碳化稻壳吸附严寒地区村镇地下水Fe2+与Mn2+的性能分析

为低温同步净化铁锰地下水,保障严寒村镇饮用水安全,优选600℃碳化稻壳CRH600,基于X射线衍射分析(Xray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、比表面积及孔结构分析(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen sorption,BET-N2)、傅立叶红外线光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、Boehm测定法等表征剖析CRH600吸附Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)机理,通过单因素试验确定最佳投加量与溶液p H值,采用吸附等温线-动力学-热力学理论揭示CRH600低温吸附性能,考察CRH600低温再生能力。结果表明:CRH600比表面积大,稻壳碳化后表面官能团含量增多,其中-OH凭借离子交换与表面络合作用对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)去除贡献最大。10℃时CRH600对溶液中混合的铁锰不存在竞争吸附;最佳溶液p H值分别为5、6,最佳投加量分别为6、10 g/L。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型与Langmuir模型,受膜扩散与颗粒内扩散控制,饱和吸附量分别为5.85、2.83 mg/g。吸附自发放热、熵减,低温效果佳,物理与化学作用并存。H2SO4为吸附饱和CRH600的最优解吸剂,最佳吸附-解吸循环次数分别为5、3,再生CRH600对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的平衡吸附量可达解吸前的80%、90%。研究结果为改性稻壳颗粒低温去除地下水铁锰的应用提供了充分的基础数据与理论支撑。     

硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术对污染场地多环芳烃的修复效果研究

硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术(sulfate radical(SO_4~(·–))based advanced oxidation processes,SR-AOPs)是一种被广泛应用于降解土壤有机污染物的原位氧化修复技术。然而,关于SR-AOPs降解土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的报道相对较少。本研究以南京某炼钢厂附近土壤作为试验样本,通过设置不同比例混合体系的过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)和亚铁离子(Fe~(2+))以及反应不同时间,探究SR-AOPs对土壤中16种PAHs的修复效果以及最佳技术方案。结果表明:Na_2S_2O_8和Fe~(2+)的配比会显著影响土壤PAHs的降解效果,当两者比例达到10︰1时,即Na_2S_2O_8用量为5 mmol/g,Fe~(2+)用量为0.5 mmol/g,反应时间为24 h时,PAHs总降解率最高,可达到29.32%;不同环数的PAHs决定了SR-AOPs的降解效果,其中SR-AOPs对四环PAHs降解效率最高,总降解率达到37.32%;此外,降解效率随反应时间增加而增加,在24 h达到效果最佳。因此,本研究结果可为SR-AOPs修复土壤PAHs提供理论依据。     

H_2S对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环的响应

为了探究H_2S对甜樱桃花器官低温伤害的缓解机理,以甜樱桃品种早大果为试材,分析了不同浓度H_2S供体NaHS对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环系统的影响。结果表明,喷施0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均可降低低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,显著提高还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(P0.05),降低氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,使AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值显著升高(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS效果最显著;0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均显著提高低温胁迫下柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的活性(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS提高上述酶活性的幅度最大。NaHS的浓度大于0.2 mmol·L~(-1)不再提高低温胁迫下AsA-GSH循环效率;低温胁迫下添加NaHS的同时添加H_2S清除剂HT可解除H_2S的效果。综上所述,喷施适量外源H_2S可有效降低低温胁迫下O_2~-、H_2O,和MDA积累,提高AsA-GSH循环效率,减轻低温对甜樱桃柱头和子房的氧化伤害。本研究结果为明确H_2S缓解甜樱桃花器官低温伤害作用机制以及生产上花期低温伤害预防提供了理论依据。     

Ca~(2+)参与外源NO增强低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化能力

为探究Ca~(2+)在一氧化氮(NO)增强黄瓜抗氧化能力和耐冷性中的作用,本研究以津研四号黄瓜幼苗为试验材料,通过叶面喷施NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(SNP),游离Ca~(2+)螯合剂乙二醇-双-(2-氨基乙基)四乙酸(EGTA),质膜Ca~(2+)通道阻断剂三氯化镧(La Cl3),钙调素(Ca M)活性抑制剂三氟啦嗪(TFP)和钙调素激酶(Ca M-PK)阻断剂N-(6-氨基己基)-5-氯-1-萘磺胺(W-7),研究低温(10℃/6℃)胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及其相关基因表达量、H_2O_2含量和O_2~(-·)含量的变化。结果表明,与CK相比,水+SNP处理在低温24 h和48 h提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及其相关基因表达,降低了电导率以及MDA和H_2O_2含量,而EGTA+SNP、LaCl_3+SNP、TFP+SNP和W-7+SNP处理抑制了SNP作用效果,表明Ca~(2+)参与NO对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化过程的调节。此外,在低温0、3和6 h,H_2O_2组织染色显示水+SNP处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片H_2O_2积累量显著高于其他处理;在低温6 h,水+SNP处理黄瓜幼苗叶片O-·2积累量显著高于其他处理,表明活性氧(ROS)可能也作为一种信号分子,位于Ca~(2+)的下游参与NO增强黄瓜幼苗的抗氧化能力。本研究为阐明Ca~(2+)和NO信号系统在提高植物耐冷性中的作用机理提供了理论依据。     

基于分子模拟分析的紫贻贝体内重金属Cd2+脱除机制

采用海水中添加制备的蛋白水解肽-Fe~(2+)配合物(TPH-Fe~(2+))暂养处理紫贻贝,结合分子同源模建、动力学模拟及相互作用能分析技术,探索TPH-Fe~(2+)对紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)的脱除作用机制。结果显示,添加40 mg/L TPH-Fe~(2+)净化处理15 d后,紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)质量分数由47.099μg/g降低至24.221μg/g,脱除效率显著(P0.05)。进而以老鼠金属硫蛋白(metallothionein from rat,记为1DFT)为模板,同源模建出紫贻贝金属硫蛋白中β-结构域(metallothionein,MT)的三维结构,通过MT-Cd~(2+)、MT-Fe~(2+)、MT-Cd~(2+)+水解肽、MT-Fe~(2+)+水解肽等体系分子动力学模拟及半经验量子力学计算发现,紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)脱除机制可能为水解肽携带Fe~(2+)到达机体靶向器官或位点遇到MT-Cd~(2+)复合物后,降低了MT与Cd~(2+)间的结合力,便于MT解脱Cd~(2+)并恢复活性,同时释放的Fe~(2+)可与Cd~(2+)竞争性结合MT,从而起到协助脱除Cd~(2+)的效果。研究表明,蛋白水解肽-Fe~(2+)配合物有效脱除贻贝体内Cd残留,可作为一种双壳贝类养殖饲料添加剂加以应用。     

不同金属辅基和酶剂量对超氧化物歧化酶抗氧化、促氧化作用的影响

研究含不同类型金属辅基(Mn或Cu,Zn)的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的抗氧化/促氧化作用特征,以及酶剂量对其抗氧化/促氧化作用的影响。用化学发光法分析超氧化物歧化酶对由Fenton体系产生的羟基自由基(.OH)导致DNA氧化损伤的影响。进一步利用.OH所致质粒DNA氧化后在琼脂糖凝胶电泳中的构型改变为实验模型,比较不同类型金属辅基和剂量对SOD抗氧化/促氧化活性的影响。Mn-SOD对.OH引起的DNA氧化损伤没有显著影响。然而,Cu,Zn-SOD在较高浓度(>200 U/ml)下,表现出强烈的促氧化效应,能够加剧DNA氧化损伤。研究结果表明,金属辅基对SOD的抗氧化或促氧化效应有着重要的影响,这可能与金属辅基在Fenton反应中的氧化还原特性相关。高浓度的Cu,Zn-SOD对.OH所致DNA氧化损伤存在显著的促氧化效应。高浓度的Mn辅基离子不能与Fenton体系中H2O2直接作用,并且不能促进羟基自由基的形成。     

Fe2O3-TiO2/UV/O3+PSAF协同处理猪场废水效果及其除碳脱氮机制

为实现低碳高氨氮猪场废水深度除碳脱氮,该研究提出了 Fe_2O_3-TiO_2/UV/O_3+PSAF组合处理工艺技术。应用响应面法确立了组合工艺的最优工况条件,采用三维荧光和紫外-可见吸收光谱分析了有机物的荧光和分子结构变化特征,并结合碳、氮形态变化探明了其协同处理特性及除碳脱氮机制。结果表明,Fe_2O_3-TiO_2投加量为1.06 g/L、O_3流量为3.02 g/h、曝气时间为90.75 min、聚硅酸铝铁(PSAF)用量为833.29 mg/L,COD及NH_(3-)N去除效果最好,试验值与预测值偏差0.75%和0.56%,拟合性良好;组合工艺对猪场废水中的溶解性微生物代谢产物和类腐殖质处理效果显著,溶解性有机碳和总溶解性氮去除率分别达77.7%和82.6%,协同因子分别为1.11和1.50。其中,Fe_2O_(3-)TiO_2/UV/O_3对类腐殖质削减效果显著,O_3和·OH协同氧化类腐殖质、NH_3-N为小分子物质、NO_3~--N和N_2 (N_2转化率达39.71%),提高了富氧官能团的数量,促进了氮素的转化和矿化,利于PSAF对小分子物质和NO_3~--N等污染物的去除,组合工艺协同互补作用明显。研究结果为深度处理低碳高氨氮有机废水提供一种新思路。     

活化过硫酸钠氧化法修复DDTs污染场地土壤研究

本研究探讨了利用Fe2+活化过硫酸钠氧化修复长江三角洲地区某典型DDTs污染场地土壤的可行性。研究了不同因素对目标污染物去除效率的影响,包括起始pH与矿物耦合因素、过硫酸钠/Fe2+浓度比值因素和过硫酸钠浓度因素等。结果表明,当磁铁矿和赤铁矿投加到只含有过硫酸钠的泥浆体系时,在酸性和中性条件下都能显著提高DDTs的降解率(P0.01),并且pH 3.2条件时DDTs的降解率高于pH 7.7条件时的DDTs降解率;零价铁和菱铁矿因其二价铁含量较高,导致矿物近表面Fe2+过剩而消耗硫酸根自由基,进而降低了DDTs氧化效率。pH 3.2时,Fe2+/Na2S2O8的最优值为1/20,在此条件下0.16 mol/L的活化过硫酸钠反应24 h后得到DDTs最高降解率约为90%。同时还比较了活化过硫酸钠、过硫酸钠、Fenton试剂、H2O2、双氧化试剂(活化过硫酸钠与双氧水混用)和高锰酸钾6种氧化剂对DDTs氧化效果,评价了不同氧化剂的优劣之处。研究发现Fe2+活化过硫酸钠可以有效地降解DDTs的4种同系物,pH 3.2条件时6种氧化剂对DDTs的氧化降解率由大到小顺序为:活化过硫酸钠过硫酸钠Fenton试剂双氧化剂高锰酸钾H2O2。本研究结果表明活化过硫酸钠氧化法是修复DDTs污染场地土壤的有效方法,有较好的应用推广性。     

CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的制备表征及在污水处理中的应用

为了提高臭氧催化氧化污水深度处理的效率,分别利用CeO_2和Al_2O_3作为活性组分和载体制备掺杂型CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂,通过X-射线衍射、透射电镜、N2吸附脱附曲线、X射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂性能进行表征,考察CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化活性的变化,分析催化臭氧化去除有机物的作用机制。结果表明,制备的掺杂型CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较大的比表面积、孔容和孔径,分别达到125 m2/g、0.242 2 cm3/g和7.777 8 nm。催化剂的活性组分主要为高度结晶化立方萤石结构的CeO_2,煅烧并未改变CeO_2的结构晶型。当进水化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand)为70~80 mg/L,催化剂用量为110 g/L,臭氧浓度为18 g/m3,p H值为7.8时,COD去除率最高42.8%。较高的催化效率归功于活性物质CeO_2中同时具有Ce3+和Ce4+,加速了臭氧生成更多的强氧化性?OH,催化剂的多孔结构为有机物的降解提供了充足的反应空间。催化剂使用寿命长,当催化剂重复使用5次后,COD去除率仍保持40%以上。     

紫菜多糖抗氧化活性及体外免疫调节作用研究

为探讨紫菜多糖功能活性,采用超声波辅助纤维法提取分离紫菜多糖(PP),研究PP的抗氧化活性及其对小鼠体外免疫调节的影响。结果表明,PP经Cellulose DEAE-52柱层析得到7个组分PP1、PP2、PP3、PP4、PP5、PP6和PP7,得率分别为5.18%、11.21%、17.15%、19.88%、4.77%、3.02%和1.24%。选取PP和2个主要组分(PP3,PP4)进行抗氧化及小鼠体外免疫调节作用研究,发现PP、PP3和PP4均能有效清除DPPH·和·OH,抑制小鼠肝组织的脂质过氧化,对Fe~(2+)和H_2O_2诱导的肝组织过氧化物损伤具有保护作用,能减少线粒体肿胀和红细胞溶血的发生。此外,PP3和PP4不仅具有直接及协同丝裂原刀豆蛋白A(ConA)刺激淋巴细胞增殖的作用,还具有双向免疫调节的作用。本研究结果为进一步探讨紫菜多糖功能活性及其作用机制奠定了基础。     

Improvement of the NH2OH-HCl-HOAc method for extracting manganese and iron oxides in Japanese Andisols and other soil types in Japan

Abstract

We evaluated the validity of Tessier’s method as applied to the extraction of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) oxides in Japanese Andisols and other soil types in Japan. Using the original Tessier’s extractant mixture, 0.04 mol L^?1 hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 25% acetic acid (0.04 mol L^–1 NH₂OH-HCl in 25% HOAc), we found that substantial amounts of short-range-ordered Fe oxides were not extracted from allophanic Andisol samples and that considerable amounts of total Fe oxides were not extracted from all soil types. Relatively high extraction pH and large amounts of short-range-ordered Fe oxides in the Andisol samples might be responsible for incomplete extraction. Stoichiometric calculation indicated that the concentration of NH₂OH-HCl might be insufficient for complete extraction of Fe oxides. The extracted amounts of Mn and Fe increased with increasing concentration of NH₂OH-HCl in the extractant, and most of the Mn and Fe oxides in the soil samples, including samples with as much as 5.6% Fe, were extracted with 0.6 mol L^–1 NH₂OH–HCl in 25% HOAc. As judged from the simultaneous dissolution of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) minerals, extraction selectivity of Fe oxides with 0.6 mol L^–1 NH₂OH-HCl in 25% HOAc was comparable to that of the original Tessier’s method and better than that of a modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure or a method using an extractant consisting of a mixture of oxalate and ascorbate, especially for Andisol samples.     

Soil and Water Contamination Levels in an Out-of-Service Oil Distribution and Storage Station in Michoacan,Mexico

An oil distribution and storage station (ODSS) in Michoacan, Mexico was active from 1963 to 1999. Out-of-service since then, it is now subject to a dismantling process. From the results of this study it was concluded that ODSS soil is contaminated mainly with TPH, BTEX, MTBE, Pb, Fe, Cr, and Zn. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and metal contamination is clearly localised in three main area: in front of the TV-284 storage tank, along the area where the train railway was once situated, and the zone near the pumping house. Pb was detected in groundwater in concentrations higher than 0.025 mg l^-1. A health risk assessment (HRA) was carried out. From the HRA results, it was proposed to reduce the benzene, iron, MTBE, lead, and xylene concentrations from their current values to 0.0072, 6,000, 0.21, 400, and 100 mg kg^-1, respectively. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration must be reduced from 59,000 to 2,000 mg kg^-1. Remediation of the ODSS soil with regard to the high TPH, MTBE, Pb, Cr and benzene concentrations appears feasible and will allow the use of the old ODSS with new soil uses at middle and long term.     

玉米须类胡萝卜素的提取及其稳定性

为进一步开发玉米须资源,以废弃的玉米须为原料,探讨不同萃取剂、超声时间、表面活性剂、温度、提取时间、液料比、搅拌转速对类胡萝卜素提取量的影响,同时研究光照、pH、营养元素、超声时间对玉米须类胡萝卜素稳定性的影响。结果表明,玉米须类胡萝卜素最适提取工艺条件:以丙酮为萃取剂,超声预处理6 min,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)用量1.6%,提取温度35℃,提取时间45 min,液料比13m L·g~(-1),搅拌转速125 r·min~(-1),此条件下的提取量为311.21 mg·kg~(-1),与理论预测值(313.96 mg·kg~(-1))相近。玉米须类胡萝卜素对光照,提取温度,酸碱环境,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)元素和超声处理较为敏感,而在避光、中性环境、Na~+和K~+元素条件下有利于其储存,适度的超声处理在提高玉米须类胡萝卜素提取率的同时对其稳定性无显著影响,节约时间成本。综上,高效利用玉米须中的类胡萝卜素对玉米须深加工具有重要意义。     

玉米花生混作对花生根系还原力和花生铁营养的影响

采用自行设计的立培一营养液联合体系培养装置．研究了混作对花生根系还原力和铁营养状况的影响。向营养液中供给难溶性的氢氧化铁后,在不同的时间内测定花生根系的还原力及新叶中铁的含量。结果表明,在3～9天中单作花生还原力明显高于混作花生,12～15天期间单作花生还原力迅速下降并低于相应的混作花生;而混作花生在6～15无中缓慢上升,并在较长时间内维持了较高的还原力。花生新叶活性铁含量测定结果表明,在加入难溶性氢氧化铁后第3天,单作、混作花生新叶活性铁含量无明显的差异,而至第9天、第15天时,单作花生活性铁含量低于混作花生。玉米与花生混作对改善花生营养状况具有重要的作用。     

Iron oxidation in different types of groundwater of Western Siberia

Background, aim, and scope  The groundwaters of Western Siberia contain high concentrations of iron, manganese, silicon, ammonium, and, in several cases, hydrogen sulfide, carbonic acids, and dissolved organic substances. Generally, the groundwaters of Western Siberia can be divided into two major types: one type with a relatively low concentration of humic substances and high hardness (water of A type) and a second type with a relatively low hardness and high concentration of humic substances (water of B type). For drinking water production, the waters of A type are mostly treated in the classical way by aeration followed by sand bed filtration. The waters of B type often show problems when treated for iron removal. A part of iron practically does not form the flocs or particles suitable for filtration or sedimentation. The aim of this work was to determine the oxidizability of Fe(II), to characterize the iron colloids, and to investigate the complexation of the iron ions with humic substances and the coagulation of the iron colloids in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Materials and methods  Water samples of the A and B types were taken from bore holes in Western Siberia (A type: in Tomsk and Tomsk region, B type: in Beliy Yar and Kargasok). Depth of sampling was about 200 m below surface. The oxidation of the groundwater samples by air oxygen and ozone was done in a bubble reactor consisting of a glass cylinder with a gas-inlet tube. To produce ozone, a compact ozone generator developed by Tomsk Polytechnic University was used. For the characterization of the colloids in the water of B type, the particle size distribution and the zeta potential were measured. To investigate the formation of complexes between iron and humic substances in the water of B type, size exclusion chromatography was used. The coagulation behavior of iron in the presence of dissolved organic substances was investigated at different pH values. The agglomerates were detected by measuring the optical density using a UV-Vis spectrometer. Results  Ozone showed, as expected, a faster oxidation of Fe(II) than air oxygen. The rate constants for Fe(II) oxidation were not much different for the waters of A and B types when the same oxidation process was used. However, the removal of iron after oxidation and filtration was higher in the water of A type than in the water of B type. No evidence for the formation of soluble complexes between iron and humic substances were found. In the water of A type, the coagulation process started at pH = 4.5 and accelerated with increasing pH value. In the water of B type, the coagulation of colloids occurred only at pH = 11 and higher. Discussion  The oxidation experiments indicated no major effect of dissolved organic carbon concentration on the kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation. In contrast to this, the humic substances showed a significant influence on the aggregation behavior of the iron hydroxide colloids. Due to the sorption of humic substances on the iron hydroxide colloids, they were highly stable in the pH range between 4.5 and 10. The particle size measurements confirmed the presence of small colloids in the water of B type. In contrast to this, the iron hydroxide colloids aggregated rapidly at pH = 11. Conclusions  The results showed a great influence of humic substances on the iron removal from groundwaters of Western Siberia with high organic content. The sorption of humic substances on the iron colloids does not obviously allow their coagulation and formation of flocs suitable for filtration or sedimentation. Recommendations and perspectives  By treatment of groundwaters containing high amounts of humic substances, some problems with the removal of iron are likely to occur. To increase the effectiveness of iron removal, the surface coating and pH-dependent charge effects should be taken into account by the selection and optimization of water treatment processes. The iron colloids coated by humic substances should be separated from the water phase by membrane filtration or by flocculation followed by filtration through different solid materials.     

不同金属离子对生物质发酵产氢的影响

为揭示不同金属离子在生物质发酵产氢中的作用规律,以混合菌群发酵产氢为研究对象,采用正交试验设计的方法,考察了7种金属离子对生物质发酵产氢的影响。通过对不同金属离子质量浓度及相互关系对发酵产氢影响的综合比较,获得以下结论：促进混合菌群发酵产氢的金属离子组成为：Fe2+ 20 mg/L,Zn2+ 0 mg/L,Ni2+ 1 mg/L,Mg2+ 10 mg/L,K+ 100 mg/L,Fe3+ 100 mg/L,Mn2+ 1 mg/L;H2与CO2、总产气量存在显著的正比关系,与糖利用率无直接关系;以PDB（马     

Effects of Combined Chemical and Biological Treatments on the Degradability of Vulcanization Accelerators

An investigation was made into a novel system aimed at reducing the impact of highly polluting wastewaters, and based on the combined action of catalytic oxidation and microbial biotechnology. The experimental part incorporated the following three schemes: chemical treatment using Fenton’s reaction for a single process (stage 1); biological treatment only (stage 2); and chemical oxidation followed by biological treatment (stage 3). Wastewaters with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT; 7,200–7,400 mg O₂ l^?1) were oxidized by stoichiometric amounts of dilute hydrogen peroxide (35%) in the presence of water soluble iron catalysts, either Fe (II) or Fe (III), at concentrations up to 1% w/w and above. As a result, transformation by chemical means of recalcitrant organics to more easily attackable end-products occurs, that can subsequently undergo conventional or advanced (microflora and biomass dispersed or adhered) biological treatments, with 90% of chemical oxygen demand abatement and 95% of MBT.     

Forms and pedogenic distribution of extractable iron in selected wetland soils in Nigeria

Abstract

The content of various forms of iron (Fe) (free, reducible, and organic) were determined by selective extraction methods in three wetland profiles between 1993 and 1995 seasons. The result showed that Fe distribution was in the order: dithionite (Fe_d) > hydroxylamine (Fe_H) > pyrophosphate (Fe_p) iron in the three pedons. The hydroxylamine‐Fe constituted between 10–42% (1993), 20–47% (1994), and 10–12% (1995) of the total free Fe oxides. The pyrophosphate‐Fe, on the other hand, constituted between 0.2–1.0% (1993), 19–52% (1994), and 3–9% (1995) of the total free Fe oxides. Dithionite‐Fe (total free iron oxides) content increases with the increasing depth, while hydroxylamine‐Fe decreases, suggesting that larger proportions of Fe oxides are present as crystalline forms in the lower horizons. The active Fe ratios were generally high in the top soils and low in the subsoil. It ranged between 0.03 and 0.69 (1993), 0.05 and 68 (1994), 0.05 and 0.53 (1995) in all pedons. This suggests that poor drainage slowed down soil development. Highly significant correlations (0.1%) were evident between phosphorus (P) and organic carbon; ECEC and base saturation; Fe_H and active Fe ratio. Significant correlations (1%) were also evident between Fe²⁺ and organic carbon; P and Fe_H; ECEC and clay. Furthermore, significant correlations (5%) were also obtained between clay and Fe_d; pH and Fe_d; active Fe ratio and P; Fe_H and clay; active Fe ratio and Fe_d.     

A Comparison of Spectrophotometric and Gas Chromatographic Measurements of Heavy Petroleum Products in Soil Samples

Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the infrared spectrophotometry (TPH-IR) and gas chromatography (TPH-GC) measurements of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil samples.Real world soil samples containing #2 to #6 fuel oils, mechanical lubricating oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel andweathered gasoline were extracted with trichlorotrifluoroethane(Freon-113) and methylene chloride. The extractants were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and infrared spectroscopy (TPH-IR) methods.A paired statistical t-test was applied to compare the average of paired differences in the analytical results. Statistical tests were evaluated with graphical presentation of the results. In general, a trend was observed in the measured concentrations.Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations measured withTPH-IR had the highest readings. The same samples extracted withmethylene chloride and analyzed with GC-FID showed lower concentrations than the TPH-IR method while the GC-FID analysisof the same samples extracted with Freon-113 produced the lowestconcentrations. Laboratory experiments indicated that TPH concentrations measured with the TPH-IR method were higher thanthe actual quantities of petroleum hydrocarbon in the soil samples.     

Effectiveness of Bioremediation Processes of Hydrocarbon Pollutants in Weathered Drill Wastes

The aim of this article is to present the problem of purification of 50-year-old weathered wastes (soil) from waste pits—the result of oil drilling. The soil was deeply contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons—total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) level: 85,654–101,842 mg kg dry mass. This work presents results of waste pit material purification with the use of stage technology: initial reclamation, basic bioremediation, and bioaugmentation (inoculation with indigenous microorganisms). The whole process was controlled with the use of gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. This analytical method enables observation of alternation in n-alkanes content during the consecutive stages of purification. According to this method, estimation of oil hydrocarbon biodegradation degree with the use of n-C₁₇/Pr and n-C₁₈/F indicators can be done. The use of biomarker C₃₀-17α(H)21β(H)-hopane to normalize the TPH concentration in laboratory research enabled the creation of the first-order mathematical model of biodegradation. It is possible to recognize the dynamics of the following purification stages due to the calculated first-order biodegradation constants. Decrease in the TPH content (63.8–65.1%) was a result of laboratory tests led in 130 days of basic bioremediation. The next stage of soil purification (130 days) included inoculation with biopreparation based on indigenous microorganisms—TPH decrease in 80.7–81.7%. Laboratory tests results enabled elaboration of purification methods applied in tested waste pits in industrial conditions (in situ). The technology of the G-44 and G-12 waste pits purification from huge petroleum hydrocarbons content, consisting of stage purification process, enables the TPH decrease to the satisfactory level in 3 years.