75%三氟啶磺隆钠盐WG对棉田杂草的防除效果

研究新型除草剂三氟啶磺隆钠盐防治棉田杂草效果及其对棉苗安全性的影响,结果表明:75%三氟啶磺隆钠盐WG22.5～33.75 g.hm-2,对4～5叶期前的棉花较安全。药后15 d、30 d对莎草和禾本科杂草株防效分别达到58.42%～60.63%和75.5%～78.6%,鲜重防效达84.1%～88.4%;11.25～33.75g.hm-2,对凹头苋等阔叶杂草药后15 d和30 d株防效可达到98.03%～99.24%和99.2%～100%,鲜重防效达99.8%～100%;三氟啶磺隆钠盐与精喹禾灵混用可显著提高对莎草的防效。     

异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆在玉米不同种植区应用的除草效果和安全性研究

2016～2017年在东北春玉米种植区和黄淮海夏玉米种植区设立田间试验基地,研究除草剂异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆悬浮剂在不同区域玉米田播后苗前处理的杀草谱及除草效果、对玉米安全性及对下茬作物生长的影响。结果表明,26.7%异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆悬浮剂141.75～283.5 g ai/hm2在玉米播后苗前使用,对东北春玉米种植区主要杂草稗草、狗尾草、藜、反枝苋、苘麻、刺儿菜和黄淮海玉米种植区主要杂草马唐、牛筋草、反枝苋、马齿苋、铁苋菜等禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均有理想效果,药后40～45 d,异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆上述处理对杂草鲜重防效仍在95%左右,可实现一次施药控制玉米全生长期的杂草,在玉米田具有较好的除草增产作用;对后茬播种的小麦、大豆、花生、油菜、菠菜生长无影响。     

咪唑乙烟酸对花生后茬作物安全性评价

通过施药后连续种植不同作物评价了咪唑乙烟酸对后茬作物安全性。结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸108g/hm~2、216g/hm~2处理在壤土、砂土处理区对花生田杂草防除效果均在90%以上,表现出良好的防治效果,对花生出苗率没有显著影响,均在90%以上,但216g/hm~2有效量处理对花生生长产生轻微药害,其中壤土处理花生产量明显低于对照处理;对后茬作物安全性表明,施药后4个月种植小麦、12个月种植玉米、棉花,壤土、砂土处理组咪唑乙烟酸108g/hm~2处理对小麦、玉米、棉花药害不明显,216g/hm~2处理对后茬作物小麦、玉米、棉花均产生轻微药害,小麦株高、鲜质量、分蘖、产量显著低于对照处理,玉米出苗后叶片黄化,苗期株高、鲜质量与对照处理差异显著,棉花苗期株高、鲜质量、成株期株高、铃数、铃质量显著低于对照处理;施药后12个月种植甘薯、黄瓜、西瓜各药剂处理区药害明显,其中后茬作物甘薯、黄瓜在相同剂量处理下壤土处理组药害较砂土处理组严重。因此,在使用咪唑乙烟酸防治花生田杂草后,尽量避免种植甘薯、黄瓜、西瓜等作物,可与小麦、玉米、棉花进行合理轮作,但应考虑施药土壤环境、控制咪唑乙烟酸使用量和安全间隔期。     

35%氟唑磺隆WDG对春小麦田一年生杂草防除效果及安全性评价

为明确35%氟唑磺隆WDG防除春小麦田杂草效果及对小麦的安全性,设35%氟唑磺隆WDG制剂量90、105、120、210m L/hm~2不同处理对水300 L/hm~2,于春小麦3～5叶期均匀喷施。结果表明,35%氟唑磺隆WDG使用量105 m L/hm~2以上,对春小麦田禾本科杂草株防效可达到81.19%以上,鲜质量防效可达到90.07%以上,小麦安全且产量增加。     

唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用防除大豆田杂草技术研究

为了明确唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用的适宜配比及防除大豆田杂草的施药剂量,采用盆栽法测定了唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺5个配比的稗草生物活性,通过田间试验研究了4个混用剂量对大豆出苗数、株高、产量的影响和对杂草的防效。结果表明:唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用具有很好的增效作用,对大豆安全,适宜的混用比例为1∶20,适宜的施药量为900~1 200 g·hm~(-2)。唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺按1∶2.5、1∶5、1∶10、1∶20、1∶40混用的5个配比对稗草的生物活性均表现为增效作用,共毒系数为240.72~380.59,其中以1∶20配比的共毒系数最高。唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用比例为1∶20时,施药量600,900,1 200,1 800 g·hm~(-2)施药后45 d对杂草的总株防效为78.9%~98.2%,鲜重防效为85.3%~99.6%,4个混用处理与人工除草处理之间在大豆出苗数、株高和产量方面均没有显著差异。     

氟氯吡啶酯与啶磺草胺对杂草的联合毒力及其对小麦的安全性

为明确氟氯吡啶酯与啶磺草胺复配对小麦田杂草的毒力及其对小麦的安全性,采用温室盆栽生物测定法对二者的毒性进行了测定,用Gowing法对其联合作用进行了评价;采用剂量-曲线法,评价了200g·L-1啶磺草胺·氟氯吡啶酯WG的除草活性、对小麦的安全性、对小麦和杂草的选择性。结果表明,氟氯吡啶酯与啶磺草胺对供试的雀麦、大穗看麦娘、播娘蒿、猪殃殃等4种杂草均为加成作用,综合二者的防效结果,建议以啶磺草胺6~24g·hm-2与氟氯吡啶酯4~8g·hm-2(0.75∶1~6∶1)复配为宜。二者3∶1的复配制剂200g·L-1啶磺草胺·氟氯吡啶酯WG对雀麦、大穗看麦娘、播娘蒿、猪殃殃的GR90分别为3.02、1.39、1.24、1.94g·hm-2。对3个小麦品种济麦22、中育6号、科农199鲜重抑制的GR10分别为6.25、11.64、3.96g·hm-2。在小麦和大穗看麦娘、猪殃殃、播娘蒿之间的选择性指数均较好,选择性指数在2.04~9.39之间;该药在小麦和雀麦之间的选择性指数略低,在1.31~3.85之间。     

氟磺·稀禾啶乳油防除大豆田杂草试验

对氟磺·稀禾啶乳油对大豆田杂草的除草效果及安全性进行试验。结果表明：20．8％的氟磺·稀禾啶乳油能有效防除大豆田的稗草、藜、苋、苘麻,防效为90、3％以上,对刺菜的防效为85％左右;在试验剂量范围内对大豆安全,且增产作用明显。     

氯氟草醚乙酯防除大豆杂草

为了探讨氯氟草醚乙酯在大豆田的应用技术,在温室盆栽条件下研究了氯氟草醚乙酯的除草效果、对大豆的安全性、对后茬作物的影响及甲酯化植物油对其活性的影响.结果表明30%氯氟草醚乙酯水剂茎叶处理对阔叶杂草有较高的活性,药效反应迅速,20 mL a.i.·hm-2的防效高于25%氟磺胺草醚水剂300 mL a.i.·hm-2,20～30mL a.i.·hm-2处理4 d对阔叶杂草的目测防效达到78%～82.5%.处理7 d对阔叶杂草的目测防效达到88%～91%,其对禾本科杂草也有一定的防效.氯氟草醚乙酯茎叶处理对大豆有一定程度的药害,随着用量的加大药害增大,但随着大豆生长,逐渐恢复正常,高浓度(100、120 mL a.i.·hm-2)有死苗现象,其药害与三氟羧草醚近似.氯氟草醚乙酯无土壤残留,喷药一个月后种植玉米、小麦均正常出苗、生长发育正常.甲酯化植物油能明显提高氯氟草醚乙酯的活性.综合药效与药害考虑,30%氯氟草醚乙酯水剂在大豆田茎叶处理用量以20～30 mL a.i.·hm-2为宜,在使用中应加入喷液量0.5%的甲酯化植物油.     

氟磺·烯草酮油悬浮剂防除大豆田杂草试验

为了解氟磺·烯草酮油悬浮剂对大豆田杂草的除草效果及安全性进行了试验。结果表明:21%的氟磺·烯草酮油悬浮剂能有效防除大豆田的稗草、藜、苋、苍耳、苘麻,总防效为90.0%以上;在试验剂量范围内对大豆安全,且增产作用明显。     

20%噻磺·乙乳油防除花生田杂草药效试验报告

噻吩磺隆与乙草胺的混配药剂弥补了噻吩磺隆防除禾本科杂草及乙草胺防除阔叶杂草的不足,扩大了杀草谱,提高了单剂对杂草的防除效果。因而适用于阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草混生的花生田除草。施药方法是花生播后苗前土壤喷雾处理,使用剂量为3 000~3 750 ml/hm2。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).