Preliminary evaluation of eggshells as a source of phosphate on hydroponically grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings

Abstract

Phosphorus (Pi) is one of the most limiting factors in plant nutrition as it is the least mobile and available nutrient to plants in most soil conditions. The management of Pi fertilization in agriculture raises ecological, economic, and social issues, since phosphate rock minerals are the only significant global resources of Pi and they will be rapidly depleted. Eggshell waste is a big problem for food companies producing different types of egg products, since the eggshell waste is very often simply discarded and disposed at landfills, with high costs related to their disposal. The aim of this work was the characterization of eggshells as a Pi source for plants, using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L cv Marmande) as a model species. Plants were grown hydroponically being exposed to adequate and limited Pi availability, with or without eggshell powder. Plant growth performance was characterized by analyzing changes in fresh weight, protein, chlorophyll concentration, carotenoid content, and measuring the plant’s capability to accumulate phosphate. The addition of eggshell powder to the nutrient solution significantly improved plant growth and increased protein and chlorophyll concentration, not only with respect to P-deficient control, but also with P-sufficient ones. Furthermore, eggshell powder significantly increased Pi accumulation in P-deficient plants, suggesting that eggshell waste could be a suitable material as Pi source for tomato plants, thus contributing to the environmentally friendly disposal of this waste.     

Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield,taste, and nutritional quality of tomatoes

In a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were grown in sand culture to test whether different fertilization regimes (mineral or organic fertilizers) at low (500 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) and high (750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) nitrogen levels affected yield, nutritional quality, and taste of the fruits. In the mineral‐fertilizer treatments, nitrate‐ or ammonium‐dominated nutrient solutions were used. Organic fertilizer was supplied as fresh cut grass‐clover mulch (a total of 2.4 kg and 3.6 kg were given per plant at low and high N level, respectively) without (orgN) and with additional sulfur fertilization (orgN+S). Yields of red tomatoes from the organically fertilized plants were significantly lower (1.3–1.8 kg plant^–1) than yields from plants that received mineral fertilizer (2.2–2.8 kg plant^–1). At the final harvest, yields of green tomatoes in the organic treatment with extra sulfur were similar (1.1–1.2 kg plant^–1) to the NO ‐dominated treatments at both nutrient levels and the NH ‐dominated treatment at high nutrient level. Organic fertilizers released nutrients more slowly than mineral fertilizers, resulting in decreased S and P concentrations in the leaves, which limited growth and yield in the orgN treatments. Analysis of tomato fruits and plants as well as taste‐test results gave no conclusive answer on the relationship between sugar or acid contents in the fruits, macronutrient content of plant leaves and fruits, and perceived taste. Sugar contents were higher in the fruits given mineral fertilizer, whereas acid contents were higher in the fruits given organic fertilizer. Preference in taste was given to the tomatoes from plants fertilized with the nitrate‐dominated nutrient solution and to those given organic fertilizer with extra sulfur. Thus, a reduction in growth, which was expected to lead to a higher concentration of compounds like sugars and acids, did not result in better taste. Overall, it can be concluded that an appropriate nutrient supply is crucial to reach high yields and good taste.     

尿素肥斑中氮素形态转化初探

采用特制模拟容器,通过尿素扩散形成营养斑,观察斑内NH₄⁺、NO₂^-和NO₃^-浓度变化及它们之间的相互转化。结果表明,NH₄⁺、NO₂^-和NO₃^-浓度在距离肥斑7～8cm处的微域达到最大,尤以NO₂^-浓度增加较为显著,是一般土壤NO₂^-水平的数千倍。随培养时间增加,NO₂^-和NO₃^-最大浓度峰向施肥点移动,但两者浓度变化趋势不同,NO₂^-浓度在21d前随培养时间增加而增加,之后随培养时间增加而下降,而NO₃^-浓度随培养时间增加一直增加。结果还表明,NO₂^-是尿素营养斑内主要离子形态,从NH₄⁺到NO₂^-的转化比较迅速,而NO₂^-转化为NO₃^-不是短暂的过程,这可能与施肥引起的土壤pH值变化有很大关系。     

Effect of Mixture of Nitrogen from Poultry Manure and Urea on Mineral Profile of Tomato Grown in KPK-Pakistan

Nitrogen has a role in plant mineral nutrition, and so a better way of supplying nitrogenous fertilizers is demanded to promote plant nutrition and clean environment. The present study was, therefore, designed to maintain plant mineral requirements and control environmental pollution. Tomato cultivars, that is, Falcon and Rio Grande, were supplied with a mixture of poultry manure (PM) and urea in various proportions in 2009 and 2010. All tested factors (N source, cultivar, and year) alone and in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the mineral profile of tomato fruit. Treatment 75:25 resulted in highest uptake of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in cultivar Rio Grande during 2010. Similarly, highest concentration of boron (B) was recorded in Rio Grande fed with 50:50 of PM and urea, respectively. It was concluded that a combination of PM and urea in ratios of 75:25 and 50:50 performed well in achieving the optimal mineral contents in the tomato fruits.     

醋酸酯淀粉及与抑制剂结合包膜尿素在棕壤中尿素溶出特征

在室内恒温培养条件下,以普通大颗粒尿素为对照,研究4种醋酸酯淀粉(SA)包膜及与生化抑制剂结合尿素肥料在草甸棕壤中尿素态氮溶出特征,以确定不同种SA包膜尿素在土壤中缓/控释效果及释放特征。研究表明,4种SA包膜尿素在土壤中尿素累积溶出量在28 d后达到最大值,接近100%,SA+UTRA、SA+DCD+UTRA、SA+NBPT+UTRA和SA+DCD+NBPT+UREA分别在12、16、12和16 d养分累积溶出量超过80%,是水中释放期的2倍左右,SA+UREA时段平均溶出率最高峰值出现在0～4 d,达到9.11%d-1,另3种包膜肥料均出现在5～8 d,为8.57%d-1～9.97%d-1。SA与DCD或NBPT结合包膜尿素对控制尿素释放作用效果十分显著,SA与DCD及NBPT结合型包膜尿素肥料对抑制尿素释放作用最强。     

长期大量施肥增加设施菜田土壤可溶性有机氮淋溶风险

可溶性有机氮比较活跃,在氮素转化和生态环境安全方面都有重要作用。该文研究了长期不同施肥处理（不施肥、施有机肥、传统施氮、优化施氮和秸秆还田）对设施菜田土壤矿质氮和可溶性有机氮含量及其在剖面累积的影响。结果表明,设施菜田土壤0～180 cm可溶性有机氮含量范围为29.1～88.9 mg/kg,占可溶性总氮的27%～50%;与不施肥处理相比,有机肥和氮肥的施用显著增加土壤可溶性有机氮的含量,并且随着化肥氮投入的增加可溶性有机氮含量也相应增加;其中,有机肥处理比不施肥处理可溶性有机氮在0～180 cm土层累积增加了1132 kg/hm2,传统施氮比单施有机肥处理累计增加了1505 kg/hm2,秸秆的施用显著降低土壤无机氮累积量,但是对可溶性有机氮没有影响。综上所述,可溶性有机氮是设施菜田氮素重要的损失形态,其对环境的影响值得关注。     

Root phosphatase activity of sorghum genotypes grown with organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus 1

Abstract

Relatively insoluble sources of phosphorus (P) may require solubilization, and organic P (P_o) may require hydrolysis to inorganic P (P_i) before P can be readily absorbed by plants roots. The mechanisms for these processes, however, are unknown. Root phosphatase (Pase) activity was measured to assess its relationships to P uptake by seven sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes grown with P_o (ethylammonium phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phenylphosphate) and P_i (KH₂PO₄, calcium tribasic phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate) in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse.

Plants grown with P_o had lower root Pase activities than plants grown with P_i NB9040 and SC369–3–1JB (tolerant to low levels of P) had lower root Pase activities than CK60‐Korgi and SC33–9–8‐E4 (sensitive to low levels of P), with the other genotypes having intermediate root Pase activities. Higher root Pase activity was associated with lower root P concentrations, but Pase activity was not related to dry matter yield of roots. In experiments where genotypes were grown three weeks with KH₂PO₄ before being transferred to other sources of P, within four days root Pase activity patterns were similar to those for plants grown initially in the particular P_o or P_i compound. Root Pase activity of sorghum plants appeared to be an indicator of P status or P deficiency stress in the plants, and not associated with making P_o or P_i compounds more available for plant use.     

有机无机肥配施对滨海盐渍农田土壤盐分及作物氮素利用的影响

土壤盐渍化造成氮素的损失,限制了作物对氮素的有效利用。为研究滨海盐渍化农田等氮量投入条件下,有机无机肥配施对农田土壤盐分和作物氮素养分吸收利用及氮平衡的影响,以江苏东台滩涂围垦农田为研究平台,选取玉米品种‘长江玉8号’为供试作物,设6个处理：不施肥（CK）、全有机肥（OM1）、1/4化肥+3/4有机肥（OM3/4）、1/2化肥+1/2有机肥（OM1/2）、3/4化肥+1/4有机肥（OM1/4）、全化肥（OM0）。在玉米播种前、生长期和收获后采集土样,同时在收获后采集植株样品,分析土壤盐分、pH、水分、无机氮含量和玉米植株不同部位的氮含量和累积量,计算氮肥利用效率和氮平衡。结果表明：1）有机肥代替部分化肥的施入,降低了滨海盐渍化农田土壤的电导率,且呈现出随有机肥施用量增加电导率逐渐降低的趋势,但其对土壤pH影响不显著。2）有机肥的施入提高了土壤有机质含量,改善了土壤结构,降低了土壤容重,同时提高了土壤含水率,增强了土壤的持水性能。3）就不同处理玉米产量和吸氮量来看,OM1/4处理玉米产量、籽粒含氮量和全植株吸氮量最高。同时,氮收获指数、氮肥当季回收率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力等指标也较高。4）就氮素平衡状况来看,氮素输入量远大于作物吸收量和土壤残留量,有很大一部分无机氮损失掉。其中,OM1/4处理氮素表观损失量较小。综合有机无机肥配施对降低土壤盐分和作物养分吸收利用两者来看,在225 kg·hm^-2氮用量条件下,OM1/4处理效果最好,既能在一定程度上降低土壤含盐量,又能维持较高的作物产量和氮素利用效率。同时对于改善土壤结构,提高土壤的保水性和土壤有机质含量都具有重要意义。     

Subsoil retention of organic and inorganic nitrogen in a Brazilian savanna Oxisol

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) loss by leaching poses great challenges for N availability to crops as well as nitrate pollution of groundwater. Few studies address this issue with respect to the role of the subsoil in the deep and highly weathered savanna soils of the tropics, which exhibit different adsorption and drainage patterns to soils in temperate environments. In an Anionic Acrustox of the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado, dynamics and budgets of applied N were studied in organic and inorganic soil pools of two maize (Zea mays L.) – soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotations using ¹⁵N tracing. Labelled ammonium sulphate was applied at 10 kg N ha^?1 (with 10 atom%¹⁵N excess) to both maize and soybean at the beginning of the cropping season. Amounts and isotopic composition of N were determined in above‐ground biomass, soil, adsorbed mineral N, and in soil solution at 0.15, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2 and 2 m depths using suction lysimeters throughout one cropping season. The applied ammonium was rapidly nitrified or immobilized in soil organic matter, and recovery of applied ammonium in soil 2 weeks after application was negligible. Large amounts of nitrate were adsorbed in the subsoil (150–300 kg NO₃^?‐N ha^?1 per 2 m) matching total N uptake by the crops (130–400 kg N ha^?1). Throughout one cropping season, more applied N (49–77%; determined by ¹⁵N tracers) was immobilized in soil organic matter than was present as adsorbed nitrate (2–3%). Most of the applied N (71–96% of ¹⁵N recovery) was found in the subsoil at 0.15–2 m depth. This coincided with an increase with depth of dissolved organic N as a proportion of total dissolved N (39–63%). Hydrophilic organic N was the dominant fraction of dissolved organic N and was, together with nitrate, the most important carrier for applied N. Most of this N (>80%) was leached from the topsoil (0–0.15 m) during the first 30 days after application. Subsoil N retention as both adsorbed inorganic N, and especially soil organic N, was found to be of great importance in determining N losses, soil N depletion and the potential of nitrate contamination of groundwater.     

The effect of form and level of inorganic N on nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane grown in pots

To-date, assessments of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of sugarcane have not included the contribution of its components, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). This study determined these values, based on biomass and plant nitrogen (N) content, in two four-month-old pot-grown genotypes. The treatments included six N regimes, with nitrate (NO₃^—N) or ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) supplied alone, or as NO₃^?-N for the first 6 weeks and then NH₄⁺-N until harvest, each as 4 or 20 mM. Regardless of the N form, NUE was higher at four than at 20 mM due to significantly higher NUpE at low N supply. The results indicated that there was luxury N uptake and preference for NH₄⁺-N nutrition, which resulted in the highest determined NUE. There were significant differences between genotypes in biomass, morphological growth parameters, N uptake, total plant N and NUE, the latter matching previously established sucrose yield-based NUE field rankings.     

A scheme for sampling inorganic nitrogen in forest soils

Abstract

An efficient sampling scheme for evaluating seasonal changes of inorganic nitrogen in a forest soil was designed. It was based on variances of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen estimated from core samples from each of three horizons (A1, A2, B1) taken from 8 randomly selected sites in a three‐hectare study area. The scheme adopted was: At each sampling time a single composite sample for each horizon was made using 15 cores from randomly‐selected locations; duplicate subsamples from each composite were analyzed for ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen.     

Phosphate buffer–extractable organic nitrogen as an index of soil‐N availability for sorghum and pearl millet

The availability of soil nitrogen (N) is usually quantified by the amount of mineralized N as determined after several weeks of soil incubation. Various alternative methods using chemical solvents have been developed to extract the available organic N, which is easily mineralized. We compared one such solution, neutral phosphate buffer (NPB), with conventional incubation and 0.01 M–CaCl₂ extraction, as measures of soil N available to two major cereal crops of the semiarid tropics, based on the total N uptake by plants in a pot experiment. Mineralized N had the highest correlation with N uptake by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L., r = 0.979***) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench, r = 0.978***). NPB‐extractable N was also highly correlated with N uptake (pearl millet, r = 0.876***; sorghum, r = 0.872***). Only one major peak was detected when NPB extracts were analyzed using size‐exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography, regardless of soil properties. In addition, the organic N extracted with NPB was characterized by determining the content of peptidoglycan, the main component of bacterial cell walls. Although the characteristics of NPB‐extractable organic N are still unclear, it offers a promising quick assay of available N.     

有机肥与化肥不同比例配施下水稻土铵态氮释放特征

采用淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法,研究了有机肥(猪粪和牛粪)与化肥(尿素)氮以不同比例配施后对水稻土铵态氮释放特征的影响。结果表明:与单施100%尿素处理相比,培养到28 d,配施有机肥处理(除80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮、70%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理)显著降低土壤铵态氮的累积释放量,且随有机肥配施比例的增加降幅增大,降低幅度为5.78%~41.20%(P0.05);培养28~90 d,配施有机肥处理(50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理除外)的土壤铵态氮释放量显著提高;至培养90 d,50%尿素氮配施50%猪粪氮和80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量显著高于单施100%尿素处理,提高幅度分别为4.81%和9.32%(P0.05)。培养结束时,氮素减施20%(单施80%尿素氮、50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮)处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量与单施100%尿素处理无显著差异。本研究表明,50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮既可以降低土壤铵态氮前期释放速率,又可以增加水稻土持续稳定的供氮能力,对减少氮肥损失维持作物生产具有重要意义。     

Glucose metabolism in detached leaves of tomato plants grown with ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources

The metabolism of exogenous glucose-¹⁴C in the light and the dark was studied in the detached leaves of tomato plants grown with ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. In the light, ¹⁴CO₂, release and incorporation of glucose into insoluble materials were hardly affected at all by the nitrogen sources. Among the soluble labelled amino acids, serine had the greatest amount of label in the ammonium-plants while aspartate had the greatest amount in the nitrate-plants. This aspartate was synthesized from C₃-compounds by carboxylation. During dark-light transition, the change in the composition of soluble amino acids was more rapid in the ammonium-plants than in the nitrate-plants. In the dark, ¹⁴CO₂-release, which was ten times as much as in the light, was larger in the ammonium-plants than in the nitrate-plants; but the synthesis of high molecular compounds from glucose in the ammonium-plants was about half that in the nitrate-plants. So, it is considered that respiration operates sufficiently in the ammonium-plants. The effects of DCMU and a 100% O₂ atmosphere on glucose metabolism in both groups of plants were studied and the respiration of leaves in the light was discussed.     

Evaluation of the mineralizable organic nitrogen in soil using an immunological technique

Phosphate buffer-extractable organic nitrogen (PEON), which can be extracted from soil with a 67-mM neutral phosphate buffer solution, is considered to be a major source of mineralizable nitrogen (N) that is ubiquitous in soil. We have developed a Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method for determining PEON. First, anti-PEON antibody (IgG) from a rabbit was produced using purified PEON from a volcanic ash soil. PEON was detected as a ladder-like staining pattern in the high-molecular-weight region and as a single band under 14 kDa in Western blot analysis using the anti-PEON IgG. In the ELISA assay, the anti-PEON IgG could specifically react with PEON irrespective of soil type and management. Furthermore, the absorbance at 450 nm in ELISA was highly correlated to the concentration of organic N (N_org) in phosphate extracts of different soils. We propose the immune assay using the anti-PEON IgG as a possible novel method for evaluating available N in soil.     

半定量RT-PCR研究氮素形态对樱桃番茄果实中有机酸代谢相关酶基因表达的影响

研究了全硝（100%NO-3）、铵硝配施（75%NO-3: 25%NH+4）及全铵（100%NH+4）营养对樱桃番茄果实有机酸含量的影响,测定了与有机酸合成相关的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）、柠檬酸合成酶（CS）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性变化,并利用RT-PCR检测了相应的基因在转录水平上的表达差异。结果表明, 1）全硝和铵硝配施处理下果实柠檬酸含量在整个生育期均显著高于全铵处理,而铵硝配施处理下果实中柠檬酸和苹果酸含量在成熟期均显著低于全硝处理。2）不同形态氮素及配施处理下,果实中柠檬酸含量与CS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰型,但到达峰值的时间不同。全铵处理下果实苹果酸含量与PEPC活性呈显著正相关,全硝、铵硝配施处理下果实苹果酸和柠檬酸含量都与MDH活性呈显著正相关。3）在膨大期和成熟期,全硝处理和铵硝配施处理下PEPC基因（PPC1、PPC2）表达显著高于全铵处理; 线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶（mMDH）的表达对果实苹果酸脱氢酶活性和苹果酸积累起主要作用,表明适当比例的铵硝配施可能通过影响果实中PEPC和MDH的活性和基因表达从而显著降低成熟果实有机酸的含量。     

Changes in amount of organic and inorganic fractions of nitrogen in an Eutrochrept soil after long‐term cropping with different fertilizer and organic manure inputs

The influence of 30 years of cropping with different fertilizer and farmyard manure (FYM) inputs on the contents and depth distribution of organic C, total N (N_t), soil mineralizable N, and organic and inorganic N fractions was investigated in an Eutrochrept. Continuous application of 100 %NPK(+S), 150 %NPK(+S), and 100 %NPK(+S)+FYM led to a marked increase in organic C, total N, hydrolyzable N (viz., amino acid N, hydrolyzable NH₄‐N, hexose amine N, and unidentified hydrolyzable N), and nonhydrolyzable N as compared to an adjacent fallow. The contents of the various organic N fractions were largest in surface soil and thereafter decreased with the depth. However, at 30 – 45 cm depth the content of organic C was not affected by the different treatments except 100 %NPK(+S)+FYM. On the other hand, continuous cropping without fertilization resulted in a depletion of total hydrolyzable N in control over fallow by 27.2 % (0–15 cm), 19.6 % (15–30 cm), and 4.7 % (30–45 cm). The incorporation of FYM with 100 %NPK(+S) resulted in greater contents of soil mineralizable N as compared to 100 %NPK(+S) (0–15, 15–30 cm). The proportion of hydrolyzable N (57–76 % of N_t) decreased and that of nonhydrolyzable N (22–40 % of N_t) increased with depth. The proportion of amino acid N (19–26 % of N_t), hexose amine N (2.1–3.5 % of N_t) and unidentified hydrolyzable N (17–27 % of N_t) decreased with depth. All organic soil N fractions including even nonhydrolyzable N in surface and subsurface soils were highly significantly correlated with soil mineralizable N derived from incubations under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. The best correlation to mineralizable N was found for amino acid N and the least significant correlation for nonhydrolyzable N.     

设施土壤有机氮组分及番茄产量对水氮调控的响应

【目的】酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮是土壤有机氮的主要组分,可表征土壤的供氮能力,并在氮素矿化、固定、迁移以及为植物生长供氮过程中起到至关重要的作用。研究水、氮调控下设施土壤有机氮组分和番茄产量的相互关系,为评价设施土壤肥力变化和制定科学合理的水、氮管理措施提供科学依据。【方法】田间定位试验在沈阳农业大学的温室内进行了5年,供试作物为番茄,栽培垄上覆盖薄膜,打孔移栽番茄幼苗,膜下滴灌。定位试验三个氮肥处理为施N75、300、525kg/hm^2,记为N1、N2和N3;三个灌水量为25、35和45kPa灌水下限(灌水始点土壤水吸力),记为W1、W2和W3,共9个肥水处理组合。在试验第五年番茄生长期(2016年4—8月)调查了番茄产量及其构成,在休闲期(2016年9月)测定0—10、10—20和20—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、有机碳和全氮含量。【结果】9个处理中,土壤全氮、有机碳和除酸解氨基糖氮外的有机氮组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,且0—10、10—20和20—30cm土层间含量差异显著(P<0.05)。三个土层中酸解总氮占土壤全氮的66.0%、64.6%和55.2%,是土壤有机氮的主要存在形态。土壤酸解总氮中各组分含量及其所占比例的大小顺序为酸解氨基酸氮、酸解铵态氮>酸解未知态氮>酸解氨基糖氮。灌水下限和施氮量对番茄产量及单果重的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01),水氮交互效应也达显著水平(P<0.05)。休闲期土壤酸解铵态氮与番茄产量间显著负相关(P<0.05)。番茄产量W1N2(25kPa+N300kg/hm^2)、W2N1(35kPa+N75kg/hm^2)和W1N1(25kPa+75kg/hm^2)处理间差异不显著。【结论】灌水和施氮量及其交互效应对各土层土壤全氮、酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),而对土壤有机碳的影响不显著(P>0.05)。相同施氮量下,0—30cm土层酸解铵态氮和0—20cm土层酸解氨基酸氮含量均在土壤水吸力维持在35~6kPa范围内达最高值,此土壤水分含量下的0—20cm土层酸解氨基酸氮含量在施N75kg/hm^2时达到最大值。从节水减氮和番茄产量的角度考虑,控制土壤水吸力不低于35kPa、每季随水施N75kg/hm^2为供试番茄生产条件下最佳的水、氮组合量。