content of whole tissue and individual amino acids in plants in a temperate grassland were determined using ion chromatography (IC), continuous flow‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS), and gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS). The results showed that the selected plants (Lolium perenne, Juncus effusus, and Brachythecium rutabulum) differed in their amino acid content and distribution from the parent grassland soil. Bulk and individual amino acid δ¹⁵N isotope signatures were different between the plants, which concurred with their functional strategy in relation to the relative acquisition of available N sources. The individual amino acid δ¹⁵N values of histidine and phenylalanine could be used to differentiate between the three plant species.     

NPK could alleviate the adverse effects of simulated acid rain in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A study was conducted to determine the effect of macronutrients (NPK) in alleviating the adverse effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In addition to control (T₀), three different treatments, i.e., SAR (HNO₃) of pH 3 (T₁), NPK (T₂), and SAR + NPK (T₃), were applied on two sunflower cultivars, i.e., FH-37 and FH-385. The experiment was set up in CRD (completely randomized design) with four replicates of each treatment. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, ion contents (NPK), and gas exchange characters were determined. Acid rain remarkably reduced the chlorophyll pigments, NPK ionic content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, while an increase in internal CO₂ concentration and water use efficiency was noted in both the cultivars. The mixture of NPK with SAR exhibited positive impact to lessen the toxicity caused by acid. Among cultivars, FH-385 showed better performance as compared to FH-37.     

Utilization of seed and medium nitrogen in young plant seedlings

It is well known that plants can begin to absorb medium nitrogen just after germination (1, 3). However, it is also true that most plants can develop roots and shoots using their seed materials until they can grow autotrophically through fixing carbon dioxide and absorbing nutrients. Moreover, young rice seedlings removed of their endosperm are depressed in the growth of roots and shoots even though they are supplied with nitrogen and sulphur sources through the culture medium (4). In this report, the importance of seed nitrogen in terms of amino acids in the growing roots and shoots of rice, corn and soybean is discussed. The experimental procedures were as follows.     

Protein metabolism in rice seedling

The relationship between protein synthesis and degradation in germinating rice seed were studied with protein synthetic inhibitors. Both DNP and 8-AG inhibited the degradation of glutelin, the major storage protein in rice seed, while the inhibitors had no direct effect in the activity of rice seed proteinllse in vitro. The prevention can be partly ascribed to the Inhibition of proteinase synthesis because the inhibitors depressed the increase in proteinase activity during germination. When DNP treatment was started at the onset of germination, the degradation of glutelin in the endosperm was seriously inhibited and the endosperm remained rigid over 9 days of incubation at 30°C. In contrast, the inhibition was less efficient clent when the treatment was started in the later stage. It is suggested that the degradation of the storage protein in rice seed depends on the synthetic process of the hydrolytic enzymes which increase during germination. disintegrate the compartmentation of the endosperm and allow the storage proteins to come in contact with the existing proteinases     

Amino acid sequence of proteins induced in Fe-deficient stressed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grows well in soils with a moderately high pH and dissolves insoluble iron in the rhizosphere. We have investigated active uptake mechanisms under Fe-deficient nutrient conditions and the effects of Fe-deficiency on plants. Previously, we observed that Fe-deficient alfalfa roots exuded many compounds (Masaoka et al. 1993) such as fiavonoids. We also identified a new compound “alfafuran” which is a phenol compound and is different from organic acids or phytosiderophore-type amino acid derivatives exuded by Fe-deficient plant roots. This compound is also very effective in dissolving ferric phosphate (Noguchi et al. 1994), suggesting that alfalfa may have developed several strategies against Fe-deficient stress including the exudation of organic compounds like alfafuran which accelerate the Fe³⁺-reducing activity on the root cell membrane to dissolve insoluble iron compounds. Suzuki et al. (1995, 1997) observed that in barley several peptide spots obtained by electrophoresis were induced under Fe-deficient stress when mugineic acid-family phytosiderophores were secreted from the roots. They suggested that these peptides control the mugineic acid synthesis and secretion. We examined the peptides induced in Fe-deficient alfalfa roots.     

Altered amino acid profile of arbuscular mycorrhizal maize plants under low temperature stress

We investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on amino acid concentration and composition of maize plants under low‐temperature stress. The AM plants had higher amino acid concentrations than the non‐AM pants. The concentrations of Thr, Lys, Gly, Ala, His, and Ile of the AM plants were higher than non‐AM plants. The results show that low‐temperature stress decreased the concentrations of amino acids and altered their composition.     

正交全局-局部判别映射应用于植物叶片分类

提出了一种正交全局-局部判别映射的维数约简方法,并应用于植物叶片分类中。对于给定点的邻域点集,首先建立能够描述数据点之间关系的权重矩阵;然后,充分利用数据的类别信息和局部信息来构建类间散度矩阵和局部结构矩阵,使得映射后类内数据点之间的距离减小,而类间数据点之间的距离增大,这一性质有利于数据分类;最后,构造正交优化目标函数,通过Lagrange数乘法求解该目标函数。植物叶片图像分类的试验结果表明,该方法是有效、可行的。     

Environmental effects on the elemental leaf composition of crassulacean acid metabolism plants

Environmental effects on several CAM plants which bring them in CAM (when plants show diurnal fluctuations in the concn of titratable acid) and out of CAM (when acid concn remain low with no diurnal fluctuation) were studied. Change in photoperiod alone caused the greatest amplitude of the acid fluctuation from 2.6 to 2.7 meq acid/100 g FW in Sedum telephoides. Light intensity affected the K/Ca ratio from a high when in CAM to a low when out of CAM in the 2 species. The plasma emission spectrograph analysis of the leaf tissue grown in the specific environment showed the presence of high levels of Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Na, Al and Si in Sedum telephoides. The elemental analyses of CAM plants showed 1.8 to 9.4% K.     

高氨基酸和高茶氨酸茶树资源筛选

为筛选高氨基酸和高茶氨酸茶树资源及探究茶树中茶氨酸与氨基酸含量之间的关系,本研究利用茚三酮显色法结合酶标仪检测技术测定218份茶树资源春季一芽二叶蒸青样的氨基酸含量,利用高效液相色谱法测定了其茶氨酸含量。结果表明,218份资源的氨基酸含量介于1.50%~8.98%之间,其中高氨基酸茶树资源(氨基酸含量≥5%)55份;茶氨酸含量介于0%~4.03%之间,其中高茶氨酸茶树资源(茶氨酸含量≥3%)13份,不含茶氨酸的茶树资源4份;茶氨酸与氨基酸含量的比值介于0~0.78之间,且集中分布于0.2~0.5之间,二者的相关性系数达0.752,呈极显著正相关。本研究筛选获得了一批氨基酸特异的茶树资源,为高氨基酸和高茶氨酸茶树新品种选育及其形成的分子机理研究奠定了基础。     

植物叶面积无损测量方法及仪器开发

为了快速、无损、准确地测量植物叶面积,设计了一种利用多晶硅光电感应板与平板均匀发光光源照射系统构成的叶面积测量装置。通过试验,建立了植物叶片叶面积与光源光强、光源对叶片透射率、环境温度、光电感应板的光电感应电压值间的BP神经网络关系。结果表明：该仪器可测量不同形状、厚度、软硬程度、叶片大小的植物叶片面积,模型预测值与实际值决定系数R2为0.98,测量精度为94.8%,为叶片叶面积测量提供了一种新的测量方法和装置。     

基于加权局部线性嵌入的植物叶片图像识别方法

局部线性嵌入(LLE)是一种经典的流形学习算法,它通过保持近邻样本点之问的最小重构权值不变,将原始样本点投影到低维空间.但由于 LLE对噪声比较敏感,为了提高LLE的鲁棒性,提出了一种加权LLE (WLLE)算法.首先,利用热核函数计算每个样本点的重要性值;然后将每个样本点的重要性值加入到LLE算法的代价函数中,使得噪声点和样本外点得到了很好抑制.最后由真实的植物叶片图像数据库上的实验结果证实了WLLE算法的有效性和可行性.     

基于彩色通道相似性图像分割方法的植物叶面积计算

为了快速、准确地测量植物叶面积,该文提出了基于彩色通道相似性图像分割的植物叶面积测量方法。该文基于彩色图像,利用像素彩色通道的相似性和自适应方法得到的阈值分割叶片区域,并分别统计叶片和参考矩形的像素数,进而计算植物叶面积。试验表明,该方法得到的植物叶片区域更准确,并且对叶片阴影、花斑等具有很强的鲁棒性,错分率为仅为1.23%,具有较高的精度。该方法是一种实用的通过拍照计算植物叶面积的方法,可嵌入到手机等移动设备中。     

生长调节剂对玉米氮代谢的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了植物生长调节剂不同配方对玉米光合特性、氮素代谢以及玉米子粒产量与蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,调节剂不同配方处理能明显提高子粒灌浆期玉米功能叶叶绿素的含量和净光合速率,功能叶与茎秆中的全氮和蛋白氮的减少量,功能叶的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性及子粒谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性;灌浆中、后期玉米功能叶蛋白水解酶活性和玉米子粒产量、子粒蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量。在生长调节剂中,PGR4处理玉米子粒的蛋白氮含量比对照提高1.35.g/kg,子粒产量比对照增加9.5%,子粒蛋白质产量比对照增加19.6%;PGR3处理玉米子粒的蛋白氮含量比对照提高0.78.g/kg,子粒产量比对照增加11.4%,子粒蛋白质产量比对照增加17.4%,是较合理的配方。     

亚东黑耳的氨基酸特征分析及蛋白质品质评价

亚东黑耳(Exidia sp.)是一种尚未实现人工栽培的珍稀食用菌,为发掘和利用其营养价值,在现行国际氨基酸模式谱的基础上,以氨基酸评分(AAS)、美国国家科学院医学研究所(IOM)模式评分、化学评分(CS)、氨基酸比值系数(RC)、氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)等多个参数为指标,系统地分析了亚东黑耳的氨基酸特征和蛋白质品质。结果表明,亚东黑耳中含有18种常见氨基酸,包括全部8种必需氨基酸;其粗蛋白含量与粮食作物接近,蛋白质中必需氨基酸含量充足(473.4 mg·g^-1 pro),其中亮氨酸含量较高(67.73 mg·g^-1 pro)。参数评估表明,亚东黑耳蛋白质中的必需氨基酸比例相对合理(RC值0.74～1.66,EAAI值129.11),基本符合国际推行的氨基酸平衡模式谱(AAS值均高于98.75%,IOM模式评分均高于100%),是相对优质的蛋白质,但其平衡性和含量均逊色于鸡蛋蛋白(CS值70.93%～128.30%)。本研究结果为进一步开发野生菌资源提供了科学基础。     

施用苹果酸对烤烟氮代谢的影响

选择饼肥发酵产物和烟草中含量较高的苹果酸,研究其对烤烟氮代谢的影响。盆栽试验设置4种浓度的苹果酸溶液处理(g/L):0、1、2、3,分别在移栽后20和40.d灌根。移栽50.d后,各处理取3株进行生理特性和化学成分测定。结果表明,适量的苹果酸促进了土壤氮素的释放,增加烟株氮积累量,一定范围内随着苹果酸用量的增加,根系活力提高,根部氮代谢加强,表现为硝酸还原酶活性增强,硝态氮含量降低,铵态氮含量升高;而氮素在叶部还原量减少,表现为硝态氮含量的减少和硝酸还原酶活性的降低。说明施用苹果酸改变了氮在根部和叶部代谢的状况,使氮在根部还原和同化的比例增加,在叶中还原的比例减小,总体上促进了烤烟氮代谢。     

氨基酸菌肥施用量对茶树生长及土壤肥力的影响

为探究不同氨基酸菌肥施用量对茶树生长和土壤肥力含量的影响,以鸿雁12号茶树为研究对象,采用田间微区试验的方法,设置了不施用氨基酸菌肥作对照组(CK)和氨基酸菌肥施用量分别为75 kg·hm^-2(T1)、150 kg·hm^-2(T2)、225 kg·hm^-2(T3)和300 kg·hm^-2(T4)的处理,研究不同氨基酸菌肥施用量对茶树生长、茶叶品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：氨基酸菌肥施用后能显著增加茶叶芽头密度及茶叶产量,提高茶叶中氨基酸含量和土壤中碱解氮含量。试验6个月后与CK相比,T4组的芽头密度显著增加了63.4%,茶叶产量显著增加了71.5%;T1～T4处理茶叶中氨基酸含量分别增加了9.73%、6.41%、7.57%和13.2%,土壤中碱解氮含量分别增加了25.0%、36.0%、46.0%和37.6%。综上,氨基酸菌肥的施用能提高茶叶产量及品质,改善茶园土壤环境质量,为茶园生产的合理施肥及优质高效生产提供数据参考。