水淹条件下水稻土中砷的生物化学行为研究进展

水稻土中砷的氧化还原和甲基化等生物化学过程是影响水稻砷毒性的主要作用机制;同时,水淹厌氧条件是驱动水稻土中砷的生物化学过程关键环节,且是导致水稻对砷大量吸收累积的主要原因,对以水稻为主食的人们造成健康威胁。本文综述了水稻土中砷的氧化还原和甲基化现象、砷的生物化学作用机制以及影响水稻土砷迁移转化的关键因素,并探讨了水淹厌氧条件对水稻土砷代谢微生物群落、微生物基因表达水平以及对砷归趋的影响。最后,展望了未来的研究方向,以期识别不同水管理模式下土壤微环境对水稻土中砷代谢微生物群落结构与基因表达水平的影响机制,为深入理解砷的生物化学行为和降低水稻对砷的吸收累积提供科学的理论参考。     

西南地区冬水田剖面的微生物空间分异规律

为研究冬水田土壤基本理化性质对微生物多样性和冬水田生态系统功能与结构的作用,以西南地区3个不同样地的冬水田为研究对象,采用烘干法、电位法、静态室内培养法、稀释涂布平板法和氯仿熏蒸法对土壤理化和生物学指标进行检测。结果表明:(1)各样地含水量均沿垂直深度逐渐降低,pH为6.3～7.1,呈微酸—中性生境,铵态氮(NH4+—N)含量总体呈现为合川区冬水田沙坪坝区冬水田北碚区紫色土基地,且表层(0—10cm)亚表层(10—20cm)底层(20—40cm),整体为36.97～52.02mg/kg,3种冬水田各土层硝态氮(NO3-—N)含量差异不显著(2.13～2.61mg/kg)。(2)微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量呈现为北碚区紫色土基地合川区冬水田沙坪坝区冬水田,不同层次表现为表层(0—10cm)亚表层(10—20cm)底层(20—40cm)。(3)各样地间微生物丰度表现为细菌放线菌真菌,微生物数量沿土层垂直深度降低,各土层细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均呈极显著负相关(p0.01),不同样地间表现为合川区冬水田沙坪坝区冬水田北碚区紫色土基地。     

Flooding effects on soil phenol oxidase activity and phenol release during rice straw decomposition

Phenol oxidase (Pox) plays a key role in soil C cycle and its presence may affect soil C mineralization during crop residue decomposition. To examine soil dynamics and relationships between Pox, phenols, Fe²⁺, and C mineralization, we designed a 53‐d laboratory experiment conducted with and without rice straw addition and under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The results demonstrate that rice straw can indeed decompose faster under flooded conditions. The addition of rice straw significantly increased soil Pox activity (up to 15‐fold), but only under flooded conditions. Rice straw application increased alkali extractable phenol (AEP) concentration by 129% at day 4. However, flooded conditions reduced soil AEP by 61% and 49% at day 53 with and without rice straw application, respectively. Phenol oxidase activity was positively correlated with dissolved organic C and Fe²⁺, while negatively related to AEP, which itself was positively correlated with C mineralization (i.e., CO₂ emission rates). Also, all relationships between soil Pox, AEP, Fe²⁺, and C were stronger under flooded conditions. We therefore conclude that flooded conditions in paddy soil may promote straw decomposition as a result of the stimulation of Pox activity and phenol decomposition.     

Effects of soil flooding and organic matter addition on plant accessible phosphorus in a tropical paddy soil: an isotope dilution study

Plant growth experiments were conducted to reveal the mechanism by which organic matter (OM) and soil flooding enhance phosphorus (P) bioavailability for rice. It was postulated that reductive dissolution of iron‐(III) [Fe(III)] oxyhydroxides in soil releases occluded phosphate ions (PO₄), i.e., PO₄ that is not isotopically exchangeable in the original soil prior to flooding. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with factorial combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 50 mg P kg^?1), OM (0, ≈ 20.5 g OM kg^?1 as cattle manure +/– rice straw) and water treatments (flooded vs. non‐flooded). The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; nitrogen and potassium were added in all treatments. The soil exchangeable P was labeled with ³³PO₄ prior to flooding. The plant accessible P in soil, the so‐called L‐value, was determined from the ³³P/³¹P ratio in the plants. The L‐values were inconsistently affected by flooding in contrast with the starting hypothesis. The OM and P addition to soil clearly increased the L‐value and, surprisingly, the increase due to OM application was larger than the total P addition to soil. An additional isotope exchange study in a soil extract (E‐value) at the end of the experiment showed that the E‐value increased less than the total P addition with OM. This suggests that plants preferentially take up unlabeled P from the OM in the rhizosphere compared to labeled labile inorganic P. The effects of soil flooding on P bioavailability is unlikely related to an increase of the quantity of bio‐accessible P in soil (L‐value) but is likely explained by differences in P mobility in soil.     

Determining competitive nitrate and chloride adsorption in an andisol by the unsaturated transient flow method

Abstract

Activated sludge from a sewage disposal plant was labeled with ¹⁵N in the laboratory. The labeled sludge (dewatered cake) was then incubated under aerobic conditions for 30 days with four kinds of cultivated soils: volcanic ash soil, red-yellow soil, paddy soil, and sandy dune soil. The nitrogen mineralization of the soil organic matter was remarkable only in the case of the paddy soil. In this soil, a priming effect caused by the addition of the sludge was observed. After 30 days of incubation, the ¹⁵N organic fractions remaining in the red-yellow soil were determined. It was found that the amino acid and the unidentified fractions in the hydrolyzable nitrogen forms of the sludge contributed mainly to the amount of nitrogen mineralized. Finally, using sludges which originated from the same organic matter source, the lnftuence of a generally-used inorganic coagulator Oime and ferric chloride) of sludge on the nitrogen cycle was clarified. This coagulator caused a reduction in the amount of inorpnic nitrogen mineralized in the soil and also accelerated the nitrification process.     

Incorporation of winter grasses suppresses summer weed germination and affects inorganic nitrogen in flooded paddy soil

ABSTRACT

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate how incorporation of the winter grasses foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis) and milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) into flooded paddy soil affects the germination of summer weeds and soil inorganic nitrogen (N) levels. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) vessels (10.0 × 8.0 × 15.0 cm) were filled with 0.7 kg air-dried soil that had been collected from organic paddy fields located in Tochigi, Japan. Foxtail and milk vetch were then independently incorporated into the soil at rates of 0% (untreated control), 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, with four repetitions per treatment. The PET vessels were placed in a growth chamber (Biotron) set to day/night temperatures and humidities of 27/18°C and 70%/65%, respectively, and with an illuminance of 40,000 lx (12 h) for 28 days, and the total number of weeds and changes in the electrical conductivity (EC) of the surface water were investigated throughout this period, while changes in soil inorganic N were determined at the ends of the experiments. The incorporation of both foxtail and milk vetch significantly suppressed the germination of summer weeds by 56% and 50%, respectively, at incorporation rates of 1% and by 78% and 77%, respectively, at incorporation rates of 1.5% compared with their respective controls. There was a high and significant positive correlation between both the rate of winter grass incorporation and the degree of growth suppression and EC. Incorporation of foxtail at rates of 0.25% and 0.5% significantly increased the inorganic N contents of the sub-layer by an average of 68% compared with the control but had no significant effect in the top layer, whereas the incorporation of milk vetch at a rate of 1% significantly increased the inorganic N contents of both the top layer and sub-layer by 200% and 316%, respectively, compared with the control. Furthermore, the effect of milk vetch on inorganic N significantly increased with an increase in the rate of incorporation. These findings demonstrate that incorporation of the winter grasses foxtail and milk vetch into flooded organic paddy soil can suppress weed growth and act as a source of inorganic N.     

不同施肥类型对稻田氮素流失的影响

采用田间试验探究了不同施肥处理对稻田氮素流失的影响,其中不同施肥包括对照(CK)、常规施肥(CT)、有机肥替代(BS)和炭基肥(CB)4个处理。结果表明:CB和BS组对降低稻田氮素径流流失的效果显著(p<0.05),其中稻田铵态氮的径流流失总量CT组(20.08 kg/hm^2)>BS组(15.53 kg/hm^2)>CB组(12.68 kg/hm^2)>CK组(0.63 kg/hm^2)。通过估算不同深度土壤的铵态氮与硝态氮淋溶流失量可知,BS和CB组对降低稻田氮素淋溶流失的效果有限。CT、BS和CB组中无机氮的表面径流流失总量占施氮量的5.30%~8.30%,淋溶流失总量占施氮量的0.21%~0.27%,说明氮素流失以径流为主。各施肥处理(CT、BS、CB)分别增产18.3%,28.4%,24.9%,达显著水平(p<0.05)。研究结果说明施用炭基肥和有机肥可显著减少稻田的氮素流失。     

Conversion factor (k factor) for estimation of soil microbial biomass potassium by the chloroform-fumigation extraction method

The conversion factor, k_K, for estimation of microbial biomass potassium (K) by the chloroform-fumigation extraction method was determined for some arable soils: upland field soils under different fertilization conditions, an upland field soil under a greenhouse condition, and a paddy field soil under a flooded condition. The k_K value varied with land utilization (paddy or upland) or fertilization (chemical or organic fertilizer). Value of k_K was different between paddy field soil (0.28–0.38) and upland field soil (0.41–0.73). This study indicates that the value could be useful for the estimation of microbial biomass K in soil by the chloroform-fumigation extraction method and further investigation of the amounts of biomass K in different types of soils under conditions with varied field managements will be necessary.     

Arsenic accumulation and speciation in Japanese paddy rice cultivars

We examined arsenic (As) accumulation and speciation in the major cultivars currently grown in Japan, because differences in grain As levels among cultivars may influence dietary As exposure in Japanese people. Ten major cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) were grown under flooded conditions in a paddy field with a background level of As (low-As soil) or in pots filled with soil containing a high level of As (high-As soil). In the low-As soil, the total grain As ranged from 0.11 to 0.17?mg?kg^?1, with a mean concentration of 0.14?mg?kg^?1, and inorganic As was the major species in all cultivars. There were few genotypic differences in the levels of either total As or inorganic As in the grain. In the high-As soil, total grain As increased to a mean level of 2.4?mg?kg^?1 in the 10 cultivars, with markedly increased levels of dimethylarsinic acid. The genotypic variations among cultivars in the levels of both total As and dimethylarsinic acid were statistically significant. However, the genotypic variability of inorganic As levels was quite small, and these levels remained low (at about 0.2?mg?kg^?1) even when total As levels increased markedly. These results suggest that differences in grain As levels among Japanese cultivars may not influence dietary As exposure, because there is little genotypic difference in the accumulation of inorganic As, which is considered more toxic than organic As to humans. We discuss the possible mechanism of As accumulation in Japanese paddy rice, in the context of the accumulation of As species in the developing grain and in other plant tissues.     

有机物料对植烟土壤氮素矿化及微生物性质的影响

采用稻草、油菜、黑麦草和菜籽饼等4种有机物料,采集高有机质含量(68.2 g·kg^–1)烟-稻轮作土壤和低有机质含量(17.2 g·kg^-1)旱地植烟土壤,在等氮(100 mg·kg^-1)投入条件下通过室内培育实验,分析了不同培育时段土壤无机氮(NO3-、NH4+)矿化动态、土壤酶活性以及微生物功能多样性的变化。结果表明:植烟土壤矿化氮动态特征与施用有机物料碳氮比(C/N)密切相关,高有机质植烟土壤中添加稻草、油菜和黑麦草显著降低土壤净矿化氮水平,而低C/N的菜籽饼添加显著促进了土壤净矿化速率,引起土壤无机氮积累。在低有机质植烟土壤添加各有机物料明显提升了土壤硝化速率,但稻草和油菜添加显著降低了培养前期土壤无机氮浓度;而菜籽饼添加显著促进了土壤的净矿化速率,在短期培养内(7 d)土壤铵态氮浓度较对照土壤增加了3.3倍~3.7倍。施入高C/N的有机物料显著提升了土壤微生物功能多样性,引起土壤酶活性增高;但不同物料添加下土壤微生物群落变异不同,诱导了对碳源利用类型不同的微生物种群变化。因此,烟-稻轮作区的高有机质植烟土壤上合理施用稻草是改善烤烟品质重要措施,而对旱地植烟土壤应更加重视高氮源有机肥料的施用,以实现不同植烟区提质增效的目标。     

Influences of Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on Heavy Metals and Inorganic Nitrogen Transformation in the Rice Field Surface Water

Agricultural intensification has led to the use of high inputs of chemical fertilizers into rice-cultivated lands, and nitrogen and heavy metals in runoff loss from land were a major environmental problem. It is important to mitigate nitrogen and heavy metal pollution for the water body. The nitrogen and heavy metal transformation in the rice field surface water was studied by applied combined organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer plus the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil. The results showed that, the application of DMPP in the rice field in organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models decreased the heavy metal average concentration of total Cu, Zn, and Cd by 22.1 to 30.2, 33.1 to 36.9, and 10.9 to 17.5% in surface water, respectively. Furthermore, in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil, the nitrate, nitrite, and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased by 44.4 and 59.6, 90.3 and 88.6, and 14.2 and 25.4% in the rice field surface water with the DMPP addition, in the organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models in the rice field, respectively. DMPP could be used as an effective nitrification inhibitor to decline the potential nitrogen and heavy metals runoff loss in the combined application models of organic and inorganic fertilizers in some rice fields, minimizing the nitrogen and heavy metal transformation risk from agricultural fields to the water body and being beneficial for protecting the ecological environment.     

Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat)

The methanogenic populations able to use H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate were investigated in paddy field soil in situ under double cropping conditions [rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a summer crop under flooded conditions and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as an upland winter crop] over 2 years approximately bimonthly by the most probable number method. Three fields, one without fertilizer, one treated with inorganic fertilizer (mixed fertilizer including urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium sulfate), and one treated with wheat straw plus inorganic fertilizer, were examined. The population of H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate utilizers in the paddy field soil at a depth of 1–6 cm was 10³–10⁴, 10⁴–10⁵, and 10⁴–10⁵ g^-1 dry soil, respectively. These values were almost constant during the 2 years irrespective of moisture regime (flooded or nonflooded), crop (rice or wheat), fertilizer treatment, and soil depth (0–1, 1–10, and 10–20 cm).     

Effect of organic manure on the biological activities associated with insoluble phosphorus release in a blue purple paddy soil

Abstract

This study examined the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil microflora, soil respiration, number of inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and organic phosphorus (P) mineralizing bacteria. The inorganic phosphate solubilizing rate, organic P mineralizing rate, and selected enzyme activities in a blue purple paddy soil were also studied. The results showed that organic manure significantly increased the total number of fungi, actinomyces, bacteria, P solubilizing bacteria, organic P mineralizing bacteria, P solubilizing rate and organic P mineralizing rate, soil respiration rate, and selected enzyme activities, whereas chemical fertilizer resulted in a smaller effect, and bacteria were affected more than fungi and actinomyces by organic manure. The enhancement of biological activities caused by organic manure might be due to the introduction of a large amount of living microorganisms and readily‐utilizable carbon source on which microorganisms live. This study showed that the augment of inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria and organic P mineralizing bacteria was one of the reasons that organic manure increased the avilability of P in a blue purple paddy soil.     

Stable carbon isotope ratios of water-extractable organic carbon affected by application of rice straw and rice straw compost during a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata,Japan

ABSTRACT

Hot-water- and water-extractable organic matter were obtained from soil samples collected from a rice paddy 31 years after the start of a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata, Japan. Specifically, hot-water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (HWEOC and HWEON) were obtained by extraction at 80°C for 16 h, and water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (WEOC and WEON) were obtained by extraction at room temperature. The soil samples were collected from surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm) layers of five plots that had been treated with inorganic fertilizers alone or with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter, as follows: PK, NPK, NPK plus rice straw (RS), NPK plus rice straw compost (CM1), and NPK plus a high dose of rice straw compost (CM3). The soil/water ratio was 1:10 for both extraction temperatures. We found that the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of the bulk soils were highly correlated with the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents regardless of extraction temperature, and the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in the plots that were treated with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter than in the PK and NPK plots. The HWEOC and WEOC δ¹³C values ranged from ?28.2% to ?26.4% and were similar to the values for the applied rice straw and rice straw compost. There were no correlations between the HWEOC or WEOC δ¹³C values and the amounts of HWEOC or WEOC. The δ¹³C values of the bulk soils ranged from ?25.7% to ?23.2% and were lower for the RS and CM plots than for the PK and NPK plots. These results indicate that HWEOC and WEOC originated mainly from rice plants and the applied organic matter rather than from the indigenous soil organic matter. The significant positive correlations between the amounts of HWEOC and HWEON and the amount of available nitrogen (P < 0.001) imply that extractable organic matter can be used as an index for soil fertility in this long-term experiment. We concluded that the applied organic matter decomposed more rapidly than the indigenous soil organic matter and affected WEOC δ¹³C values and amounts.     

Carbon Budget and Aggregate Stability of Paddy Soil under Continuous Organic Amendment

ABSTRACT

Damage to soil structures and depletions of soil carbon under paddy cultivation are concerns for the sustenance of food security in Bangladesh. Long-term organic amendment in paddy field plays an important role in improving soil properties and crop productivity, but no such study has yet been conducted under rice-fallow-rice. A field experiment was carried out with or without the addition of cow dung (CD) and poultry manure (PM) as integrated plant nutrient systems (IPNS) to evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) budget, net ecosystem carbon stock, and aggregate stability. The experiment was established in 2009 and continued until 2016 under the rice-fallow-rice system. Soil bulk density reduced from 1.39 to 1.37 g cm^?3 and soil aggregate size increased from 6.78 to 7.05 mm with organic amendments. Both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents increased with the addition of CD and PM, which varied with aggregate size. The highest C (1.6–2.15%) and N (0.11–0.24%) contents were observed in 0.30 mm aggregate than other fractions. Soil organic C contents showed polynomial relationships with aggregate size and organic amendment. The SOC sequestration ranged from 94 to 168 kg ha^?1 depending on organic materials used. The C balances were negative for control (?99 to ?201 kg ha^?1) and chemical fertilizers alone (?58 to ?91 kg ha^?1). In comparison to control treatment, grain yield of rice increased significantly with the addition of organic substances. Balanced application of CD and PM with IPNS-based inorganic fertilizers was the best management option for yield and sustainable soil health.     

Increase of Available Phosphorus by Fly‐Ash Application in Paddy Soils

Abstract

Fly ash from the coal‐burning industry may be a potential inorganic soil amendment to increase rice productivity and to restore the soil nutrient balance in paddy soil. In this study, fly ash was applied at rates of 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha^?1 in two paddy soils (silt loam in Yehari and loamy sand in Daegok). During rice cultivation, available phosphorus (P) increased significantly with fly ash application, as there was high content of P (786 mg kg^?1) in the applied fly ash. In addition, high content of silicon (Si) and high pH of fly ash contributed to increased available‐P content by ion competition between phosphate and silicate and by neutralization of soil acidity, respectively. With fly‐ash application, water‐soluble P (W‐P) content increased significantly together with increasing aluminum‐bound P (Al‐P) and calcium‐bound P (Ca‐P) fractions. By contrast, iron‐bound P (Fe‐P) decreased significantly because of reduction of iron under the flooded paddy soil during rice cultivation. The present experiment indicated that addition of fly ash had a positive benefit on increasing the P availability.     

氮肥对稻田土壤反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的影响

以氮肥田间定位试验为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链反应变性梯度凝胶电泳)和荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)技术,通过对反硝化细菌nirS基因的检测,分析了定位试验第2年稻田反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的变化。DGGE图谱及依据其条带位置和亮度数字化数值进行的主成分分析(PCA)结果均显示:在氮肥定位试验第2年,与不施肥对照(CK)比较,在水稻各个生育期(分蘖期、齐穗期和成熟期)内,施用氮肥[150kg(N)·hm-2]的稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌群落结构均无明显变化;且稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌群落结构在水稻各个生育期间也均无明显差异。荧光定量PCR结果显示,在水稻生长发育过程中,施用氮肥的稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌nirS基因拷贝数始终显著(P<0.05)高于其对应的不施肥对照。此外,无论施用氮肥与否,根层土中的反硝化细菌nirS基因拷贝数在水稻成熟期时都会显著(P<0.05)降低;但表土中的nirS基因拷贝数在水稻各生育期间无明显变化;且水稻成熟期时施用氮肥和不施肥的稻田表土中nirS基因拷贝数都显著(P<0.05)高于根层土。同时,与对照比较施用氮肥可促进水稻增产44%。研究表明,短期定位试验中施用氮肥能够显著提高稻田土壤反硝化细菌的丰度,但对其群落结构没有明显影响。     

水分状况与供氮水平对土壤可溶性氮素形态变化的影响

采用通气培养试验,研究比较了两种水稻土在不同水分和供氮水平下的矿质氮(TMN)和可溶性有机氮(SON)的变化特征。结果表明,加氮处理及淹水培养均显著提高青紫泥的NH4+-N含量;除加氮处理淹水培养第7 d外,潮土NH4+-N含量并未因加氮处理或淹水培养而明显升高。无论加氮与否,控水处理显著提高两种土壤的NO3--N含量,其中潮土始见于培养第7 d,青紫泥则始于培养后21 d;加氮处理可显著提高淹水培养潮土NO3--N含量,却未能提高淹水培养青紫泥NO3--N含量。两种土壤的SON含量从开始培养即逐步升高,至培养21～35 d达高峰期,随后急剧下降并回落至基础土样的水平;SON含量高峰期,潮土SON/TSN最高达80%以上,青紫泥也达60%。综上所述,潮土不仅在控水条件下具有很强硝化作用,在淹水条件下的硝化作用也不容忽视,因此氮肥在潮土中以硝态氮的形式流失的风险比青紫泥更值得关注;在SON含量高峰期,两种土壤的可溶性有机氮的流失风险也应予以重视。     

Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil gross nitrogen transformations in a temperate desert steppe

Nutrient addition has a significant impact on plant growth and nutrient cycling. Yet, the understanding of how the addition of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) significantly affects soil gross N transformations and N availability in temperate desert steppes is still limited. Therefore, a ¹⁵N tracing experiment was conducted to study these processes and their underlying mechanism in a desert steppe soil that had been supplemented with N and P for 4 years in northwestern China. Soil N mineralization was increased significantly by P addition, and N and P additions significantly promoted soil autotrophic nitrification, rather than NH₄⁺-N immobilization. The addition of N promoted dissimilatory NO₃⁻ reduction to NH₄⁺, while that of P inhibited it. Soil NO₃⁻-N production was greatly increased by N added alone and by that of N and P combined, while net NH₄⁺-N production was decreased by these treatments. Soil N mineralization was primarily mediated by pH, P content or organic carbon, while soil NH₄⁺-N content regulated autotrophic nitrification mainly, and this process was mainly controlled by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea and comammox. NH₄⁺-N immobilization was mainly affected by functional microorganisms, the abundance of narG gene and comammox Ntsp-amoA. In conclusion, gross N transformations in the temperate desert steppe largely depended on soil inorganic N, P contents and related functional microorganisms. Soil acidification plays a more key role in N mineralization than other environmental factors or functional microorganisms.     

室内恒温条件下稻田土壤中菌渣的分解过程及CO2释放特征

菌渣是栽培食用菌后的下脚料,可作为有机肥再利用。本文通过实验室条件下培养不同比例的菌渣和稻田土壤混合物[不施用菌渣(TS),土壤与菌渣质量比为10∶1(SM1)、5∶1(SM2)和2∶1(SM3),全部菌渣(TM)],研究不同处理有机碳和全氮的变化,探讨菌渣在稻田土壤中的分解过程,并分析CO_2释放特征,为菌渣合理利用提供参考。结果表明,在相同培养时间,添加不同比例菌渣处理有机碳和氮含量均比TS处理高,其中TM处理的有机碳和全氮分别比TS处理提高了10.7倍和11.0倍。有机碳、氮含量的提高量主要依赖于菌渣的添加量。总体来说,各处理随培养时间的延长,由于碳氮的分解,有机碳、氮均有下降趋势;在35 d后TM处理有机碳氮下降较快。添加菌渣越多,有机碳残留率也越大。在培养63 d后,菌渣有机碳(YC)和氮(YN)的分解残留率与菌渣添加量(X)的关系式分别为:YC=71.26X-0.607 5,r2=1.000 0**和YN=74.039X-0.413 3,r2=0.999 9**。各处理土壤CO_2释放速率均表现出先增后降然后趋于稳定趋势。菌渣用量越高,CO_2释放速率越高,各处理在不同培养时间CO_2释放速率均表现为TMSM3SM2SM1TS。在第7 d时各处理CO_2释放速率最高,在第14 d时渐渐处于平稳下降状态,培养35 d后,各处理土壤有机碳矿化强度很小,大部分有机碳被固定在土壤中,其中TM处理有机碳矿化强度最小。总之,还田菌渣越多,土壤中被固定的碳越多。