The conservation effects of meadow bird agreements on farmland in Zeeland, The Netherlands, in the period 1989-1995

Meadow bird agreements are the most important Dutch agri-environment schemes, both in terms of uptake and of aim. Meadow bird agreements postpone the first agricultural activities on grassland thus reducing egg and chick mortality due to mowing or grazing. We investigated the conservation effects of meadow bird agreements by analysing settlement densities of meadow birds on 34 fields in 1989, 1992 and 1995 in the province of Zeeland, The Netherlands. We compared territory numbers on fields with meadow bird agreements with paired nearby control fields that were conventionally managed. In 1995, the number of territories of black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and the total number of meadow birds were significantly higher on fields with conservation management. These differences were partly caused by the higher quality (i.e. higher groundwater level) of fields with meadow bird agreements. Population trends were similar on fields with and without meadow bird agreements and the observed difference in settlement density in 1995 was already present in 1989. Furthermore the effectiveness of the scheme did not increase with time. Thus we found no conclusive evidence that the conservation measures themselves did result in higher territory numbers. Currently, we do not have sufficient ecological and behavioural knowledge of meadow birds to explain why the higher reproductive success does not result in higher settlement densities.     

Soil carbon, nitrogen, pH, and earthworm density as influenced by cropping practices in the Inland Pacific Northwest

Farmers within the Inland Pacific Northwest are gradually transitioning to direct seed (DS) practices that reduce soil disturbance and increase surface residue compared to conventional tillage (CT). Despite this transition the impacts of DS practices on soil properties and fauna in commercial fields has been little studied in the region. During the spring and summer of 2002 and 2003 we compared soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH, and earthworm and cocoon densities in CT and DS fields planted to either spring wheat or pea in the Palouse region of northern Idaho. In 2002 mean SOC within the 0–10-cm depth was greater in DS fields (2.05%) than at the same depth in CT fields (1.79%), however SOC within the 30–40-cm depth was lower under DS compared to CT. Mean soil pH within the 0–10-cm depth was 5.35 under DS and 5.61 under CT indicating that pH stratification can occur when tillage is reduced. Tillage effects on SOC, TN, and pH were not found in 2003. Tillage also did not significantly influence earthworm densities, which averaged 39 individuals m⁻² in 2002 and 57 individuals m⁻² in 2003. Correlations were detected in 2003 DS fields between soil properties (SOC and TN) and earthworm and cocoon densities at depths above 30 cm while in 2002 correlations in DS fields occurred with cocoon density, but not with earthworm density. Direct seed management can increase near-surface SOC and TN concentrations compared to CT practices, however, SOC concentrations deeper in the soil appear to remain the same or possibly decrease. Higher SOC and TN near the soil surface, as found in DS fields, appear to promote greater earthworm densities, which may improve long-term soil productivity.     

Impacts of long-term application of buctril super (bromoxynil) herbicide on microbial population,enzymes activity,nitrate nitrogen,Olsen-P and total organic carbon in soil

Long-term impact of buctril super (bromoxynil) herbicide in the wheat fields on soil microbial population, nitrate-N, Olsen-P, total organic carbon (TOC) and enzyme activities was evaluated in 18 sites in Pakistan. Nine sites were randomly selected from those places where bromoxynil herbicide had been used for the last 10 years designated as soil ‘X’ and other nine where no herbicide was used in that period designated as soil ‘Y’. Very importantly, it was found that long-term application of this herbicide in wheat fields reduced the actinomycetes and fungi population up to 19.7 and 14.3%, respectively, urease and dehydrogenase activity by 17.5 and 28.2%, respectively, and reduced nitrate-N, Olsen-P and TOC up to 55, 17 and 28.57%, respectively. Presence of high clay and organic matter contents enhanced the detrimental effect of herbicide by prolonging its persistence as compared to light-textured soils with low organic matter. As in Pakistan this herbicide is being used most frequently in wheat fields, data are scarce on the long-term effect of this herbicide on soil microbial activities and soil health. These findings could give new insights about the use of alternate herbicide in wheat fields, particularly in clay-textured and high organic matter contained soils for maintaining soil health.     

不同肥力水平下立架栽培甜瓜干物质累积和氮、磷、钾养分吸收特性

为明确不同土壤肥力水平下立架栽培甜瓜干物质积累与养分吸收及分配特点,并为制定立架栽培甜瓜不同生育期科学施肥方案提供理论依据.本研究以立架栽培甜瓜为材料,通过不同土壤肥力水平的大田试验,结合室内常规分析方法测定不同生育期甜瓜植株干物质积累量和氮、磷、钾含量.结果表明,伸蔓期不同肥力水平下立架甜瓜干物质积累量差异不显著,而坐果期和成熟期则差异达显著水平,表现为高肥力＞中肥力＞低肥力;整个生育期高、中肥力试验区立架甜瓜全株氮素吸收量显著高于低肥力试验区,坐果期不同肥力水平下立架甜瓜全株磷素吸收量存在显著差异,即高肥力＞中肥力＞低肥力,坐果期和成熟期高、中肥力试验区立架甜瓜全株钾素吸收量显著高于低肥力试验区,而养分生理利用效率不同肥力水平下差异不显著;不同时期甜瓜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量不同,伸蔓期和坐果期甜瓜对氮、磷、钾吸收积累量较少,分别占全生育期吸收积累量的15.3％～18.9％、14.5％～17.3％、11.0％～ 13.9％和25.7％～33.4％、23.4％～27.5％、17.6％～ 25.1％,成熟期甜瓜对氮磷钾吸收积累量剧增,分别达102.8～145.4 kg/hm2、37.9 ～43.0 kg/hm2和347.9 ～449.8 kg/hm2.总体而言,立架栽培甜瓜对钾的吸收量多,氮次之,磷最少,全生育期内对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例为1∶0.30∶2.53.     

Assessment of soil texture class on agricultural fields using ECa,Amber NDVI,and topographic properties

Soil texture (ST) is relatively stable over time, although it may change due to erosion, clay eluviation, and other processes. Soil texture affects soil quality, productivity and management. Therefore, indirect, accurate methods for assessing of soil texture classes (STCs) are needed in agricultural practice. A study was performed on four production fields in northern and central Poland to compare the fitting performance of STC models based on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), topographic properties (elevation, slope gradient and wetness index) and Amber NDVI measurements. One common and accurate indicator of STCs was not found for all study fields. On average, ECa was most accurate in indicating areas of different STCs within the fields, but it tended to overestimate the size of sandy areas on loamy fields and vice versa. The accuracy of STC assessment using ECa measurements may be biased due to imperfect soil drainage, high elevations, which increase evaporation and STC variation with depth. STC assessment using Amber NDVI measurements may be useful, particularly on flat and sandy fields, but the results are affected by the same factors as ECa, and additionally by crop growth stages and by the weather conditions in the period preceding the measurements. Despite the good quantitative results of the STC assessment by elevation (one field) and by the topographic wetness index (another field), both terrain attributes failed to accurately indicate the distribution of some STC areas within each field. Therefore, in landscapes developed from deposits of the last glaciation relevant ST differences might not sufficiently be detected by the analysis of terrain attributes alone. The selection of STC predictors and evaluation of the assessment quality must consider both the quantitative indicators such as correlation and determination coefficients describing relationships between ST and ECa, NDVI and topography and percentage of a field area with accurately indicated STC and the distribution of areas with different STCs within a field. The use of ECa, NDVI values, and topographic properties for STC assessment may be useful in reducing costs of soil sampling and analysis, but cannot replace it.     

菜地旱地交错分布区土壤有机碳和有效态微量元素的空间变异性—以山东寿光古城镇为例

基于GIS和地统计学方法,以山东寿光古城镇为例,分析了两种利用方式下（大棚蔬菜和小麦玉米轮作）表层（020 cm）土壤有机碳的空间变异特征及其影响因素,并分析了土壤有机碳含量与有效态微量元素含量之间的相关性。结果表明,研究区内大棚菜地有机碳平均含量高于小麦玉米轮作农田,两者变异程度均为中等,受施肥、温度、灌溉、翻耕等人为因素的影响显著。菜地耕层土壤有机碳的变程（749 m）小于农田（1460 m）,说明菜地有机碳空间变异程度高,这与菜地中施肥管理措施变异度更大有关。轮作区土壤有机碳空间分布模拟结果表明,研究区中部土壤有机碳含量较高,中东部和西部较低。大棚菜地土壤有机碳空间模拟结果表明,土壤有机碳较高值分布于研究区的东北、西北和东南区域,较低值分布在中西部北边位置。小麦玉米轮作农田中有机碳存储量与有效Fe、Cu、B含量呈极显著正相关,与有效Mn呈极显著负相关;菜地土壤有机碳与微量元素有效态之间的相关性不明显。     

Removal of rock fragments and its effect on soil loss and crop yield, Tigray, Ethiopia

Abstract. When the farmers of the Highlands of Tigray (northern Ethiopia) consider rock fragment cover in their fields to be excessive, they remove some of them. In addition, large amounts of rock fragments of all sizes are removed from fields for building stone bunds. Semi-structured interviews indicate that the farmers are often reluctant to take away the smaller rock fragments (i.e. < 5 cm across) from their fields, since they believe these benefit soil moisture conservation and protect topsoil from erosion. A field experiment was carried out on a Vertic Cambisol (average slope: 0.125 m m^–1), 2 km east of Hagere Selam (subhumid climate). Rock fragments were totally, partially or not removed from the 12 runoff plots (5 m × 6 m) before the beginning of the 1999 cropping season, during which a local mixture of wheat varieties ( Triticum spp.) was sown. After harvest, erosion rates were assessed by measuring deposited sediment volume in trenches at the lower side of each subplot, and grain and straw yields were assessed. We found a significant negative relationship between rock fragment cover and soil loss by water erosion. However, the resulting positive relationship between rock fragment cover and grain and straw yield was weak. This might be explained by the fact that the plot did not suffer from drought due to soil and climatic conditions. Detailed analysis showed that cover by medium and large rock fragments (> 2 cm diameter) showed an optimum percentage cover above which crop yields decrease. A recommendation resulting from this study is to rely on the farmers' experience: smaller rock fragments should never be removed from the surface of fields during soil and water conservation works; instead rock fragment rich soil can be used to top the stone bunds.     

Fallow cultivation system and farmers' resource management in Niger,West Africa

A survey was carried out in 136 farm‐households from seven villages in 1995 and 1996 to analyse the traditional fallow cultivation system in Niger. Farmers were asked to give information about land use on their fields, focusing on cropping and fallow periods as well as on cultivation changes compared to the past. In addition, they were interviewed about their management strategies to maintain or improve soil fertility. Millet‐based systems clearly dominate at all sites, either in pure form or intercropped with cowpea, groundnut, sorghum or roselle. At present, almost half of all farmers cultivate their fields on average up to 5 years until it is left fallow. About one‐third use their fields permanently. Most farmers use short fallow periods of 1 to 5 years. Moreover, there was a decrease in the cropping area left fallow, and the fallow period also decreased steadily in the past years. In the mid‐1970s the average fallow period was about 8 years, decreasing to 2.5 years in 1996. The actual fallow periods are too short to allow sufficient positive effects on soil fertility and farmers are aware of this problem. Consequently, farmers employ different fertilization techniques which aim at maintaining or restoring the soil nutrient pool of the fields while providing physical protection against wind and water erosion. Most farmers use animal manure to improve soil fertility and apply mulch from different sources, millet stalks and branches, for soil regeneration. Few farmers employ other strategies such as mineral fertilizer or planting pits. The farmers try to optimize the use of internal and external resources resulting in a mixture of different fertilization and soil protection methods. Internal resources play by far the most important role. Due to the generally limited resource availability farmers concentrate their management efforts on certain areas within each field or on selected fields only. This means a decreased crop production for the individual household and a higher risk of soil degradation because of soil mining or increased erosion risk on the field area where soil fertility management cannot be practised. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Available nitrogen and arginine deaminase activity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields after imidacloprid, diazinon, and lindane treatments

Plant available nitrogen and arginine deaminase activities were determined in insecticide-treated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields between July and November for three consecutive years (1997-1999). Diazinon was applied for both seed and soil treatments. However, imidacloprid and lindane were used only for the seed treatments. An average half-life (t(1/2)) of diazinon in seed- and soil-treated fields was 29.32 and 34.87 days, respectively. Its residues were detected till 60 days in both seed- and soil-treated fields. Diazinon treatments had shown stimulatory effects on available nitrogen in both types of treatments. However, the increase in arginine deaminase activity was only observed in diazinon soil-treated field. Residues of imidacloprid and lindane were detected in seed-treated fields till 90 and 120 days with an average half-life (t(1/2)) of 40.96 and 53.39 days, respectively. Imidacloprid had stimulatory effects, and lindane had adverse effects on both available nitrogen and arginine deaminase activities.     

Mass mortality of birds of prey caused by Azodrin,an organophosphorus insecticide

Mass increases of the levant vole (Microtus guentheri) are common in alfalfa fields in Israel. Deep ploughing, which is the main factor controlling vole numbers in other agricultural areas, is not possible in alfalfa. As alfalfa is a preferred food, voles in these fields are not attracted to poison baits and cannot be controlled by this means.A particularly striking increase of voles developed during the winter of 1975–1976 on 8 km² of alfalfa fields in the northern Huleh Valley in Israel. This mass increase attracted large numbers of raptors and owls, mainly those wintering and on migration, but also resident species.Because the voles, which reached densities of 2400/ha, caused considerable damage to the alfalfa crop, destroying it completely in some places, the farmers sprayed the fields with Azodrin (Monocrotophos). This persistent insecticide is recommended in Israel only for the control of pests on cotton and in orchards. The dangers to wildlife described on the original label do not appear in the Hebrew translation.Due to secondary poisoning with Azodrin there was a mass mortality of raptors and owls that had fed on poisoned voles and birds on these 8 km². 116 raptors and 29 owls were found dead during December 1975 through February 1976; 53 raptors and 16 owls were found poisoned but still alive, and were saved and later released. According to repeated counts of the black kite (Milvus migrans) population in the area it was estimated that about twice as many birds as those found were affected. Since it is probable that no poisoned birds could recover in the field, about 400 birds of prey had been destroyed on 8 km² within three months.     

贵州省六盘水市烟田土壤有效硫含量及其空间分布

  目的  明确贵州省六盘水市烟田土壤有效硫含量及其空间分布特征,科学指导含硫肥料施用。  方法  2021年烤烟移栽和施肥前,在钟山、水城和盘州三个烟区分别采集100、180和220个典型烟田的耕层土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）样品,采用Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-HOAc浸提、BaSO₄比浊法测定有效硫含量,在对土壤有效硫含量水平进行评价和绘制空间分布图的基础上,分析其空间分布特征及影响因素。  结果  全市烟田耕层土壤有效硫平均含量为44.67 mg kg?1,属于高级别;其中钟山、水城和盘州有效硫平均含量分别为79.59、23.61和46.03 mg kg?1,分别属于很高级别（≥ 50 mg kg?1）、适宜级别（20 ~ 30 mg kg?1）和高级别（30 ~ 50 mg kg?1）,且三个烟区之间差异显著（P < 0.01）。全市土壤有效硫含量适宜的烟田数量仅占烟田总数的9.20%,其中钟山、水城和盘州有效硫含量适宜的烟田数量分别占各自烟田总数的6.00%、10.91%和8.89%,钟山和盘州土壤高硫烟田数量分别占其烟田总数的64.00%和51.82%,水城低硫烟田数量占其烟田总数的63.89%。土壤有效硫含量在空间上呈从钟山的北部和盘州的南部向该区域中部降低的趋势,土壤低硫烟田主要分布于水城的西部和东部以及盘州的中东部,土壤高硫烟田主要分布于钟山、水城中部、盘州北部和南部。土壤有效硫含量与土壤pH、砂粒和粉粒含量之间呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）,与黏粒含量之间呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。  结论  六盘水市耕层土壤有效硫含量适宜的烟田数量占烟田总数的比例很低,对于土壤低硫的烟田应适当增大含硫肥料（如硫酸钾和硫酸镁等）用量,土壤高硫的烟田则需降低含硫肥料用量或用氯化钾肥料替代硫酸钾。     

Landscape complexity differentially affects alpha, beta, and gamma diversities of plants occurring in fencerows and crop fields

Agro-ecosystems still retain part of the original biodiversity, although agricultural intensification threatens to eliminate refuge patches from farmland mosaics. Landscape complexity resulting from networks of uncultivated corridors associated with fencerows may play a key role in sustaining biodiversity across scales, and may further influence diversity in adjacent, cultivated fields. We evaluated the relationship between farmland complexity and plant diversity of fencerows and crop fields at local and landscape scales in the Rolling Pampas of Argentina. We surveyed 222 fencerows and fields cultivated with winter or summer crops, and characterised farmland complexity by the perimeter/area ratio of cropland in 2-km diameter circles surrounding each field. Plant diversity was additively partitioned into alpha, beta, and gamma components. Fencerows had noticeably higher richness than cropped fields at local and landscape scales. Gamma and beta diversities of fencerows and fields were positively related to farmland complexity, supporting the role of spatial heterogeneity in maintaining plant diversity in agro-ecosystems. Landscape complexity did not influence alpha diversity of fencerows but significantly increased diversity within fields, a likely result of enhanced mass effects from uncultivated habitats in more varied farmland. More complex landscapes contained greater gamma diversity of exotic perennials in fencerows, and of exotic and native annuals within fields. Importantly, alpha and gamma diversities of native perennials from the pristine Pampa grassland increased with landscape complexity within cropped fields. In the face of ongoing landscape homogenisation under agricultural intensification, maintaining fencerow networks may become critical for conserving habitat heterogeneity and farmland biodiversity.     

Relationship between wheat grain protein yield and grain yield,plant growth,and nutrition at anthesis

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Astral was grown in 1983–1984 in 12 experimental fields located in the Middle of the Duero Basin (Spain). The fields were fertilized at several rates of N, P, and K. Grain protein yield increased linearly with grain yield and with above‐ground plant dry weight at anthesis. Above ground dry weight of the crop accounted for 91.1% of the variance in grain protein yield among the different fields. The grain protein yield also increased linearly with leaf nitrogen level at anthesis. However, within each field, grain protein yield was generally more closely related with above‐ground dry weight at anthesis multiplied by the level of nitrogen in the two uppermost leaves (X3), than with any of these factors considered separately. The regressions over X3 were positive and varied among some of the fields. The intercept increased with grain yields and the slope with the concentration of magnesium. In addition, the ratio between grain protein yield and X3 increased with the leaf magnesium level. This suggests that grain might favour the assimilation of exogenous nitrogen during its development and/or the translocation of nitrogen from the vegetative parts of the plant to the grain. Moreover, magnesium might increase the efficiency of protein accumulation in grain. Among fields, the relationship of grain protein yield with leaf magnesium level depended on the level of nitrogen.     

Curtailment of muddy floods in the Sompting catchment, South Downs, West Sussex, southern England

Abstract. Muddy floods due to runoff are a widespread problem on the South Downs of southern England and are associated with increased growing of autumn-sown cereals over the last two decades. The 10.6 km² Sompting catchment has been monitored over the 12-year period 1990/91–2001/02. A housing estate at the lower end of the catchment that was frequently inundated by muddy floods in the late 1980s and early 1990s has not been flooded since the winter of 1993/94, even during the heavy rainfall events of October and November 2000. This is a result of the ameliorative measures put in place in the early 1990s, primarily the reversion of some winter cereal fields to permanent grassland (set-aside). Other land management changes helped, for example, some parts of the catchment were put down to short-term grass leys and small dams were constructed to impound runoff. Flooding of the housing estate occurred when more than 30% of the catchment was covered by eroded fields, which contributed runoff to the valley floors leading down to the housing estate. The length of continuous down-valley flow was greater in the early 1990s compared with later years. The introduction of grassland reduced the risk of flooding not only by reducing the area contributing to runoff, but also by stopping valley floor flows linking up. Such measures to alleviate runoff, erosion and flooding fit well with policies proposed in the recent report by the UK Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food.     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SONNO3--NNH4+-N,大田为NO3--NSONNH4+-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

Effects of sulfur,zinc, iron,copper, manganese,and boron applications on sunflower yield and plant nutrient concentration

Abstract

Sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and boron application did not affect the seed yield or oil percentage of sunflower (Hilianthus annuus L.) on both dryland and irrigated soils in North Dakota in 1981. Field averages indicated significant Zn, Mn, and B uptake by sunflower at the 12‐leaf stage as a result of fertilization with these elements. Increased Zn uptake was also observed in the uppermost mature leaf at anthesis from zinc fertilization.

Although sunflower yield from boron fertilization was not significantly different from the check, a trend was observed in which boron fertilization seemed to decrease sunflower yield. Sunflower yields from the boron treatment were the lowest out of seven treatments in three out of four fields. Also, sunflower yield from the boron treatment was significantly lower than both iron and sulfur treatments when all fields were combined.     

Carbon cycling in rice field ecosystems in the context of input, decomposition and translocation of organic materials and the fates of their end products (CO2 and CH4)

Rice fields are intensively managed, unique agroecosystems, where soil flooding is general performance for rice cultivation. Flooding the field results in reductive soil conditions, under which decomposition of organic materials proceeds during the period of rice cultivation. A large variety of organic materials are incorporated into rice soils according to field management. In this review, the kind and abundance of organic materials entering carbon cycling in the rice field ecosystem are evaluated first. Then, decomposition of plant residues and soil organic matter in rice fields is reviewed quantitatively. Decomposition of plant residues is shown to be the active process in carbon cycling in rice fields. Rice releases photosynthates into the rhizosphere (rhizodeposition), and they follow a different avenue of decomposition in soil from that of plant residues. Incorporation of rhizodeposition into microbial biomass and soil organic matter during the period of rice cultivation, and their fates after harvesting are evaluated quantitatively from ¹³C pulse labeled experiments. Percolating water transports inorganic and organic carbon from the plow layer to the subsoil layer. The amounts of their transport and accumulation in the subsoil layer are evaluated in relation to the amounts of soil organic C in the plow layer. Not only CO₂ but also CH₄ are produced in the decomposition process of organic materials in flooded rice fields. CH₄ evolution from rice fields is of global concern from the viewpoint of global warming. Origins of CH₄ evolved from rice fields are estimated first, followed by the fates of CH₄ in rice field ecosystems. Rhizodeposition is shown to be the main origin of CH₄ evolved from rice fields. Evolution to the atmosphere is not the sole pathway of CH₄ produced in rice fields. The amounts of CH₄ retained in soil, percolated to the subsoil layer and decomposed in soil are evaluated in the context of the amounts of CH₄ efflux. Thus, this review focuses on carbon cycling in the rice field ecosystem from the viewpoints of input, decomposition, and translocation of organic materials and the fates of their end products (CO₂ and CH₄).     

高投入菜地土壤磷累积、损失特征及阻控措施的研究进展

“大肥大水”已经成为我国蔬菜种植体系的生产特征，这种生产方式导致大量磷流失到环境中，通过地表径流和地下淋溶导致水体富营养化。目前菜地因其在农田磷污染排放中的占比最高已成为种植业磷损失的优先阻控对象。该研究在明确菜地磷赋存形态特征的基础上，针对露天及设施菜地磷损失特征包括损失途径及其影响因素，综述目前一些减少潜在磷污染负荷的源头管理措施，通过控制磷的迁移过程的生态工程措施以及末端治理，同时评价其在菜地磷污染阻控中的效果。这些研究进展增强了对菜地磷循环的理解，摸清高投入生产系统磷链条当中磷下游损失排放特征，对于有效阻控磷肥损失，实现蔬菜产业绿色可持续发展提供理论参考。     

施石灰对北方连作烟田土壤酸度调节及酶活性恢复研究

以北方特定植烟区域土壤为对象,通过田间调查取样和室内分析,研究了施石灰对连作烟田土壤酸度和酶活性的影响。研究发现,施用适量的石灰可以使连作烟田的土壤酸化现象得到明显的改善,土壤的活性酸度(pH值)平均升高0.5个单位,水解性酸度平均降低46%;并使土壤的转化酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性得到不同程度的恢复,其恢复比率分别为13%、85%、21%和25%。从理论上证明了施石灰对北方连作烟田具有一定的改土效果。为评价北方连作烟田的石灰改土效应提供了一定的理论依据。     

Populations, Community Composition and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms in the Floodwater of Rice Fields and Effects of Field Management

As rice fields are managed for improved rice production, many studies on aquatic organisms in the floodwater have been restricted to agronomically important members such as blue-green algae (BGA) and Azolla , and ecological studies on common aquatic organisms were relatively limited to specific group members. In the present paper, studies on all the aquatic organisms in the floodwater, from protozoa to insects and fishes, were reviewed worldwide from the viewpoint of rice field ecology, paying attention to their populations, seasonal variations, antagonistic relations and biomass, and the effect of field management. Most studies conducted in India and in the Southeast Asian countries dealt with the BGA and green algal populations. In contrast, protozoa and aquatic animals were extensively studied in rice fields in Europe. Japanese studies in the past were intermediate between the previously cited studies. They generally described specific groups depending on the authors' interests, and surprisingly few studies dealt with the community level and prey-predator relationships. Field management such as fertilizer and pesticide application, water management and plowing was found to play a major role in determining the populations of aquatic organisms. Overview of research on aquatic organisms in the floodwater of rice fields suggests several directions for future studies.