Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on soil organic carbon and carbon management index under a double-cropping rice system in Southern China

The effects of manure and chemical fertilizer on soil bulk density, soil organic carbon (SOC), and the role of carbon management index (CMI) in soil quality evaluation were studied under a double-cropping rice system in a long-term experiment. The experiment included five fertilizer treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw residue plus chemical fertilizer (RF), 30% organic matter plus 70% chemical fertilizer (LOM), and 60% organic matter plus 40% chemical fertilizer (HOM). RF, LOM, HOM treatments increased SOC content relative to MF treatment in the paddy fields at 0–20 cm. RF, LOM, HOM treatments were more effective for increasing CMI, lability index, lability of C, and SOC stocks, as compared with MF treatment. Based on rice grain yield and carbon storage, integrated fertilization of chemical fertilizer and organic manure proved to be the most effective practices for improving crop productivity and SOC sequestration.     

稻草覆盖还田免耕抛秧技术的调查

稻草还田具有增加土壤有机质、改良土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、增加作物产量等作用。习惯上的稻草还田需翻耕入土,不方便犁耙作业;有人试用微生物催腐剂堆沤禾秆还田,但操作繁锁、费工、成本高。因此,每年只有少部分稻草还田,大多数被弃用或者焚烧,造成极大的浪费。2001年,我     

盐胁迫下粪产碱菌在水稻根表的定殖(英文)

粪产碱菌A1 5 0 1能在氯化钠浓度高达 4%的固体和液体介质中良好生长 ,合成IAA和固定空气中的氮素。当氯化钠浓度超过 3 %时 ,A1 5 0 1丧失运动和趋化能力。一定盐浓度胁迫下A1 5 0 1能定殖在水稻根表和根毛区和侧根伸出部位 ,表现出较高的联合固氮活性。0 5 %的氯化钠能促进A1 5 0 1在水稻根表的定殖能力。A1 5 0 1能通过侧根伸出部位侵入根内。     

畦灌条件下樱桃树根系的空间分布特征

在对北京市永乐店农业节水灌溉试验站内的樱桃树根系进行详细调查的基础上,该文对樱桃树根系在根区范围内的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,定植12a樱桃树的根系分布在以树干为中心250cm半径范围内,最大垂直深度为100cm。根系干质量、体积、表面积及根长各主要参数的总体分布是从表层开始随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,从树干开始沿半径方向随着离树干距离的增加逐渐减少。根系各主要参数在各土层深度的分布百分比与其相应的土层深度均存在良好的指数相关关系。按照相关系数进行评价,相关程度按表面积(R2=0.9342)、根长(R2=0.9261)、体积(R2=0.9136)及干质量(R2=0.9050)的顺序逐渐减小。各采样单元内直径小于2mm的吸水根比例在35%～100%(平均68%)范围内分布。吸水根主要分布在以树干为中心200cm半径范围内,垂直方向从树干下方的60cm开始,逐渐减少到距树干水平200cm处的20cm左右,在树干周围半径为50cm和80～160cm范围是两个分布密集区。     

肥料对稻米品质的影响

稻米品质的形成是品种遗传特性、环境生态条件、栽培技术及加工条件综合作用的结果，在诸多因子中，肥料的影响较大。本文综述了肥料对稻米品质的影响，主要包括碾米品质的评价指标及大量元素肥料、中微量元素肥料和看机肥料对碾米品质的影响，肥料对稻米形状、垩白度、透明度等外观品质和直链淀粉含量、胶稠度等蒸煮及食昧品质的影响，并扼要分析了肥料对稻米蛋白质含量的影响。     

Iron fertilizers applied to calcareous soil on the growth of peanut in a pot experiment

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., Fabceae) to evaluate iron compound fertilizers for improving within-plant iron content and correcting chlorosis caused by iron deficiency. Peanuts were planted in containers with calcareous soil fertilized with three different granular iron nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers (ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄)–NPK, Fe–ethylendiamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) (EDDHA)–NPK and Fe–citrate–NPK). Iron nutrition, plant biomass, seed yield and quality of peanuts were significantly affected by the application of Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to the soil. Iron concentrations in tissues were significantly greater for plants grown with Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK. The active iron concentration in the youngest leaves of peanuts was linearly related to the leaf chlorophyll (via soil and plant analyzer development measurements) recorded 50 and 80 days after planting. However, no significant differences between Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK were observed. Despite the large amount of total iron bound and dry matter, FeSO₄–NPK was less effective than Fe–citrate–NPK and Fe–EDDHA–NPK to improve iron uptake. The results showed that application of Fe–citrate–NPK was as effective as application of Fe–EDDHA–NPK in remediating leaf iron chlorosis in peanut pot-grown in calcareous soil. The study suggested that Fe–citrate–NPK should be considered as a potential tool for correcting peanut iron deficiency in calcareous soil.     

高供氮水平下不同硅肥对水稻茎秆特征的影响

【目的】 倒伏是水稻生长的主要限制因子,不仅降低稻谷的产量,而且还影响其品质。因此,通过在两种氮水平条件下,研究硅肥对水稻茎秆特征及其抗倒伏的影响。 【方法】 以唐粳2号水稻品种为材料,在田间试验条件下,设不施硅 (–Si)、硅酸钠 (Si1) 和硅钙肥 (Si2) 三个硅处理 (SiO₂ 用量 70 kg/hm2),每个硅处理含正常和过量两个氮水平 (分别为N 180 和450 kg/hm2)。水稻成熟期,测量株高、第1节和第2节长度、茎粗、旗叶和倒2片叶夹角、茎秆厚度和茎秆抗折力,分析水稻植株中硅和钾的含量,并观测了水稻茎秆的解剖显微结构。 【结果】 正常供氮水平(180kg/hm2)下,施硅对水稻株高、节间长度、茎粗、旗叶和倒2片叶夹角均无显著影响。过量供氮条件下,施硅显著降低水稻基部第1节和第2节长度,倒2片叶夹角显著降低了20%(P < 0.05),显著增加了水稻基部第1节和第2节壁厚度和茎粗,增加了茎的细胞层数和紧实度,促进维管束的发育。过量供氮水平下,与不施硅相比,施用硅酸钠的植株硅含量在水稻拔节期和成熟期分别显著提高了14.2%和11.3% ( P < 0.05),施用硅钙肥处理的均显著提高了14.9% ( P < 0.05);成熟期各处理水稻植株抗折力从大到小表现为Si2 > Si1 > –Si,施硅的水稻茎秆倒伏指数均显著低于不施硅处理,且过量供氮水平,施硅钙肥的倒伏指数比施硅酸钠的处理显著降低了6.2% ( P < 0.05);施用硅酸钠和硅钙肥的水稻产量分别显著增加12.3%和12.5% ( P < 0.05)。 【结论】 过量施用氮肥条件下,可增加水稻基部第1节和第2节壁厚度和茎粗,增加茎细胞层数和紧实度,从而提高茎秆的抗倒伏指数,显著提高水稻产量。供试土壤上硅钙肥效果好于硅酸钠。      

节水栽培水稻某些氮代谢生理特性研究

田间试验研究了节水栽培对水稻某些氮代谢生理特性的影响。结果表明,覆膜旱作水稻产量比常规水作显著降低,与裸地旱作相比则显著提高;3种栽培模式水稻叶片中氨基酸态氮和硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性均表现为生育前期较高、生育后期较低的动态特征。与常规水作相比,生育前期覆膜旱作水稻叶片中氨基酸态氮和硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶和谷丙酰胺合酶活性均有所增加;整个生育期间谷草转氨酶活性有所提高而谷丙转氨酶活性则降低。与裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作对水稻叶片中氨基酸态氮和硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性都有提高。水分胁迫对氮代谢生理特性及产量具有一定的负效应,而覆膜旱作能不同程度缓解这种效应,甚至有所促进;适量增加氮肥用量可以提高覆膜旱作氮代谢生理活性（尤其生育早期）及产量。     

淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土中磷肥转化的动态影响

利用室内土培试验研究了淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土（黄泥土）中磷肥转化的动态影响。结果表明，培养1d时，不同氮肥对土壤有效磷含量无显著影响，但显著降低土壤的水溶性磷含量；之后，硝酸铵和硝酸钙处理显著增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量；氯化铵和硫酸铵处理表现降低土壤水溶性磷含量的作用，而对土壤有效磷含量仍无显著影响；尿素处理15d和35d时有增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量的作用，而70d和105d时土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量与对照处理差异不大。     

Determination of organic carbon in soils and fertilizers

Abstract

Many methods have been proposed to determine the total amount of organic carbon in soil; some of them determine only a percentage of the actual carbon content and therefore the results need the application of a correction factor. Methods for the determination of organic carbon in soil have been rarely extended to organic fertilizers and amendments.

We propose a rapid method based on a modification of the original Springer and Klee¹⁰procedure. Samples are oxidized for exactly 10 minutes with a mixture of 20 ml 2N K₂Cr₂O₇and 26 ml conc. H₂SO₄at 160±2°C; the excess dichromate is titrated either potentiometrically or manually with FeSO₄.

The method is fast, accurate, and more reliable than other commonly used procedures. The procedure can be easily adopted for serial determination of carbon in both soils and organic fertilizers or amendments     

Studies on the metabolism in roots of lowland rice

In the previous studies we investigated some characteristics of paddy root in comparison with shoot by analysis of inorganic elements¹⁾ and metabolizable forms of organic compounds²⁾ of shoot and root at successive growth stages, and found that the contents of the above-mentioned components in root were generally lower than those in shoot with few exceptions. From this it is concluded that in root the contents of the residual components, mainly cell wall substances, must be high. To ascertain this surmise, we carried out analysis of shoot, root and inflorescences of rice plant with respect to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin which construct cell walls.     

Influence of PGPR-enriched liquid organic fertilizers on the growth and nutrients uptake of maize under drought condition in calcareous soil

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress (WDS), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-enriched and non-enriched vermicompost tea(VT) and vermiwash(V) on the growth and nutrients uptakes of maize, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. The two-factor experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included: 1) liquid organic fertilizers (LOFs) with five levels (control, VT, V, vermicompost tea enriched with bacterium (VTB) and vermiwash enriched with bacterium (VB)) and 2) WDS with three levels (Field Capacity (FC), 80% FC and 60% FC(. At each irrigation interval, the volume of the used LOFs was equivalent to 60% of the volume of water required for 60% FC. At 60% FC, shoot dry matter (SDW), shoot N, P, Zn, Cu, and Fe uptake significantly decreased compared with those of FC and 80% FC, whereas shoot K uptake significantly increased. At all WDS levels, application of LOFs led to increase in SDW and shoot nutrients uptake. The highest amount of studied traits was obtained in VTB and VT treatments. Generally, VT treatments were more effective than V. Furthermore, PGPR-enriched LOFs were more effective than non-enriched ones. Application of LOFs may be considered as a practical approach for amplifying drought tolerance and reducing the risk of water scarcity in maize cultivation.     

On the differences of oxidizing power of paddy rice seedling roots among some varieties

Introduction

For improvement on the culture techniques of paddy rice, it is regarded most important to clear up the interactions between roots and rhizosphere soil, in addition to the studies on metabolic process such as photosynthesis and nutrients absorption etc.     

Studies on the metabolism in roots of lowland rice

In the previous papers¹⁾ we investigated the seasonal changes in mineral and organic compositions of root, shoot and inflorescence of paddy rice, and pointed out some characteristics of root from the viewpoint of their composition.     

A simple method to study the oxidizing power of rice roots under submerged soil conditions

A method was developed to visualize and to study the oxidizing power of rice roots growing under submerged soil conditions. The experimental set up consisted of a transparent jar with an inner core containing the submerged soil surrounded by a coarse (500 μm) and a fine (30 μm) meshed nylon net and a plastic folio. The space of about 1 cm between the jar wall and the soil column was either filled with water (before removing the plastic folio) or with agar containing the redox indicator. Three-week-old rice (Oryza saliva L.) seedlings grown in a sandy soil under controlled growth chamber conditions were transplanted into the jars between the plastic folio and the fine-meshed (30 μm) nylon net. The agar medium (0.5% agar) containing 10 ppm leuco melhylene blue redox indicator or 5 mM ferrous sulphate or precipitated ferrous sulfide (10 m M ferrous sulphate + 4 m M Na₂S) was filled in the transparent jars immediately after sucking out water. Within 4 h the oxidizing power of rice roots became visible by bluish coloration all along of roots and the agar medium around roots due to oxidation of leuco methylene blue. In case of ferrous sulphate reddish brown coloration was observed after one day around the roots and on the surface of roots because of ferrous iron oxidation. When agar medium blackened by precipitated FeS was used the root zone first became transparent because of oxidation of FeS and after few days the roots became reddish brown indicating iron oxyhydroxide deposition. The use of ferrous sulphate and ferrous sulfide enables to study the oxidizing power of rice roots for extended periods, whereas it is not possible to grow rice plants in leuco methylene blue for more than a few hours. However (results not shown), rice cultivars showed differences in oxidizing power of the roots.     

常规与有机农作条件下土壤-植物系统磷素平衡及利用

干旱区盐渍化土地是我国重要的后备土地资源。研究了在开挖排水沟使地下水位降至临界水位以下的同时,对盐渍化土地进行农、林、牧相结合的改良措施,提出了盐渍化土地综合治理技术一是挖排水沟及造林,控制土下水位低于临界水位;二是选育耐盐良种作物,改良盐碱地;三是发展畜牧业,培肥地力。并应用于甘肃省临泽县小泉子盐渍化土地改良,使土壤含盐量下降,土壤有机质和养分增加,土地利用效率提高,经济效益显著。     

田间旱育条件下不同化感潜力水稻的抑草效应分析

研究了田间旱育条件下, 在土壤水分充足和适度干旱状态时, 化感水稻"PI312777"和非化感水稻"Lemont"的抑草效应差异.结果表明, 在两种供水状态下, 化感水稻"PI312777"对田间杂草的控制效应显著高于非化感水稻"Lemont","PI312777"对各种杂草抑制效应指数的绝对值多在0.5以上, 而"Lemont"对各种杂草抑制效应指数的绝对值则多在0.5以下.进一步分析发现, 适度干旱胁迫下"PI312777"和"Lemont"对杂草的抑制效应都有增强趋势, 且"PI312777"稻田杂草生物量的降低幅度高于"Lemont"稻田; 以与非化感水稻"Lemont"共生下的杂草生物量为对照, 化感水稻"PI312777"对稻田杂草均表现出一定的化感抑制作用, 且适度干旱胁迫诱导下化感作用强度进一步增加.此外, 水稻对不同杂草的生物干扰强度不同, 化感水稻"PI312777"对夏熟稻田阔叶杂草有较强的控制效果, 干旱胁迫诱导"PI312777"对无芒稗(Echinochloa crusgalli L.)的化感潜力明显增强.     

不同水氮条件下水稻根系超微结构及根系活力差异

【目的】探讨不同水氮耦合对水稻根系超微结构及根系代谢特性的影响,从根尖细胞超微结构及根系活力方面阐明不同水氮组合处理在根际环境间的差异。 【方法】以新稻 20 号为材料,进行盆栽试验,设置浅水层灌溉、轻度水分胁迫 (灌 1～2 cm 水层,至土壤水势降到 –20 kPa 再灌浅水层,如此反复) 和重度水分胁迫 (灌 1～2 cm 水层,至土壤水势降到 –40 kPa 再灌浅水层,如此反复) 3 种灌溉方式及不施氮肥,适量氮 (N 240 kg/hm2) 和高量氮 (N 360 kg/hm2) 3 种氮肥水平,测定了不同处理水稻根系氧化力、根系伤流量及根系分泌有机酸总量,并观测了根系细胞超微结构。 【结果】随着生育进程,根系氧化力表现为先增加后降低的趋势,在幼穗分化期达到峰值,根系伤流液及根系分泌物中有机酸总量先增加后降低,在抽穗期达到峰值。在同一氮肥水平下,轻度水分胁迫后根系细胞完整,核膜界限清晰,结构特征典型;与保持水层相比,根系氧化力及根系伤流量在分蘖盛期分别增加 25.6%～32.0% 及 9.1%～18.8%,根系分泌有机酸总量在抽穗期前平均增加 16.4%。重度水分胁迫后嗜锇体和淀粉体较多,后期细胞完全扭曲变形,细胞间隙明显增多增大、细胞器出现断裂降解,细胞基质中仅存细胞器碎片,细胞壁较完整,未出现断裂情况;与保持水层相比较,根系氧化力及根系伤流量在幼穗分化始期平均降低 8.8% 及 25.6%,根系分泌有机酸总量平均降低 22.8%。在同一灌溉方式下,适量氮处理根系细胞结构较完整,核膜较清楚,有利于根系活力的提高及根系有机酸的分泌;重施氮处理根系细胞壁和核膜降解加速。与适量氮相比,高氮处理下根系氧化力及根系伤流量在分蘖盛期至幼穗分化始期分别降低了 6.6%～9.8% 及 7.7%～15.4%,根系分泌物中有机酸总量在抽穗前平均降低 11.6%,整体上根系活力降低、有机酸的分泌量显著减少。 【结论】轻度水分胁迫耦合适量氮处理的水稻根系超微结构最优,细胞结构特征典型,核膜最为清晰,细胞完整,根系代谢能力最强。表明通过适宜的水氮耦合调控,能够提高根尖细胞的生理功能,增强根系活力、促进根系有机酸的分泌,能为水稻的生长创造良好的根际环境。     

Increased yield of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) by foliar fertilization through multi-component fertilizers

Foliar application of fertilizers can guarantee the availability of nutrients to rice for obtaining higher yield. Rice responds favorably to macro- and micronutrients and the tolerance to salinity hazards improves by decreasing the N/S ratio. In this study, results showed that nutrient concentrations (g L^?1) for rice are: nitrogen (N) 108.0, phosphorous (P₂O₅) 6, potassium (K₂O) 81.0, calcium (CaO) 15.0, and magnesium (MgO) 6 g L^?1; and for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cupper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and silicon (Si) the recommended concentrations are 0.6, 0.45, 0.21, 0.06, 0.09, 0.0002 and 0.004 g L^?1, respectively. A significant increase was recorded in number of panicles m^?2, 1000 grain weight, biological yield and grain yield with foliar application of nutrients. Five foliar applications of nutrients resulted in maximum number of panicles m^?2, grains panicle^?1, 1000 grain weight and biological yield. It is concluded that five foliar applications of balanced amounts of fertilizers at the seedling stage (two sprays), tillering (single spray) and at panicle initiation and panicle differentiation (two sprays) helped in enhancing yield and yield components of rice. In this research, five foliar applications produced the smallest damaging effects of blast (Pyricularia oryzae) in rice.