Evaluation of useful plants for the treatment of polluted pond water with low N and P concentrations

Eutrophication of ponds for agricultural use has begun to adversely affect rice production and the residential living environment in Japan. Cultivation of useful terrestrial and aquatic plant species in plant-bed filter ditches enables to treat domestic wastewater in addition to resource recycling and amenity functions. We evaluated the ability of several plant species, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), hanana (Brassica campestris L. var.), African marigold (Tages erecta L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), and reed (Phragmites communis Trin.), to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted pond water whose N and P concentrations were much lower than those in domestic wastewater. Artificial pond water containing 2.5 mg L^-1 of N and 0.5 mg L^-1 of P was supplied to ditches at a loading rate of 1.1 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.21 g m^-2 d^-1 for P. Italian ryegrass, papyrus, or kenaf in ditches removed N and P more effectively than other plants. The average removal rate of Italian ryegrass in ditches was 0.62 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.10 g m^-2 d^-1 for P, that of papyrus 0.81 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.15 g m^-2 d^-1 for P, and that of kenaf 0.73 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.11 g m^-2 d^-1 for P. The influence of N and P concentrations on the removal rates of Italian ryegrass, papyrus, and kenaf was studied. Concentrations at a removal rate of zero were 0.2–0.3 mg L^-1 for N and 0.01–0.03 mg L^-l for P. At low concentrations, the plant removal rates increased sharply with the rise in the concentration. When N concentrations exceeded 0.3–0.6 mg L^-1 and P concentrations 0.10–0.45 mg L^-1, the removal rates were high and less affected by the concentration. It was considered that these plant species could be used most efficiently at the concentrations where removal rates are less restricted.     

Movements of free oxides in paddy soil profiles (Part 1)

In this paper, the results of observations of soil profiles and the investigations of movements of free oxides in two soil types of dry paddy fields Which carry barley or wheat in the period of winter crops are set forth. Their parent materials are charty somewhat accompanied with shales and granite, and in Soil A and B a small quantity of volcanic ash is contained. The structure develops Well in all the soils.     

反硝化脱氮除磷-侧流磷回收工艺效能

为了调查反硝化同步脱氮除磷-侧流磷回收新工艺的工艺效能,该试验在该工艺稳定运行条件下评价其污染物(化学需氧量、总氮、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P)去除能力和磷回收能力。结果表明:当进水中化学需氧量、总氮、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P的质量浓度为239.2~259.5、39.6~43.8、38.2~41.8和8.72~11.40 mg/L,出水中相应的质量浓度分别为15.2~21.6、8.5~9.6、3.6~4.7和0.31~0.49 mg/L,满足国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准;COD主要在厌氧池被去除,NH+4-N主要在好氧硝化池中去除;污水中磷的去除主要由诱导结晶磷回收和生物除磷两部分组成;整个工艺中,磷去除效率为95.9%,其中诱导结晶磷去除率占总去除效率的71.5%,表明该工艺具有较大磷回收潜力。此外,后置曝气池可对出水中COD、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P浓度起着把关作用,有助于提高出水水质。     

Evaluation of plant bed filter ditches for the removal of T-N and T-P from eutrophic pond water containing particulate N and P

Cultivation of useful terrestrial and aquatic plant species in plant bed filter ditches enables to treat domestic wastewater in addition to resource recycling and amenity functions. We reported previously that a ditch planted with papyrus removed Nand P most effectively from artificial wastewater. We evaluated the effectiveness of plant bed filter ditches in the treatment of eutrophic pond water, which unlike artificial wastewater, contains particulate Nand P. Experimental ditches were planted with papyrus, African marigold, peppermint, and impatience. These plant species were effective in removing N and P from artificial wastewater and could be used by rural communities for the production of handicrafts, cut flowers, and ornamental purposes. The control ditch did not contain plants (plant-free ditch). Pond water was continuously supplied to the ditches at a loading rate of 0.6–0.9 g m^-2 d^-1 for Nand 0.2–0.35 g m^-2 d^-1 for P. In the plant-free ditch, particulate Nand P in the influent were removed by passage through the bed filter, unlike NO³-N and PO⁴-P. A larger amount of PO⁴-P was dissolved from particulate P in the bed filter. The planted ditches effectively removed NO³-N, PO⁴-P as well as particulate Nand P. The planted ditches were able to purify eutrophic pond water, resulting in clear water with a concentration below 0.3 mg L^-1 for N and 0.02 mg L^-1 for P, concentrations at which water bloom does not occur. The average removal rate of pollutants by the planted ditches during the experiment, except for the first 2 weeks, was 0.67 g m^-2 d^-1 for total N and 0.03 g m^-2 d^-1 for total P. We recommend that plant bed filter ditches containing papyrus and flowers be used for ornamental purposes and removal of N and P from pond water along with the supply of clear water as ornamental streams.     

Interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on nitrogen mineralization of wheat residues in a calcareous soil

Abstract

Because of the high pH of the soil in semiarid regions, phosphorus adsorption is unfavorable. So, considerable amounts of phosphorus fertilizers are used annually, where this fertilizer may affect the plant residues' decomposition. To examine the interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on nitrogen mineralization in calcareous soil, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of various C:N ratios (20, 40, and 60 or three levels of nitrogen N₁:0, N₂:11, and N₃:43?kg N ha^?1, respectively) and the second factor consisted of various C:P ratios (87, 174, and 260 or three levels of phosphorus P₁:0, P₂:12, and P₃:45?kg P ha^?1, respectively), under incubation conditions. The results indicated that the cumulative mineral nitrogen content in all treatments, except for N1P2 and N1P3 treatments, started from a positive amount and remained positive until the end of the incubation period. The highest amount of cumulative mineral nitrogen among treatments was related to N3P1 treatment, while the lowest was associated with N2P3 treatment. Mineralization of nitrogen during 60?d of incubation was the dominant phenomenon, except for the N1P2 and N1P3 treatments which remained in the organic phase. The effect of phosphorus on the cumulative mineralization of nitrogen was significant. With increasing the amount of phosphorus, the total inorganic nitrogen diminished. Nitrogen release begins earlier with lower C:N ratios, and therefore the available nitrogen can be released more quickly to the plant. It is generally concluded that, in calcareous soil, the use of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust C:N ratio and to improve the mineralization of wheat residues will be a suitable option.     

高分子材料对土壤-作物氮磷分布及春小麦产量的影响

为揭示不同高分子材料对土壤-小麦氮磷的互作效应,在滴灌土壤中添加腐植酸、改性高分子和复合高分子3种材料,研究其对不同粒级土壤氮磷含量和储量的变化特征,以及对春小麦各器官氮磷积累及产量的影响。结果表明,高分子材料对不同粒级全氮含量影响较大。与对照（CK）相比,腐殖酸处理（H）显著增加了>20～40 cm土层中>2、>1～2、>0.25～1和≤0.053 mm粒级范围的全氮含量;改性高分子材料（P）和复合高分子材料（HP）处理分别显著提高了表层土壤（0～20 cm）中>2、>1～2和≤0.053 mm粒级范围和>2、>0.25～1和≤0.053 mm粒级范围的全氮含量。对不同粒级全磷含量的研究发现,H和P处理分别显著提高了表层土壤中>0.25～1和>2 mm粒级范围内的全磷含量,同时在>20～40 cm土层中,H和P处理均在>1～2、>0.053～0.25 mm粒级范围内的全磷含量与CK处理存在显著差异。进一步对不同粒级氮磷储量的研究表明,H处理主要增加了>0.25～1 mm粒级范围内的氮磷储量;P处理有利于提高>1～2、>0.25～1、>0.053～0.25和≤0.053 mm粒级范围内的全磷储量。高分子材料尽管不利于春小麦茎的氮磷积累量及干物质量的增加,却提高了其它器官氮磷积累量及干物质量,特别是在成熟期的籽粒中这种增加幅度更大。其中H和P处理中籽粒的氮磷积累量较CK分别增加了25.6%、24.9%和40.9%、26.7%（P<0.05）,同时籽粒产量提高了19.7%和12.6%（P<0.05）。冗余分析表明,>1～2和>0.25～1 mm粒级范围内的氮磷储量是春小麦增产的主要驱动因子之一。该研究结果明确了高分子材料对土壤氮磷养分的作用机制,为当地的应用和推广提供更为深入的理论基础。     

Extraction and analysis of nitrogen,phosphorus and carbon fractions in plant material

A method is described for the extraction and analysis of various nitrogen‐, phosphorus‐ and carbon‐containing fractions from plant material. Lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol and chloroform/methanol/water. Soluble nitrogen (nitrate, ammonia, and amino acid), phosphorus (inorganic and sugar phosphate) and carbon (sugar and tannin) fractions were extracted with cold trichloracetic acid. Hot soluble nitrogen and phosphorus (nucleic acid) and carbon (starch and tannin) fractions were extracted with hot trichloracetic acid. Protein remained in the residue. A detailed automated scheme is described for the analysis of each of the above fractions. Also included are methods for analyzing triglyceride, hydrolyzable ester phosphate and phytic acid.     

农田氮、磷向水体迁移原因及对策

农田氮、磷向水体迁移,不仅造成化肥的利用率低,农业生产成本上升,还对水环境造成污染,引起水体富营养化。综合评述了农田氮、磷向水体迁移的原因及其控制方面的国内外研究进展。氮、磷肥的过量施用和施用比例不合理是导致农田氮、磷向水体迁移的主要原因;氮、磷向水体迁移量受土壤质地、施肥种类、降雨条件等因素影响;相应措施如优化土地利用、合理施肥和处理农田径流等均可有效地降低农田氮、磷向水体迁移风险。在当前的非点源污染治理中,应采取有力措施控制农田养分流失。     

绿狐尾藻湿地对养殖废水中不同污染负荷氮去除效应

为研究绿狐尾藻湿地对不同污染负荷养殖废水氮去除效应和影响因素,该研究在野外建立了9条表面流绿狐尾藻湿地,以低负荷(60 L/d废水+120 L/d清水)、中负荷(120 L/d废水+60 L/d清水/d)和高负荷(180 L/d废水)养殖废水为处理对象,研究了不同污染负荷下绿狐尾藻湿地水体氮素时间变化规律;结合线性混合模型,进一步探究了影响绿狐尾藻湿地氮去除的关键环境因子。结果表明,整个试验期间(2014-07-2015-05),绿狐尾藻湿地对低、中、高负荷废水铵氮(NH₄⁺-N)和总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)去除率均较高,其中NH₄⁺-N平均去除率为85.0%～98.7%,TN平均去除率为83.6%～97.1%。线性混合模型分析结果表明,影响绿狐尾藻湿地NH₄⁺-N去除的关键环境因子是水体溶解氧和硝态氮以及底泥NH₄⁺-N含量,其中水体溶解氧对绿狐尾藻湿地NH₄^+<...     

九龙江流域养猪场氮磷流失特征研究

由于对畜禽粪便的处置和管理不当,氮、磷养分随粪便大量流失,不仅带来日益突出的环境问题,还造成了资源的浪费。目前国际上多采用养分平衡方法研究和评价畜牧养殖场养分流失状况及其潜在的环境风险程度。选取福建省九龙江流域92家养猪场,采用养分平衡分析方法研究了该流域养猪场养分流失状况及主要影响因素。结果表明：大部分养猪场的氮磷养分输入量远远大于养分有效输出量,表明养分大量流失,养殖系统的环境风险程度极高;随着养猪场规模的增大,氮、磷的不平衡程度呈下降趋势;生态型养殖模式有利于促进资源综合利用,减少养分流失;加强对粪肥和饲料管理有利于促进畜禽养殖场的氮、磷养分平衡。     

洋葱氮、磷、钾养分吸收与分配规律的研究

田间试验研究了秋栽洋葱生长特性及对氮、磷、钾的吸收分配规律。结果表明,洋葱幼苗期生长极为缓慢,干物质积累量较少,对氮磷钾的吸收速率较低,吸收量仅占全生育期的4%左右;发棵期植株生长迅速,氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）的吸收速率分别达 22.03、8.60和15.65 mg/(plant·d),吸收量分别占全生育期的 92.74%、91.01%和71.79%;鳞茎膨大期氮、磷吸收速率迅速降低,而钾仍高达 7.23 mg/(plant·d)。洋葱全生育期对氮磷钾的吸收比例为1:0.40:0.92;但随着生长的进行,磷钾吸收比例升高,在鳞茎膨大期达1:0.92:9.04。洋葱幼苗期吸收的氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,发棵期则以鳞茎和叶片分配率较高,鳞茎膨大期则主要分配在鳞茎中,在这一时期分配率分别达75.88%、87.77%和71.81%。在本试验条件下,每生产1000 kg鳞茎,约分别吸收N、P2O5、K2O为2.93、1.16和2.69 kg。     

上海郊区河流沉积物N、P释放的初步研究

A laboratory study was conducted to observe the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sedimentsunder both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The samples used were five creek sediments and a fish-pondsediment (as a comparison) obtained from suburban Shanghai. High loads of nitrogen and phosphoruswere found in the creek sediments. Total nitrogen of the sediments ranged from 1.17 to 5.95 g kg^-1; totalphosphorus from 608.63 to 2 033.95 mg kg^-1. Making up more than 90% of the total nitrogen, organicnitrogen was the dominant nitrogen fraction in the sediments; where as inorganic phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus fraction, which made up more than 85 percent of the total phosphorus. Cabound phosphorus fraction dominated inorganic phosphorus, which occupied more than 50% of the total. A large amount of ammonium was released from the sediments under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the anaerobic releases were slightly greater than the aerobic. In addition, ammonium contents in the aerobic waters decreased sharply after reaching the peaks because of strong nitrification, compared with the relatively maintained ammonium peaks in the anaerobic waters. Anaerobic phosphate releases were much greater than the aerobic and the released ortho-phosphate was mainly from Fe-bound phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the sample of the dredged creek were the lowest, showing that creek dredging could effectively remove contaminants from the surface of sediments and weaken the release potentials of nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the fish-pond sediment were greater than those from the creek sediments though its total nitrogen and phosphorus were not the highest, which was probably due to the larger amount of biologically degraded organic matter in the fish-pond sediment.     

Vegetative and reproductive performance of maize to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in Plinthic Acrisol and Gleyic Plinthic Acrisol

Soil specific maize response to N and P may provide guidelines for improving nutrient management. Three replicates of N and P fertilizer combinations (N₀P₀, N₀P₉₀, N₁₂₀P₀, and N₁₂₀P₉₀) were arranged in randomized complete block design on Plinthic Acrisol (PA) and Gleyic Plinthic Acrisol (GPA) in Ghana. Treatment effects on maize plant height and yield parameters were assessed. Plant height differed consistently with N₁₂₀P₉₀ > N₀P₉₀ > N₁₂₀P₀/N₀P₀ from 3 to 7?weeks after planting on the GPA. On the GPA, grain yield ranged from 1.20 to 2.40 t ha^?1 and increased by 10, 77 and 95% in the N₁₂₀P₀, N₀P₉₀ and N₁₂₀P₉₀, respectively. Residual effect of N₀P₉₀ and N₁₂₀P₉₀ increased maize yields on the GPA than on the PA. Rather than N, P was more critical to maize performance and should be externally supplied not exceeding the critical level of N₀P₆₀ (Plinthic Acrisol) and N₀P₉₀ (Gleyic Plinthic Acrisol) for optimum maize yield.     

曝气对垂直流湿地处理水产养殖废水脱氮的影响

人工湿地作为一种有效的污水处理技术,现已被逐渐拓展到水产养殖业中。鉴于其与养殖竞争有限土地资源的弊端,如何构建节地高效型湿地成为未来研究的重点。曝气增氧是强化潜流湿地净化效能的重要措施之一,但是关于曝气强度以及净化效率与影响因素的关系仍缺乏深入系统的研究。为此,该文设计构建了7组不同要素组合的垂直流湿地小试系统,同步或分阶段探讨了曝气强化对垂直流湿地脱氮的影响。研究结果表明,无论曝气与否,构建的7组湿地系统于试验运行工况下都存在明显的硝化过程,且空气复氧和植物根系泌氧足以弥补硝化作用耗氧量。曝气增氧进一步强化了湿地内部的矿化和硝化过程;鉴于养殖废水不缺乏碳源(该研究各组湿地进水碳氮比在28.4~30.6之间),湿地内部的反硝化几率增大,导致曝气后总氮的去除效率提高。但是曝气条件下过高的溶解氧又会进一步抑制反硝化过程,从而也会导致系统总氮去除速率的下降。因此,对垂直流湿地而言,曝气强度不是愈高愈好。为了获得更高的脱氮效率,建议可以通过延长水力停留时间或者在垂直流湿地尾部增设水平潜流湿地来补充反硝化过程,进而提高系统对总氮的去除效果。     

氮磷配施对“济麦22”小麦产量及品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了氮磷配施对超高产冬小麦"济麦22"产量及磨粉品质、糊化特性、面团流变学特性及烘焙品质等的影响。结果看出,容重、出粉率与磨粉品质呈显著正相关;峰值粘度和峰值时间对面粉糊化特性影响显著;湿面筋含量、沉降值与面团流变学特性指标呈显著或极显著正相关,且对烘焙品质的影响显著。产量和品质的大部分指标随施氮磷量的增加而发生显著变化,氮磷肥对产量和品质的互作效应显著。施N 300 kg/hm2、P 150kg/hm2处理可获得超高产,且容重、出粉率、湿面筋含量、沉降值及面团稳定时间均显著高于其它处理,表现出较好的磨粉品质和烘焙品质。表明在本试验条件下,该施肥量是济麦22优质超高产的最佳施肥模式。     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的千岛湖流域氮、磷输出总量预测

农业非点源污染目前已成为我国水环境恶化和湖泊富营养化的重要因素。运用AnnAGNPS模型对千岛湖流域农业非点源污染物输出总量及时空分布进行预测分析。研究结果表明预测结果与实测结果在一定误差范围内基本一致，表明该模型应用于农业非点源污染负荷估算及评价是可行的。     

黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减措施

黑土是我国重要的土壤资源,承载了全国50%以上的玉米产量。但过量的化肥施入和不合理的农业管理造成黑土土壤氮磷大量残留,氮磷淋溶风险增强。相关研究表明,尽管黑土区旱地农田氮磷淋溶损失相对较低,肥料残留效应仍致使其潜在淋溶风险增强。因此,本研究综合分析了环境因子和农业管理措施对黑土区农田氮磷淋溶特征的影响规律,明确了黑土氮磷淋溶消减措施,并针对玉米农田和蔬菜地提出消减策略。具体结果如下:施肥和降水是影响黑土农田氮磷淋溶的重要因素,灌溉是影响蔬菜地氮磷淋溶的关键农田管理措施;按需施肥、有机无机配施、避免雨热同期追肥、节水灌溉、免耕秸秆覆盖、不同作物轮作和添加生物炭等均是适合于当地气候和土壤条件的氮磷淋溶阻控措施。建议玉米农田采用一次性基肥施入,有机肥占比50%～70%,采用免耕秸秆覆盖技术;蔬菜地在常规施肥和灌溉频次下分别降低20%的施肥量和灌溉量,推荐蔬菜秋季收获后秸秆粉碎深埋等管理措施。本研究明确了黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减策略,有助于实现黑土区农业绿色可持续发展和绿色生态环境的构建。     

生姜对氮、磷、钾吸收分配规律研究

通过田间试验研究了高产生姜生长特性及对氮、磷、钾的吸收分配规律。结果表明,生姜幼苗期生长缓慢,虽持续时间占全生育期的52.6%,但干物质积累量较少,对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收速率较低,吸收量仅占全生育期的24%左右; 发棵期植株生长迅速,N、P2O5、K2O的吸收速率分别达3.5、1.3 和4.9 kg/(hm2·d),吸收量约占全生育期的30%左右; 根茎膨大期对N的吸收速率略有降低,而P2O5、K2O则仍分别高达1.3和5.1 kg/(hm2·d),N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别占全生育期的44.0%、45.5%和47.1%。随生长的进行,N、P2O5、K2O在茎、叶中的分配率呈降低的趋势,而在根茎中的分配率则逐渐增加; 在根茎膨大期,根茎中的N、P2O5、K2O分配率分别达50.0%、61.0%和46.5%。生姜全生育期对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收比例约为2.5∶1.0∶3.8。本试验条件下,每生产1000 kg生姜根茎产品,分别吸收N、P2O5、K2O约4.67、1.90和7.25 kg。     

寒冷地区多级垂直流人工湿地系统设计及氮磷去除效率

为了解决北方寒冷地区人工湿地冬季效率低、运行不稳定的问题,设计建设了两个多级垂直流人工湿地系统(multistage vertical-flow constructed wetlands,MVCWs),处理北京房山区居民生活污水,通过工程设计以及添加碳源强化系统脱氮效果,增加磷吸附基质等措施,提高系统稳定性和污染物的去除效率。研究结果表明,湿地系统Ⅰ化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)的平均去除率为87.3%;总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的平均去除率为91.9%;总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的平均去除率为68.9%,能够全年稳定运行。湿地系统Ⅱ采取半间歇式运行方式,在0.5 m3/(m2·d)的水力负荷条件下,对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为92.5%、53.8%、77.2%。湿地系统Ⅱ厌氧单元添加62 kg木块后,COD/TN从0.93上升到1.85,比添加31 kg木块单元对TN的去除率提高15.6%。木块作为厌氧阶段的外加碳源,有效促进了垂直流人工湿地系统对氮的去除。通过垂直流人工湿地多级合理的单元设计,在厌氧阶段添加碳源有利于反硝化脱氮以及添加吸附磷的基质,提高冬季没有植物参与时高效除氮、磷,有效地保证对各种污染物的去除效率。使该研究中的人工湿地系统能够全年稳定运行,该研究结果可为人工湿地在中国北方的推广应用提供参考。     

稻麦轮作周年氮磷运筹对作物产量和土壤养分含量的影响

通过稻麦轮作两周年四季作物的田间小区试验,研究了氮磷减量及磷肥运筹对水稻、小麦产量和第二周年稻麦收获后土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:在习惯施肥的基础上减少氮肥用量10.8%和磷肥25.0%,对第一周年小麦、水稻产量和第二周年小麦产量没有显著影响,却显著降低了第二周年水稻产量;氮磷减量处理显著降低了第二周年水稻收获后土壤有效磷的含量,而对土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量没有显著影响;在氮磷减量条件下,小麦、水稻两季均施用磷肥与小麦一季集中施用磷肥进行比较,二者之间两周年四季作物产量没有显著差异。据此,建议稻麦轮作区实施"氮肥适当减量、磷肥隔年集中施用在小麦季"的氮磷施肥原则,可以达到降低肥料用量和劳动力投入,同时保证产量的目的。