红壤低山丘陵区水土流失防治分区方法与措施配置——以宁都县小洋小流域为例

水土保持区划历经70年发展日趋成熟,明确了水土保持工作的发展方向,但却难以直接指导水土保持措施布设,故本研究提出在小流域(50 km2)尺度划分水土流失防治分区。基于压力-状态-响应模型构建包含水土流失敏感性、土壤侵蚀态势、生态系统服务三个维度的指标体系。并且针对目前应用于分区的方法众多,其分区效果有待评价的问题。以江西省宁都县小洋小流域为例,使用三种聚类评价指标对三种常用聚类算法所得水土流失防治分区方案进行评价。结果表明,k-means算法最适用于小洋小流域水土流失防治分区。水土流失防治分区探讨了复杂环境特点和社会发展需求,并在此基础上提出了水土保持措施布设意见,为小流域合理配置水土保持措施提供科学依据,提高综合治理效益。     

铁岭市水土流失重点防治区划分与防治途径研究

结合铁岭市基本情况,以乡镇为单位,根据水土流失重点防治区划分导则,着重细分出3片水土流失重点预防区和4片水土流失重点治理区,为铁岭市水土保持工作的重点布局提供科学依据。     

对华北地区500kV输变电工程水土保持的认识与建议

为了研究输变电工程建设过程中扰动土地面积分布特点,得出水土流失防治重点,为输变电工程水土流失防治工作提供技术支撑,以华北地区29项500 kV输变电工程为研究对象,统计分析变电站防治分区和输电线路防治分区不同地貌类型条件下各防治分区扰动土地面积空间分布特点和成因,并确定水土流失防治重点;通过分析植被恢复、铺设土工布和水泥灌浆桩基础等水土保持实用技术在不同地貌类型条件下防治水土流失和节约水土保持投资方面的实施效果,提出华北地区输变电工程水土流失防护重点部位与措施建议。     

水土保持方案编制相关问题的探讨

根据实际工作中水土保持方案编制存在的问题,从土石方平衡、防治分区、水土流失预测、水土流失防治标准及目标、水土保持措施布设五个方面进行了探讨,并提出了解决方法。     

丰台区水土保持区划及防治布局研究

水土保持区划是水土保持规划的基础,是水土流失防治工作的指导性文本,对于提高区域水土保持功能与宏观管理工作具有重要意义。基于第一次全国水利普查结果、《北京市城市总体规划(2016—2035年)》和《北京市水土保持规划》,在市级水土保持规划的基础上,将丰台区划分为4个区级水土保持功能区,并提出"一屏、一带、两区、多网"的水土保持总体方略,同时针对各区水土流失特点提出了分区布局防治对策,可为丰台区水土保持规划工作提供科学依据,为推进丰台区水土保持生态文明建设奠定基础。     

安定区水土保持现状及发展建议

安定区大力推进水土保持生态建设,在防治水土流失、保护水土资源、发展支柱产业、探索建设机制等方面取得了显著的成效。面对综合防护体系不完善、经费不足、林草"三低"问题突出、"三同时"制度落实不到位、水土流失监测水平低等突出矛盾和问题,提出新形势下的发展建议,要着力创新工作思路、实行分区防治、注重效益共赢、强化统筹协作、严格监督执法,打好水土保持攻坚战,促进生态文明建设。     

化州市近、远期水土保持规划

基于化州市水土保持现状及区域社会经济发展现状与发展目标,制定了化州市近、远期水土保持规划,并结合全国及广东省水土保持规划,因地制宜地将化州市划分为北部低山丘陵水源涵养及土壤保持区、南部平原水质维护及人居环境维护区2个水土保持分区,基于各分区水土流失特点,针对性地提出近、远期各分区水土流失防治措施体系,提前谋划,分区施策,以促进化州市水土保持工作高质量发展,为化州市水土保持生态文明建设奠定基础。     

三峡库区水土流失防治的实践与发展对策

在分析三峡库区水土流失现状、特点及危害的基础上,总结了库区20年来水土保持的实践经验。为减少水土流失造成的危害,实现三峡工程及库区经济社会、生态环境的可持续发展,提出的新时期水土流失防治对策为:①全面加强监督管理工作,遏制人为水土流失;②实施分区防治,构筑库区生态安全保障体系;③建设高效水土保持综合防治体系;④建立库区生态建设投入长效机制;⑤加强水土保持检测工作。     

全国水土保持区划概述

全国水土保持区划是全国水土保持规划的基础和前提,是我国水土保持工作因地制宜、分区防治的体系保障,对水土保持科学决策具有重要意义。水土保持区划是根据自然和社会条件,水土流失类型、强度和危害,以及水土流失治理的区域相似性和区域差异性进行的水土保持区域划分,主要是明确各区的生产发展方向(或土地利用方向)和水土流失防治措施。依据三级分区体系,选定海拔、大于10℃积温、年均降水量、水土流失成因及强度等指标组成各级分区指标体系,将全国共划分为8个一级区、41个二级区、117个三级区(含港、澳、台地区)。简要介绍了全国水土保持区划成果并提出了区划应用的相关建议。     

重庆市江津区水土保持区划研究

在市级水土保持区划的基础上,根据江津区各镇街自然地理条件、土地利用现状等分析水土流失现状与分布特点,进一步对江津区进行五级分区划分。采用图层叠加分析法,将全区划分为北部城区人居环境维护区、中部浅丘土壤保持区、南部低山生态维护区等3个不同的水土保持分区,并根据各分区的特点因地制宜地提出相应的生产发展方向、水土流失治理要求或防治措施,以期指导各分区科学开展水土保持工作。     

Forest soil respiration and its heterotrophic and autotrophic components: Global patterns and responses to temperature and precipitation

Quantifying global patterns of forest soil respiration (SR), its components of heterotrophic respiration (HR) and belowground autotrophic respiration (AR), and their responses to temperature and precipitation are vital to accurately evaluate responses of the terrestrial carbon balance to future climate change. There is great uncertainty associated with responses of SR to climate change, concerning the differences in climatic controls and apparent Q₁₀ (the factor by which respiration increases for a 10 °C increase in temperature) over HR and AR. Here, we examine available information on SR, HR, AR, the contribution of HR to SR (HR/SR), and Q₁₀ of SR and its components from a diverse global database of forest ecosystems. The goals were to test how SR and its two components (AR and HR) respond to temperature and precipitation changes, and to test the differences in apparent Q₁₀ between AR and HR. SR increased linearly with mean annual temperature (MAT), but responded non-linearly to mean annual precipitation (MAP) in naturally-regenerated forests. For every 1 °C increase in MAT, overall emissions from SR increased by 24.6 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. When MAP was less than 813 mm, every 100 mm increase in MAP led to a release of 75.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, but the increase rate declined to 20.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ when MAP was greater than 813 mm. MAT explained less variation in AR than that in HR. The overall emissions in AR and HR for every 1 °C increase in MAT, increased by 12.9 and 16.1 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The AR emissions for every 100 mm increase in MAP, increased by 44.5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ when MAP less than 1000 mm. However, above the threshold, AR emissions stayed relatively constant. HR increased linearly by 15.0 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ with every 100 mm increased in MAP. The Q₁₀ value of SR increased with increasing depth at which soil temperature was measured up to 10 cm and was negatively correlated with HR/SR. Our synthesis suggests AR and HR differ in their responses to temperature and precipitation change. We also emphasized the importance of information on soil temperature measurement depth when applying field estimation of Q₁₀ values into current terrestrial ecosystem models. Q₁₀ values derived from field SR measurements including AR, will likely overestimate the temperature response of HR on a future warmer earth.     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

Interactions between azospirillum and va mycorrhiza and their effects on growth and nutrition of maize and ryegrass

Interactions between the N₂-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae were studied in relation to their effects on the growth and nutrition of Zea mays (C₄) and Lolium perenne (C₃) plants. Although roots from plants inoculated with Azospirillum exhibited C₂H₂ reduction activity no significant effect of inoculation on N concentration in the plant shoots was found. With non-mycorrhizal plants, inoculation with Azospirillum resulted in increased dry matter production at the first harvest compared to the effect achieved by supplying N as fertilizer, but this trend was reversed at the last harvest. However, with mycorrhizal maize plants, Azospirillum, which stimulated the development of VA mycorrhiza, was still effective in improving plant growth and nutrient uptake at the last harvest. Azospirillum and N behaved similarly in enhancing the growth and nutrition of mycorrhizal maize. The dual inoculation of maize by Azospirillum and Glomus produced plants of a similar size, N content, and a higher P content, than those supplied with N and P.     

Influence of Puroindolines A and B Individually and in Combination on Wheat Milling and Bread Traits

Endosperm texture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by the Pina and Pinb genes located within the Hardness (Ha) locus on chromosome 5D. We have previously shown that Pina and Pinb can act alone to produce intermediate-textured grain or act together to produce soft grain. The objective here was to isolate the role of PINA and PINB individually and in combination on milling and bread traits by analyzing F₃ recombinant lines created by crosses between PINA and PINB null cultivars with Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a overexpressing transgenic lines. Homozygous lines that contained either the Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a (Pina null) or Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e (Pinb null) Ha locus with or lacking transgenically added Pina or Pinb were analyzed for milling and bread traits. Addition of Pina-D1a to Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a and addition of Pinb-D1a to Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e Ha locus genotypes gave soft grain with lower flour yield, flour ash, and a higher proportion of small flour particles. Addition of Pinb-D1a produced greater negative effects on loaf volume than addition of Pina-D1a. Grain hardness, flour protein, flour ash, and mixograph water absorption were positively correlated, which is indicative of the complex phenotype conditioned by PINs. The results demonstrate that PIN overexpression leads to a reduction in grain hardness and reduced flour yield, flour ash, and flour particle size. PIN expression also results in reduced loaf volume and flour water absorption.     

Phytotoxicity of fresh and weathered diesel and gasoline to willow and poplar trees

The toxicity of fresh and weathered gasoline and diesel fuel to willow and poplar trees was studied using a tree transpiration toxicity test. Soils were taken from an abandoned filling station. Concentrations in the samples were measured as the sum of hydrocarbons from C₅ to C₁₀ (gasoline) and C₁₂ to C₂₈ (diesel). Concentrations ranged from 145 to 921 mg/kg gasoline and 143 to 18231 mg/kg diesel. The correlation between log soil concentration and toxicity to willows(Salix viminalis x schwerinii) was highly significant for the diesel fraction (r²=0.81, n=19) and for the sum of hydrocarbons (r²=0.84, n=19). The EC₅₀ (50% inhibition of transpiration) for the sum of hydrocarbons was determined at 3910 mg/kg (95% C.I., 2900 to 5270 mg/kg) and followed a log-normally distributed sigmoidal curve. The EC₁₀ was 810 mg/kg (95% C.I., 396 to 1660 mg/kg). The results were verified with artificially mixed diesel and gasoline contaminated soils, and two willow and one poplar species(S. viminalis, S. alba and Populus nigra). Fresh diesel at about 1000 mg/kg showed no effect onS. alba, althoughP. nigra was more sensitive. 10000 mg/kg seriously affected the transpiration of all species, silver willow(S. alba) being the least sensitive. Free phase diesel killed all trees within six weeks. Fresh gasoline at 1000 mg/kg was deadly for all trees, hence was more toxic than weathered gasoline. Survival of poplars and willows planted at the abandoned filling station was compared to the laboratory findings. There was some correlation, but in the field, trees also suffered from other stress factors than fuel pollution.     

Comparison of Arsenic and Phosphate Uptake and Distribution in Arsenic Hyperaccumulating and Nonhyperaccumulating Fern

Abstract

Uptake of arsenic (As) and its distribution in Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), an As hyperaccumulator, and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), a nonhyperaccumulator, in the presence of phosphorus (P), were characterized by employing a hydroponic experiment with a complete three-factorial design. Two levels of As (100 and 1000 µM) and four levels of P (0, 100, 500, and 1000 µM) were used in this study. Arsenic uptake rates on the basis of root fresh weight for the two ferns were similar at low As concentration (100 µM). At high As concentration (1000 µM), however, As uptake rates (373–987 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1) of P. vittata were significantly greater than those of N. exaltata (164–459 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1). In both ferns, addition of P reduced their As uptake rate as well as accumulation. Pteris vittata had a greater As TF (Translocation factor = concentration ratio of fronds to roots) than N. exaltata. On the contrary, N. exaltata displayed a greater P TF than P. vittata. As a result, high P/As ratio was observed in the roots of P. vittata, whereas high P/As ratio was observed in the fronds of N. exaltata. The study illustrated that As hyperaccumulation by P. vittata may be facilitated by its high As influx rate and its high molar P/As ratio in the roots resulting from both high As TF and low P TF.     

Soil and water conservation projects and rural livelihoods: options for design and research to enhance adoption and adaptation

This paper synthesizes the findings of a workshop which sought to consider the issues of poor uptake, adoption and adaptation of soil and water conservation techniques by farmers post‐project by examining the experiences of projects which had research and extension elements. Critical factors contributing to the adoption and adaptation of soil and water conservation techniques by farmers are identified as

• a more flexible approach and which enables learning within projects;
• a process rather than output driven approach to soil and water conservation;
• demonstration of immediate and tangible benefits of soil and water conservation to farmers (production, income, risk‐minimization); and
• avoiding a narrow focus on soil and water conservation—alternatives are ‘better land husbandry’ or ‘sustainable rural livelihoods’ approaches.

A number of areas are identified as priorities for further research which would aid the successful adoption of sustainable agricultural techniques and which should guide future research, development and extension, bringing more sustained benefits to farmers, particularly in humid and subhumid hillside regions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil microbial and extractable C and N after wildfire

 The effect of wildfire on soil microbes and extractable C (C_ext) and N (N_ext) changed with respect to the time from burning and soil depth. Initially, microbial biomass C (C_mic) and N (N_mic) were drastically reduced in the soil surface layer (0–5 cm) and reduced by 50% in the subsurface (5–10 cm), whereas C_ext increased by 62% in the surface layer and did not significantly change in the subsurface. These parameters were affected for the following 4 years, during which the average reductions in the soil surface and subsurface layers were, respectively, 60% and 50% for C_mic, 70% and 45% for N_mic, 60% and 40% for the ratio C_mic: organic C (C_org) and 70% and 30% for the ratio N_mic: total N (N_tot), while for C_ext the surface layer was the only zone consistently affected and C_ext decreased by up to 59%. Immediately after a fire, the C_ext : C_org ratio increased by 3.5-fold and 2-fold in the surface and subsurface layers, respectively; thereafter for 2 years, it decreased in the surface layer (by up to 45%) while the effect on the subsurface layer was not consistent. The effect of burning on N_ext lasted 1 year, in which N_ext increased by up to 7- and 3-fold in the surface and subsurface layers, respectively, while the average N_ext : N_tot ratio doubled in the surface layer and increased by 34% in the subsurface. During the time in which each parameter was affected by burning, the soil factor explained a high percentage of variance in the fluctuations of C_mic, N_mic, C_mic : C_org and N_mic : N_tot, while those of N_ext and N_ext : N_tot, but not those of C_ext and C_ext : C_org depended on both the soil and its depth. In the burned soils similar patterns of response were found between the following parameters listed in pairs: C_mic and N_mic; C_mic : C_org and N_mic : N_tot; C_ext and N_ext; and C_ext : C_org and N_ext : N_tot. However, after the fire relationships found previously between the parameters studied and many other soils properties were either no longer evident, or were inverted. Although the addition of cellulose to the burned soil favoured fungal mycelium development and increased C_mic and C_ext contents, the negative effect of burning on the microbial biomass and the C_ext was not counteracted even under incubation conditions suitable for both microbial growth and C mineralization. Received: 28 May 1997     

水稻根际和周围土壤中微生物功能基因丰度与碳、氮状况及其通量之间的关系

Rapid nitrogen（N） transformations and losses occur in the rice rhizosphere through root uptake and microbial activities. However,the relationships between rice roots and rhizosphere microbes for N utilization are still unclear. We analyzed different N forms（NH＋4,NO-3, and dissolved organic N）, microbial biomass N and C, dissolved organic C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and abundance of microbial functional genes in both rhizosphere and bulk soils after 37-d rice growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. Results showed that the dissolved organic C was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere bulk soil, but microbial biomass C showed no significant difference. The concentrations of NH＋4, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those of the bulk soil, whereas NO-3in the rhizosphere soil was comparable to that in the bulk soil. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from the rhizosphere soil were much higher than those from the bulk soil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the abundance of seven selected genes, bacterial and archaeal 16 S rRNA genes, amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nosZ gene, mcrA gene, and pmoA gene, was lower in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, which is contrary to the results of previous studies. The lower concentration of N in the rhizosphere soil indicated that the competition for N in the rhizosphere soil was very strong, thus having a negative effect on the numbers of microbes. We concluded that when N was limiting, the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms depended on their competitive abilities with rice roots for N.     

Wood density and carbon and nitrogen concentrations in deadwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica

Estimating carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in deadwood in forests nationwide is required for understanding large-scale C and N cycling. To do so requires estimated values of wood density and C and N concentrations. Additionally, parameters that show variation should be examined. In this study, we clarified the estimated values and the variation in three parameters in each decay class of each of two tree species and examined whether dead log diameter and region contribute to variation in the parameters. Data were collected from 73 Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. plantations and 66 Cryptomeria japonica D. Don plantations throughout Japan. Wood densities decreased from 386 to 188?kg?m^?3 for C. obtusa and from 334 to 188?kg?m^?3 for C. japonica in decay classes 1–4. The variation in wood density increased with decay class, and the coefficient of variance increased from 13.9% to 46.4% for C. obtusa and from 15.2% to 48.1% for C. japonica. The N concentrations increased from 1.04 to 4.40?g?kg^?1 for C. obtusa and from 1.11 to 2.97?g?kg^?1 for C. japonica in decay classes 1–4. The variation in N concentration increased with decay class, and the coefficient of variance increased from 51.9% to 76.7% for C. obtusa and from 50.3% to 70.4% for C. japonica. Log diameter and region contributed to variations in wood density and N concentration in decay classes 1 and 2 for C. obtusa and C. japonica. However, no relationship was observed between regional climates and the two parameters. In contrast, C concentrations ranged from 507 to 535?g?kg^?1 and were stable with much lower coefficients of variance throughout the decay classes for both tree species. Thus, we recommend that the same C concentration can be adapted for all decay classes of both tree species.