四川水土保持依托改革开放持续发展

改革开放40年来,四川水土保持攻坚克难,开拓奋进,健全法制法规,理清发展思路,创新机制体制,加快了水土流失治理步伐,提高了水土保持行政执法和监管服务能力,实现了跨越式发展。党的十九大将建设生态文明作为中华民族发展的千年大计,把生态治理提升到了新的高度。面临新的挑战、新的机遇,当前和今后一段时期四川省需要从实行最严格的水土保持监管、打赢重点地区水土流失治理攻坚战、推进生态清洁小流域建设、构建水土保持监测技术支撑体系等方面着手,大力推进水土保持工作。     

秦岭生态功能区水土保持治理效益评价

根据陕西省秦岭生态功能区近十年水土流失与治理资料,选取了合理的评价指标,建立了一套较适用的水土保持治理措施评价指标体系。采用层次分析法、灰色聚类分析法和Topsis法相结合,对秦岭生态功能区水土保持治理效益进行了综合分析与评价。结果表明:秦岭生态功能区坝地面积、治理面积和水土保持林面积是评价指标体系中的主要影响因子;该地区水土保持治理效益整体呈增长趋势,各项措施已经开始发挥功效,生态效益逐步向良性发展,区域生态功能逐渐改善。该评价方法有利于秦岭生态功能区水土保持的综合管理与宏观调控,可为区域水土保持措施有效开展提供理论依据。     

四川米苍山生态茶园水土保持科普教育模式研究

生态茶园所涉及的水土保持措施类型多样,是开展水土保持科普教育活动的理想场所。以四川广元黄茶种植园为例,根据茶园土地利用的自然景观格局特征,提出了茶园以坡地水土保持、道路水土保持、庭院水土保持和溪沟生态治理等水土保持措施体系为主的镶嵌式布设封禁治理措施的总体水土保持布局模式。以茶叶全产业链为科普活动为主轴,在种茶、赏茶、品茶和售茶4个关键节点的主要游憩场所为科普对象选择了水土保持科普教育内容,并组织了水土保持科普教育活动。围绕"农旅融合"发展理念,将生态茶园打造为以茶树种植和茶叶采摘体验、生态茶园观光、茶文化宣传和生态茶园水土保持技术展示与交流为重点的水土保持科技示范园,运用田间实体展示、体验感知、标识牌、专题展板、移动多媒体等手段,向社会公众诠释水土保持措施功能、普及水土保持科技知识和宣传水土保持法律法规。     

推进黄河流域水土流失治理 打造生态维护水源涵养区——四川黄河流域水土保持工作概述

四川是长江、黄河上游重要水源涵养地、补给地和国家重要湿地生态功能区,近年来四川牢固树立黄河源区生态保护意识,高度重视黄河流域水土保持工作,坚持把学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想作为水土保持业务工作开展的首要政治任务,全省水利系统认真学习和贯彻落实习总书记关于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要讲话精神,分析四川黄河流域水土保持状况,厘清黄河流域水土保持工作思路,进一步将国家两区划分中的金沙江岷江上游及三江并流国家级水土流失重点预防区细分为若尔盖丘状高原和石渠高原两个生态维护水源涵养区,分区采取水土保持生态举措,打造高原生态维护水源涵养区,以加快推进水土流失治理提质增效、改善生态,通过控制水土流失,减缓黄河下游淤积,确保河床不抬高,保障黄河安澜。     

四川水土流失综合治理的实践与探索

四川地处长江上游,水土流失极其严重,经过近20年的小流域综合治理,水土保持由单一的部门行为向统一的政府行为转变,水土保持预防监督步入了正规化、法制化、规范化轨道,不断丰富了水土流失治理思路,进一步拓展了治理措施、规范了项目建设管理,生态、经济、社会效益显著,水土保持已成为四川的民生工程,但工作中也存在一些问题。针对存在的问题提出了解决对策。     

新时期四川水土保持生态环境建设工作的思考

10多年来,四川水土保持生态环境建设工作取得了一定成效.但水土保持生态环境建设仍然面临严峻的形势,水土流失面积仍十分严重,部分地区有进一步恶化的趋势,且人为新的水土流失未能得到根本遏制,水土流失已成为西部地区的头号环境问题,四川地处长江上游,是长江上游的生态屏障,通过98特大洪灾灾后再一次反思,搞好水土保持生态环境建设工作,对于四川的生态安全,对于实施西部大开发,对于长江中下游的长治久安和三峡工程安危具有举足轻重的作用.四川省委、省政府提出了建设长江上游生态屏障的战略目标.生态是实现可持续发展目标的前提,是我省经济建设的迫切需要,经济建设必须因地制宜,严格按生态规律办事.没有生态环境的根本性好转就不会有投资环境的根本性改善.可持续发展的创新之处在于,变过去人与自然相对立的关系为协调关系,要找准资源、环境和经济发展的结合点.面对西部大开发、我国加入WTO等这一历史机遇,我国的市场经济要纳入国际大市场中,入世后农民所获得的经济利益的高低、目前水土保持管理体制和模式、竞争的规范化、管理水平高低、竞争实力的强弱、人才的培养和提高,都将直接影响到水土保持生态环境建设事业的发展.我省水土保持生态环境建设工作应认清形势,肩负重任,开拓进取,以生态优先,树立"大封禁,小治理"的思路,发挥自身优势,立足主管部门,狠抓特色产业,创新机制,坚持以改革促发展,探索治理模式与治理方式,突出坡面水系建设,运用科技推动水土保持生态环境建设工作.     

统筹山水林田湖草系统治理 带动水土保持新发展

山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体,统筹山水林田湖草系统治理是我国水土保持生态建设的重要内容,是贯彻绿色发展理念的有力举措,关系到生态文明建设和美丽中国建设的进程,关系到国家生态安全和中华民族的复兴。系统概述了山水林田湖草系统治理的基本内涵与基本特征、山水林田湖草系统统筹治理的原理、山水林田湖草系统治理在水土保持中的应用及治理要点,并展望了今后水土保持工作的发展方向,可为各地水土保持的实施和决策提供理论参考。     

论水土保持生态修复的特点与原则

水土保持生态修复是充分利用自然之力,发挥生态系统的自我修复能力,加快植被恢复,促进水土流失治理的有效途径,也是新时期水土保持发展的必然趋势。在探讨水土保持生态修复概念的同时,深入分析了水土保持生态修复的特点,提出了水土保持生态修复应该遵循的原则。     

TOPSIS模型在水土保持效益评价中的应用

利用辽宁省黑土生态功能区水土流失与治理相关资料,构建了用于评价水土保持治理效益的灰色关联度TOPSIS评价模型,定量地评价并揭示了治理效益的动态变化规律,然后利用灰色聚类法对模型计算结果的准确性和合理性进行验证。研究表明:辽宁省黑土生态功能区在生态治理初期,水土保持关键性技术措施还未完善,水土流失治理效益表现不明显;随着各项功能措施的深入开展水土保持治理效益得到大幅度提高,相对于初期时效益指标提高了1.26倍,并有利于生态系统环境的良性发展,促进了生态功能区的建设;该评价方法可对水土保持措施的有效性和科学性进行验证,为水土保持治理、综合管理以及政府制订有关的宏观政策提供决策依据和理论支持。     

宁化县水土保持产业发展的思考与对策

针对宁化县水土流失及治理实际,基于生态产业理论,借鉴新时期长汀县水土保持发展思路,提出了宁化县水土保持产业发展的若干思考与对策:一是高起点谋划水土保持生态文明县建设,二是以绿色发展引导产业提升与转型,三是坚持分区分类差异化水土流失治理,四是发展复合功能的现代循环农业。     

真菌及混合菌对锯木屑类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

采用液体摇瓶培养,在接种单一真菌(木霉、黑曲霉或青霉)和混合菌情况下,研究其对锯木屑类腐殖质组成和转化的影响,旨在揭示微生物利用木质素形成腐殖质的可能性,为土壤腐殖质形成提供理论参考和依据。结论如下:(1)在培养体系中,黑曲霉、青霉和混合菌在培养初期的快速繁殖致使代谢液中可溶性碳数量降低,随菌落繁殖渐趋平衡,降解作用增强,残留物中有机碳组分不断向代谢液中释放有机碳小分子,菌球的吸附作用更加速了这一过程,促使代谢液中有机碳数量急剧增加。木霉对残留物的降解作用显著,随后部分微生物量碳随菌体死亡重新进入残留物中,使得代谢液有机碳数量先增加后减少。整个培养过程中,残留物中碳的数量因降解作用而呈减少趋势。(2)WSS表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(3)接种菌悬液可迅速增大HLA和HLu的含碳量。青霉处理HLA组分一直处于降解阶段,而其他3个处理在培养初期均有利于HLA降解,随微生物自身合成和缩合作用的进一步增强,新的HLA形成。(4)培养初期,FLA的形成速度大于HLA,随后FLA逐渐向HLA转化。(5)培养结束后,各处理FLA分子趋于简单,而HLA分子在整个培养过程中先简单化,而后趋于复杂,新形成的HLA分子结构较复杂。(6)培养初期,木霉和黑曲霉的繁殖促使HLu数量增大,后期HLu逐渐向易溶态有机碳转化,青霉在培养中前期对HLu主要表现为降解,后期随菌体数量扩大,HLu数量再次提高,而混合菌处理HLu的数量一直处于递减状态。培养结束后,各处理HLu的数量均有所增加。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).     

Overview of the structure and the challenges of Japanese wildlife law and policy

Japan has a variety of laws to conserve and manage wildlife and biodiversity. This article reviews Japanese laws from conservation of endangered species to the fish and game code, and indicates the issues and challenges they face. It then discusses the issues and challenges for management in the application of the laws.The Japanese statute for conservation of endangered species corresponds to the US Endangered Species Act in appearance, but is much more limited in application and scope. There is no legal channel, such as lawsuits, to assure citizens’ and experts’ input. With respect to general species, management of fish and animals are divided; the fish code’s scope is limited to fishery purposes. Control of wildlife damage is the biggest emphasis in the wildlife code. Reform to bring principles of scientific management into pest control has begun, but conventional culling is still the norm.Japan’ wildlife and fish management is distinctive in relying upon local resource users, instead of on a strong regulatory agency. This is a consequence of traditional communal management, and is apparent in coastal fisheries. The depopulation and exhaustion of rural communities, however, makes it difficult to rely on the community for management. In particular, wildlife management, which relies on aging hunters, is facing a turning point. To address these changes, agencies must be strengthened and lawmakers must enact a mechanism to assure sound science in wildlife policy, while working to revitalize rural communities.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。     

陶寺古城形成与选址的环境与文化背景研究

临汾地区的陶寺遗址是黄河中游地区发现的夏代之前的都邑性古城。通过对临汾地区和陶寺遗址区域自然环境条件的研究和分析,结合区域考古学文化的发展,探讨了陶寺古城的形成原因以及选址影响因素。研究表明:全新世中期至陶寺文化时期,临汾盆地由于较为暖湿的气候条件、良好的土地资源和水资源条件,区域内的新石器文化获得了持续发展。仰韶文化中晚期,我国中原地区及北方地区的新石器文化均获得了快速发展。临汾地区不仅处于这一文化发达区域的中心位置,而且地处我国中原核心地区同北方和东北地区文化交流的重要通道上,同时也是我国东西向文化交流的通道之一,由于这种优越的地理位置,临汾地区的区域文化优势地位逐渐显露出来。相当于龙山文化晚期的陶寺文化时期,相较其他中原核心地区,临汾地区受水患影响较小,区域文化的强势地位进一步凸显,因而成为都邑性古城兴起之地。陶寺文化时期,古城所在的黄土台地冲沟尚未下切,南河和宋村沟均为宽浅的沟谷型河流,高于平原地面的黄土台地既有利于设防又能有效规避水患,在塔儿山上游地区拥有较大汇水面积的南河和宋村沟又可以提供丰富稳定的水源,因而是营建古城的理想场所。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

Glyphosate and the response of the soil microbiota

Limited information on the effect of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) on soil microorganisms justified an inquiry into the response of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi in terms of their respiration, and sensitivity of isolates. Low concentrations of glyphosate had little effect on total populations of these organisms during the 214-day experiment, while high concentrations initially increased actinomycete and bacterial numbers by 2 and 1$\text{case1}\text{2}$ logs, respectively. The stimulation was followed by a decline and fluctuation showing a gradual increase in numbers. The respiration rates of the soil microbiota in soil suspensions, showed some irregular stimulation and retardation with up to 10 μg glyphosate ml^?1. In contrast high doses suppressed O₂ uptake by the microbiota. Fungi were the least affected. Pronounced inhibition of actinomycete and bacterial respiration was in agreement with the results from isolate replication. The results indicated both stimulation and inhibition of O₂ uptake by some organisms within these groups. In contrast to some reports of limited, short-term inquiries these results showed considerable effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms.