钝化修复对不同水稻品种镉累积效应及土壤特性的影响

为了探讨坡缕石钝化修复下不同水稻品种(T优272和丰优9号)吸收累积Cd差异,采用盆栽试验,研究了酸性Cd污染稻田土(PL1、PL2和PL3处理)对2种水稻品种重金属Cd累积效应,以及对土壤酶活性、氮磷有效性的影响。结果表明,种植的常规水稻品种T优272稻谷干物质量比低Cd吸收品种丰优9号高7.91%。坡缕石钝化修复下,T优272与丰优9号稻谷干物质量无显著差异,但土壤p H值分别较CK增加了0.33~0.46和0.40~0.53。与CK相比,PL1F、PL2F和PL3F处理土壤有效态Cd质量分数最大降低13.59%,稻米Cd质量分数降幅达20.51%~51.28%,其中PL3F处理的稻米Cd质量分数为0.19 mg/kg,低于食品安全国家标准限量值(0.20 mg/kg);PL1T、PL2T和PL3T处理土壤有效态Cd质量分数最大降低25.08%,糙米Cd质量分数最大降低37.50%,其中PL3T处理糙米Cd质量分数为0.35 mg/kg。土壤酶活性随着坡缕石添加量的增加而逐渐升高,而且种植T优272品种的土壤酶活性总体上高于丰优9号。随着坡缕石添加量的增加,钝化修复各处理间土壤碱解氮质量分数无显著差异,但土壤有效磷质量分数呈逐渐降低趋势;与CK相比,种植丰优9号和T优272品种的土壤有效磷质量分数分别降低了7.08%~18.08%和9.02%~19.59%。研究结果可为重金属Cd污染酸性水稻田土壤坡缕石钝化与低Cd吸收水稻品种联合修复提供一定的科学依据。     

施用钾肥对稻田土镉污染钝化修复效应影响研究

【目的】在Cd污染农田钝化修复中科学、合理施用钾肥。【方法】采用盆栽试验的方法种植水稻,研究了施用不同量氯化钾和硫酸钾对Cd污染稻田土海泡石钝化修复效应的影响。钾肥分别为氯化钾和硫酸钾,试验中施用的氯化钾和硫酸钾分别设置高、中和低3个添加量,钝化剂为海泡石。【结果】海泡石(S)钝化修复可以增加糙米生物量,施用低量(K1L)、中量(K1M)和高量(K1H)KCl后水稻糙米生物量分别降低7.35%、11.47%和4.66%,但与CK相比无显著差异。施用低量硫酸钾(K2L)可使糙米生物量提高2.69%,施用中量硫酸钾(K2M)可使糙米生物量降低1.10%,但与CK无显著性差异,而施用高量硫酸钾(K2H)可使糙米生物量降低14.97%,且与CK差异显著。在Cd污染水稻土钝化修复下,土壤中Cd有效性随KCl施用量的增加而显著增加,与S处理相比增加幅度可达41.67%～58.33%,施用K_2SO_4同样可以增加土壤中有效态Cd质量分数,增加幅度为16.67%～33.33%,但相比KCl对土壤钝化的活化作用要弱。与S处理相比,SK1L、SK1M和SK1H处理可使糙米Cd质量分数分别增加53.38%、46.15%和200.00%;SK2L、SK2M和SK2H处理可使糙米Cd质量分数分别增加7.69%、38.46%和23.08%。在海泡石钝化修复下,KCl对水稻吸收累积土壤Cd的促进作用比K_2SO_4显著得多。【结论】在Cd污染水稻土钝化处理下,土壤中Cd有效性随KCl施用量升高而显著增加,施用KCl对水稻糙米Cd吸收累积具有明显的促进作用,特别是在施用高量KCl时,但施用低量K_2SO_4可以降低水稻根部的Cd累积量,对水稻糙米Cd吸收累积无明显影响,在施用中高量K_2SO_4时,虽然可以在一定程度上促进水稻根系对土壤中有效态Cd的吸收,但与KCl相比效果低很多。     

黑麦草修复土壤铅污染研究进展

黑麦草作为常用于植物修复土壤重金属污染具有很好的研究及应用前景。该文以黑麦草修复土壤铅污染为讨论对象,从螯合剂对黑麦草吸附铅的诱导作用,微生物、肥料强化修复、多种重金属复合污染及其他材料与黑麦草联合修复4个方向进行了综述,并指出各研究方向未来的发展方向。      

沼液施用对土壤Cd形态及水稻吸收Cd的影响

为探讨不同沼液施用量对土壤镉的修复效果,文章采用盆栽试验,以中重度Cd污染水稻土为研究对象,探讨了不同量沼液施用下土壤镉形态分布的变化及对水稻镉积累的影响。结果表明:1)施用不同沼液施用量后,土壤中重金属Cd发生变化,含量降低了53.16%,51.57%,48.88%,61.57%,63.16%,说明一定量的沼液施入能减少土壤中的Cd含量;2)施用沼液能改变土壤重金属Cd的存在形态;3)随着沼液量的增加,糙米中Cd含量呈减少的趋势,均小于常规化肥组的Cd含量;4)采用Hakanson的潜在生态风险指数法对种植后土壤的重金属Cd生态风险进行了评价,与原土相比,沼液的施用不会增加土壤的潜在生态风险。综上,与施用化肥相比,在中重度Cd污染的土壤上施加适量沼液能增加土壤养分,降低土壤中的Cd含量,使土壤Cd形态由生物有效性向非生物有效性转化,降低了Cd在水稻中的积累量。     

沼渣型土壤调理剂用于修复Cu污染效果研究

原位钝化是修复重金属污染土壤的重要途径之一,通过钝化降低土壤中重金属有效态含量,从而减少重金属迁移及对植物的毒害。文章选用沼渣、牡蛎壳粉为原料,制备了一种有机-无机符合型沼渣土壤调理剂,研究这种土壤调理剂对水中的Cu²⁺吸附效果和对土壤中铜的钝化效果。研究表明:这种土壤调理剂对水中的Cu²⁺吸附效量能达到2.5 mg·g^-1。     

微纳米气泡水地下滴灌对紫花苜蓿根际土壤养分和产量的影响

【目的】提出基于高产条件下适宜紫花苜蓿地下滴灌的微纳米气泡水溶解氧质量浓度。【方法】采用田间试验的方法,在地下滴灌土壤水分控制在25%FC～75%FC(FC为土壤田间持水率)条件下设低(1.8 mg/L)、中(5.0mg/L)、高(8.2 mg/L)3个微纳米气泡水溶氧量质量浓度水平,以不加气处理为对照(CK)研究了紫花苜蓿根际土壤养分和产量状况。【结果】与CK相比,微纳米气泡水地下滴灌提高紫花苜蓿根际土壤速效氮量13.18%～65.49%、提高速效磷量7.02%～31.14%,降低速效钾量3.34%～15.77%。随着生育期的推进,土壤速效氮量呈下降趋势,速效磷、速效钾量呈先升高后降低的趋势。随着微纳米气泡水溶解氧质量浓度的增加,土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾量均降低;微纳米气泡水溶解氧质量浓度为5.0 mg/L时,紫花苜蓿干草产量最高可达17 758.95 kg/hm2。【结论】微纳米气泡水地下滴灌能够增强根际土壤湿润体的通透性,促进紫花苜蓿根系的呼吸作用及对营养物质的吸收,增加干草产量,推荐地下滴灌紫花苜蓿适宜的微纳米气泡水溶解氧质量浓度为5.0 mg/L。     

施氮量对棉田土壤速效养分和酶活性变化特征的影响

以美棉33B为材料,研究了施氮量对棉田土壤养分和酶活性的影响,为精确农业的精确施肥及棉花产量和品质改善提供理论依据。结果表明,合理施用氮肥能提高0～20cm关键生育期土壤速效养分和酶活性;速效养分质量分数分布特征为苗期和开花期升高、花铃期降低,吐絮期开始回升的趋势。施氮量主要影响0～20cm土壤脲酶和20～40cm剖面磷酸酶时空分布;脲酶活性高值出现比速效养分质量分数最高值早一个生育时期;就某一生育时期而言,脲酶活性与土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾呈极显著的正相关;土壤磷酸酶与速效磷存在显著或极显著相关。整个生育期内土壤速效钾与酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关;脲酶活性高值出现比速效养分质量分数最高值早一个生育时期,为脲酶作为更灵敏的指标提供了有力证据。     

极性交换电场辅助植物修复稻田土壤镉污染研究

通过盆栽试验,采用太阳能供电方式,探究在干湿交替的水分条件下,水稻种植过程中极性交换电场辅助植物修复(EKPR)土壤重金属镉(Cd)污染的可行性。控制灌溉条件下,两电极板附近的土壤区域种植水稻作物,中间土壤区域种植水葱作富集植物。结果表明,交换电极使电解水反应产生的氢离子(H⁺)和氢氧根离子(OH^-)不断被中和,有效避免了土壤pH值极化。土壤电流变化范围为0.08～0.36 A,说明极性交换和较高的土壤含水率有效确保土壤中的可迁移离子数量和离子流动性,能够驱动重金属迁移。与对照处理(CK)相比,EKPR处理水葱根部干物质量显著增加34.93%;水稻根部和稻谷干物质量显著降低17.21%～30.16%、16.18%～22.28%,叶片和茎部干物质量分别提高3.82%～13.17%、7.59%～30.91%。EKPR处理水葱根部、地上部Cd含量分别提高15.49%～22.45%、33.30%～35.45%;水稻根部、稻谷Cd含量分别降低14.48%～35.06%、39.04%～57.43%。极性交换电场辅助植物修复技术可提高水葱对Cd的富集量,同...     

再生水灌溉对黑麦草生长及重金属分布特征的影响

为了阐明再生水灌溉对重金属富集植物黑麦草生长及重金属分布特征的影响,以自来水灌溉为对照,研究了再生水灌溉下黑麦草生物量、黑麦草及土壤中重金属分布特征的变化。结果表明：再生水灌溉显著增加了黑麦草生物量,地上部、根系和总生物量分别增加了26.79%、10.55%、24.91%。再生水灌溉下,黑麦草地上部和根系中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd的含量显著增加,土壤重金属没有积累,土壤中Pb和Zn含量降低明显。再生水灌溉显著降低土壤pH、增加土壤有机质含量会对土壤重金属的活性有一定的影响。     

有机酸对土壤重金属的浸提效果研究

重金属污染土壤的原位淋洗修复既要实现对重金属的高效去除,还要尽量减少对土壤性质的破坏.以张士污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,利用振荡浸提技术对有机酸淋洗重金属污染土壤进行研究.结果发现:对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的浸提率随着酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸的浓度升高而增加;4种有机酸对土壤重金属的浸提效果均是Cd＞Pb＞Zn;酒石酸在浓度为0.5 mol/L时对土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的浸提效果最好,浸提率分别为99.39%、57.65%、43.52%.     

NaCl溶液处理亚热带土壤水分特征曲线差异与模型优选

携带大量盐分的低质水长期灌溉导致土壤存在极大的物理化学特性退化风险,为了探究盐分对土壤水分特征曲线影响的差异性,采用压力膜法对亚热带地区粘性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、紫色土、水稻土等5种土壤进行室内测定,对比分析了各土壤在0、5、10、15 g/L等4个钠盐浓度水平下土壤水分特征曲线的差异,并利用RETC软件结合数理统计方法确定了各土壤不同钠盐浓度水平下相应的最优拟合模型。结果表明:钠盐处理均可提高各土壤的持水能力,且粘粒含量较高的土壤影响显著;钠盐处理减少了粘性潮土、沙性潮土和红壤的有效含水率,分别最大减少了40.8%、30.5%、31.5%,却提高了紫色土、水稻土有效含水率,分别最大提高了45.7%、28.9%。粘粒含量少或低浓度盐溶液处理的土壤水分特征曲线以BC模型拟合最优,而粘粒含量多且高浓度盐溶液处理的以DP-M模型拟合最优。     

Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey

The use of wastewater for irrigation is increasingly being considered as a technical solution to minimize soil degradation and to restore nutrient content of soils. The aims of this study were to test if wastewater irrigation could improve soil fertility without affecting the quality of soils and plants. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 to investigate the effects of irrigation with untreated, and preliminary and primary treated wastewater on macro- and micronutrient distribution within the soil profile, yield and mineral content of cauliflower and red cabbage plants grown on a calcareous Aridisol in eastern Anatolia, Erzurum province, Turkey. Wastewater irrigation affected significantly soil chemical properties in the 0–30 cm soil layer and plant nutrient content after harvest. Application of wastewater increased soil salinity, organic matter, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, plant available phosphorus and microelements, and decreased soil pH. Wastewater irrigation treatments also increased the yield as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd contents of cauliflower and red cabbage plants. The highest yield, macro- and micronutrient uptake of cauliflower and red cabbage plants were obtained with the untreated wastewater. Undesirable side effects such as heavy metal contamination in soil and plant, and salinity were not observed with the application of wastewater. It can be concluded that untreated wastewater can be used confidently, in the short term, in agricultural land, while primary treated wastewater can be used in sustainable agriculture in the long term.     

不同土壤对拉巴豆生长及光合特性的影响

土壤是影响植物生长的重要因子.选取重庆市典型和具有代表性的4种主要土壤为对象,以拉巴豆为试验材料,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了不同土壤类型对拉巴豆生长、生理及光合特性的影响.结果表明:在微酸性和酸性的灰棕紫泥土壤上,拉巴豆生长、生理和净光合速率显著优于灰岩黄壤与碱性紫色土,其地上生物量是后者的2～3倍,估计与拉巴豆起源于热带和亚热带且长期适应酸性土壤有关;拉巴豆的生理及光合特性与其长势呈正相关,对于不同土壤类型和不同光合指标,其日变化曲线有所不同,但净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片气孔导度日变化均为单峰曲线,峰值均在10:30左右,微酸性紫色土的峰值最高,其次为酸性紫色土,最后为灰岩黄壤和碱性紫色土.     

An assessment of the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in the UK

Reducing the energy derived from fossil fuels within agricultural systems has important implications for decreasing atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases, thus assisting the arrest of global warming. The identification of crop production methods that maximise energy efficiency and minimise greenhouse gas emissions is vital. Sugar beet is grown in a variety of locations and under a variety of agronomic conditions within the UK. This study identified thirteen production scenarios, representative of over 90% of the UK beet crop, which included five soil types, nine fertiliser regimes and nine crop protection strategies. The fossil energy input, the overall energy efficiency and the global warming potential (GWP) of each production scenario was assessed. This study did not consider the processing of the beet to extract sugar.The overall energy input of the UK beet crop ranges between 15.72 and 25.94 GJ/ha. It produces between 7.3 and 15.0 times as much energy in dry matter at the sugar factory gate as consumed in its production, with an average ratio of 9.7. It has an average GWP of 0.024 eq. t CO₂ per tonne of clean beet harvested, equivalent to 0.0062 eq. t CO₂ per GJ output. The energy input into each scenario was dictated largely by the energy associated with crop nutrition. The smallest energy inputs per hectare were to crops grown under organic conditions or conventional crops grown on fertile soils (clay loam, silt or peat) or sand soil with broiler manure applied. Those crops with the greatest energy input were grown on sand soil that was irrigated and had mineral fertiliser applied. Although the organic scenario grown on sandy loam soil had one of the smallest energy inputs per hectare, the low yield meant that the energy input was similar per tonne of beet harvested to the conventional crops grown on sandy loam soil. The extra distance travelled by organic beet from the farm to the factory increased the energy input per tonne above that of the conventional scenarios. The GWP was smallest for the conventional crops on the fertile peat and silt soils and greatest on the irrigated sand soils and the sandy loam soils. The organic scenario had a similar GWP to the conventional scenarios on sandy loam to the farm gate, although the greater diesel requirement for transport increased the GWP overall. The GWP per GJ of output for sugar beet in England is similar to published values for wheat.     

Comparative effects of partial root-zone drying and deficit irrigation on nitrogen uptake in potatoes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.)

The effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) as compared with deficit irrigation (DI) and full irrigation (FI) on nitrogen (N) uptake and partitioning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated. Potato plants were grown in split-root pots and were exposed to FI, PRD, and DI treatments at tuber bulking stage. Just before onset of the irrigation treatment, each plant received 0.6 g N (in the form of urea) with 5% of which was ¹⁵N-labeled. After 4 weeks of irrigation treatments (i.e., one drying/wetting cycles completed in the PRD treatment), the plants were harvested and plant dry mass and N content were determined. The results showed that although the plant dry mass was not affected by the irrigation treatments, due to a reduced water use by the plant, both the PRD and DI treatments significantly increased crop water use efficiency. Compared with the FI and DI plants, PRD plants had significantly higher N contents in the leaves, stems and tubers; whereas, the ¹⁵N content in the plant organs was similar for the FI, PRD, and DI plants. It is suggested that not the root N uptake efficiency but the soil N availability was enhanced by the PRD treatment.     

低山丘陵区红壤水分的动态变化及影响因素

红壤分布区域是中国重要的粮食产地,但是降水时空分布的不均匀导致了季节性干旱的发生。因此,了解红壤中水分时空分布规律具有十分重要的意义。该文研究了低山丘陵区红壤旱地不同肥料配比长期试验小区土壤含水率的季节性变化状况及其与气象因素的关系,分析了典型红壤地区的土壤水分变化规律。结果表明：研究区1 a内的土壤含水率变化分为4个阶段：土壤水分充盈期、土壤水分亏缺期、土壤水分补充恢复期和土壤水分平稳期。空白小区土壤含水率变化较大;在施用肥料的试验小区中,蒸发对氮肥小区、氮磷小区和氮磷钾小区的影响逐渐降低;而降雨对氮肥小区、氮磷小区和氮磷钾小区的影响力逐渐增加。通过掌握典型红壤地区的土壤水分变化规律,对该地区水资源的调配管理、灌溉安排及干旱评估均可起到重要的指导作用。     

Transpirational response to water availability for winter wheat as affected by soil textures

Soil texture and evaporative demand have been reported to be the main factors which influence the transpirational response to soil water deficits. However, experimental evidences are not enough. The objective of this study was to investigate the transpirational response to soil water availability in soils of different textures under different evaporative demand levels. The three main soils of the Loess Plateau of China (loamy clay, clay loam and sandy loam) were selected and six constant soil water treatments were applied for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in pots. In order to reduce the influence of environmental conditions and plant factors, a normalized daily transpiration rate was used to develop the relationships with volumetric soil water content and soil water suction. Results showed that, under various levels of evaporative demand, a linear-plateau function with a critical value could be used to describe the dynamic change of the normalized transpiration rate with soil drying. Soil texture significantly influenced both the critical and the slope values of the linear-plateau equations, however, evaporative demand significantly affected the critical values of volumetric soil water content and soil suction for the loamy clay and clay loam only. Therefore, for saving water, different strategies are needed for these three soils.     

添加生物质炭对猪场废水灌溉土壤养分状况及铅有效性的影响

[目的]为养猪废水安全灌溉提供科学依据.[方法]试验选取新乡郊区农田0～20 cm表层土壤,采用PVC根箱法种植小麦,试验设置4种水平的生物质炭添加量0％、0.5％、2％、5％(W0、W0.5、W2、W5)和对照CK(无作物和生物质炭).测定了各处理根际和非根际土壤养分状况与含铅量,探讨了处理间土壤养分状况和铅迁移规律...     

Water-use efficiency of wheat-based rotation systems in a Mediterranean environment

Crop production in Mediterranean-type environments is invariably limited by low and erratic rainfall (200-600 mm year⁻¹), and thus soil moisture, and by high evapotranspiration resulting from high temperature. Consequently, a major research challenge is to devise cropping systems that maximize water-use efficiency (WUE). In a long-term trial in northern Syria (1986-1998) we compared the effects of seven wheat-based rotations on soil water dynamics and WUE in both the wheat and non-wheat phase. The cropping systems were durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) in rotation with fallow, watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), vetch (Vicia sativa), medic pasture (Medicago spp.), and wheat. Seasonal recharge/discharge were identified using the neutron probe. Depth of wetting varied with seasonal rainfall (233-503 mm). Based on crop yields, WUE was calculated for each cropping option in relation to the durum wheat crop.The greatest limitation to growth was the supply of water and not the soil moisture storage potential. Wheat grain yield was dictated by the extent to which the alternative crops in the rotation dried out the soil profile, in addition to seasonal rainfall and its distribution. Chickpea and medic extracted as much water as continuous wheat. Wheat after these crops was solely dependent on current seasonal rainfall, but fallow, lentil, watermelon, and vetch did not deplete soil moisture to the same extent, leaving some residual soil moisture for the succeeding wheat crop. This difference in soil water resulted in a significant difference in wheat yield and hence WUE, which decreased in the following crop rotation sequence: fallow, medic, lentil, chickpea, and continuous wheat. However, on the system basis, the wheat/lentil or wheat/vetch systems were most efficient at using rainfall, producing 27% more grain than the wheat/fallow, while the wheat/chickpea system was as efficient as wheat/fallow system, with continuous wheat being least efficient. With N added to the cereal phase, system WUE of the system increased, being least for continuous wheat and greatest for wheat/lentil. Wheat-legume rotation systems with additional N input in the wheat phase not only can maintain sustainable production system, but also are more efficient in utilizing limited rainfall.     

不同质量浓度铅对黑麦草根系分泌物和铅吸收富集的影响

为了揭示重金属铅的植物修复机理,采用水培试验研究黑麦草对铅的修复效果,结果表明,黑麦草在铅作用下分泌有机酸的种类随胁迫时间的推移而增加,且营养液中pH值的变化与黑麦草分泌的有机酸有直接关系。营养液Pb2+质量浓度400mg/L为pH值、有机酸、株高、干物质量、地上部分和根系含铅量以及根系耐性指数的敏感阈值。营养液Pb2+质量浓度大于600mg/L,严重限制了黑麦草的正常生长。