大麦RIL群体籽粒功能成分含量的遗传分析

为选育出高功能成分含量的大麦新品种,以紫光芒裸二棱×Schooner构建的包含193个株系的RIL群体为材料,在玉溪和白邑2个生态点种植,对总黄酮、生物碱、γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉含量进行测定及遗传分析。结果表明,不同生态条件下,大麦RIL群体籽粒4个被测功能成分的含量差异较大,群体间呈现广泛的遗传变异;总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量均呈正态分布,表现为连续变异,由多基因控制;γ-氨基丁酸含量呈偏态分布,受主效基因控制。生态环境对大麦RIL群体籽粒4个被测功能成分含量的影响较大,低海拔高温气候有利于该群体总黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸及抗性淀粉含量的提升,高海拔冷寒气候有助于生物碱含量的增加。     

大麦籽粒淀粉含量的主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

为了解大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律,以Noso Nijo×泰兴9425杂种F1花药培养的191个DH系及其亲本为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律。结果表明,2010和2012年大麦直链淀粉含量分别符合两对连锁抑制作用主基因模型(B-2-9)和两对连锁互补作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-7),支链淀粉含量分别符合两对抑制作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-1-9)和两对连锁显性-上位性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-4),支/直比均符合两对抑制作用主基因模型(B-1-9),总淀粉含量均符合三对等比例加性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(G-2)。     

不同时间割苗对再生大麦生物产量和籽粒功能成分的影响

为寻求功能大麦优质高效生产技术,选用3个优质大麦品种为试验材料,研究了不同时间割苗对再生大麦农艺性状和生物产量及籽粒γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,延迟割苗提高了干麦苗产量,但显著影响了再生麦的农艺和产量性状。除旗叶宽和茎粗外,割苗降低了再生麦的株高、节间总长度、旗叶长和穗长,显著降低了有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、秸秆产量和籽粒产量。再生麦的秸秆与籽粒产量以1叶1心和3叶1心两个阶段割苗最高,5叶1心期割苗最低,但5叶1心期割苗的干麦苗产量最高。在3叶1心前割苗,再生麦的籽粒功能成分(γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉)含量较高。     

土壤、灌水和施氮对大麦农艺和产量性状及不同粒位籽粒功能成分的影响

为寻求功能大麦优质高效生产技术,以3个大麦品种为材料,采用四因素三水平正交试验设计,研究了不同土壤类型下灌水和施氮处理对大麦农艺和产量性状及粒位γ氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉的影响。结果表明：(1)水氮运筹显著影响大麦农艺和产量性状及功能成分含量,且施氮效应大于灌水效应,在高氮水平下,水、氮互作效应较大。(2) 在一定灌水阀值范围下,随施氮量增加,籽粒γ氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱和抗性淀粉含量呈上升趋势。不同粒位籽粒千粒重与功能成分含量的变化趋势基本一致,穗中部籽粒高于穗上、下部籽粒,穗上、下部籽粒的差异相对较小。(3)通过优化,云啤2号以在淹育型水稻土上灌水0.9 kg·kg^-1土、施氮0.362 g·kg^-1土的处理为宜;S₅₀₀和V₄₃以在红壤性水稻土上分别灌水0.9 kg·kg^-1土和0.3 kg·kg^-1土、分别施氮0.246和0.362 g·kg^-1土处理为宜。     

大麦赤霉病新抗源盐96157抗性的遗传分析

为了研究大麦赤霉病抗性的遗传机制,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病大麦品种盐96157与感病品种浙97-23构建的六家系群体(P1、F1、P2、B1、B2、F2)的赤霉病抗性进行了多世代联合分析.结果表明,盐96157×浙97-23组合赤霉病抗性受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制,B1、B2和F2群体赤霉病抗性主基因的遗传率分别为44.67%、68.01%和83.87%,多基因遗传率为3.53%～20.23%,环境方差占总方差的10.26%～51.80%,说明大麦赤霉病抗性的表达受基因型和环境双重影响,主效基因的存在意味着可通过杂交育种将盐96157大麦的抗性基因向其他栽培品种中转移.     

水稻恢复系C224对条纹叶枯病的抗性遗传模型分析

应用植物数量性状"主基因+多基因混合遗传模型"方法分析了C224对条纹叶枯病抗性的遗传效应,并考查了C224与7个保持系组配的杂交组合对条纹叶枯病的抗性。结果表明,C224对条纹叶枯病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因的混合遗传模型(E-1),两对主基因的加性效应分别为-12.47和-24.75,均呈负向显性,上位性和互作效应明显;主基因的遗传率为92.12%,多基因遗传率为2.74%,抗性遗传存在明显的主基因效应。在C224与7个保持系组配的杂交组合中,有5个组合对条纹叶枯病的抗性达到高抗或中抗水平。     

烤烟淀粉含量的配合力与遗传分析

为了解烤烟烤后中部烟叶淀粉含量的遗传规律,选用K326、NC89、翠碧一号和红花大金元等4个品种,按完全双列杂交设计,采用Griffing方法Ⅰ进行配合力分析,并应用植物数量性状"主基因+多基因"混合遗传模型对K326×红花大金元组合P1、P2、F1和F2等4个世代群体进行遗传分析。结果表明:烤烟烤后中部叶淀粉含量的遗传主要受细胞核效应的影响,一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差达极显著水平,一般配合力方差大于特殊配合力方差,翠碧一号的一般配合力表现为较高的正向效应,K326的一般配合力表现为较高的负向效应;K326×红花大金元组合烤后中部叶淀粉含量的遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型(E-1),主基因遗传率(h_(mg)~2)为49.53%。     

苦瓜白粉病抗性的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

通过统计苦瓜白粉病的病情指数,研究白粉病抗性的遗传规律。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法对抗病品系04-17-3和感病品系25-1杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2共6个世代群体抗白粉病遗传进行研究。结果表明：苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型（E-1）,抗病对感病为不完全隐性;2对主基因的加性效应值均为-12.00;2对主基因分别具有正向部分显性和正向超显性作用,加性效应值均大于其显性效应值,上位性效应值（i+jab+jba+l）为负值。从遗传率上看,回交世代和F2的主基因的值分别为55.14％、43.56％和95.22％,多基因的值分别为16.10％、26.57％和0,环境变异在4.78％~29.87％间。主基因和多基因共同决定了苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,以主基因遗传为主,同时还受到环境变异的部分影响。在白粉病抗性育种过程中,应注意利用加性效应,选用白粉病抗性基因较多的材料作为亲本,并在早代进行选择,尤其是F2代主基因选择效率最高。     

大麦籽粒中γ 氨基丁酸、总黄酮和生物碱含量在发芽过程中的变化

为了解大麦发芽过程中功能成分的变化,用分光光度计测定了28份大麦籽粒发芽前(无菌水浸泡24h,记作发芽0d)及发芽1～9d的γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、总黄酮和生物碱的含量差异,结果表明:(1)大麦籽粒中的GABA和生物碱含量均为发芽0d高于发芽1～2d,而明显低于发芽3～9d的相应含量;发芽前后GABA累积最大均值是最小均值的2.1倍,生物碱累积最大均值是最小均值的11.6倍。(2)大麦籽粒发芽前总黄酮含量最高,发芽后相对较低;而发芽4～8d期间的GABA和生物碱含量相对较高。(3)不同大麦品系间籽粒GABA和生物碱含量在发芽4～6d差异明显,且达到峰值的频率较高;籽粒总黄酮含量在发芽8～9d差异明显,发芽前总黄酮含量达到峰值的频率最高。     

甘蓝型油菜主要脂肪酸的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以低芥酸油菜品系APL01与高芥酸品种M083杂交所获得的6个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2）为材料，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对油菜主要脂肪酸进行遗传分析，结果表明：棕榈酸和廿碳烯酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制，棕榈酸的主基因以显性效应为主，加性效应较小，廿碳烯酸的主基因加性效应与显性效应并重。硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制，硬脂酸的主基因以加性效应为主，显性效应较小，主基因的遗传率为75.00%~92.45%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制油酸的2对主基因的加性效应值分别为14.38和9.92，显性效应值分别为-2.24和-0.44，上位性效应以加加上位为主，主基因的遗传率较大，为81.93%~92.68%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制亚油酸及亚麻酸的主基因加性效应均大于显性效应，上位性效应中以加加上位和显显上位为主。芥酸由2对加性-显性主基因控制，加性效应为-12.27和-8.83，显性效应值较小，分别为0.35和1.69，无上位性效应，也无多基因存在，主基因的遗传率较大，为92.54%~96.72%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).