Estimating the fatty acid composition of the oil in intact-seed rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid method to estimate the fatty acid composition of the oil in intact-seed samples of rapeseed. A total of 549 samples (3 g intact seed) from selected mutant and breeding lines were scanned by NIRS, and 220 of them were selected and scanned again by using two different adapters, which reduced the sample size to 300 and 60 mg, respectively. Selected samples were analysed by gas liquid chromatography and calibration equations for individual fatty acids were developed. Calibrations for oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and erucic acid were highly accurate, with values of r² in cross validation from 0.95 to 0.98 (samples of 3 g), from 0.93 to 0.97 (300 mg), and from 0.84 to 0.96 (60 mg). Calibrations for palmitic and stearic acid were less accurate, with values of r² in cross validation always lower than 0.8, probably because of the narrow range available for these fatty acids. The accuracy of the calibration equations for eicosenoic acid was very low (r² = 0.69 in 3 g samples), although improved equations were developed (r² from 0.78 to 0.91) when the relationship between erucic and eicosenoic acid was taken into account. We conclude that NIRS is a powerful technique to estimate the fatty acid composition of the oil in rapeseed, provided that samples covering a wide range of fatty acid levels are available, with the advantage that such estimation is possible with few additional costs when NIRS is used for the determination of other seed quality traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New mutants of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with changed fatty acid composition

Seeds of the winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) line PN 3756/93 were treated with ethyl methanesulphonate to induce mutations in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. The seed mutagenic treatment was repeated in the M₂ generation. After treatments, individual seed and plant selections were made for changes in fatty acid composition during several generations of inbreeding. Self‐pollinated plants with changed fatty acid compositions were inbred to obtain genetically homozygous and stable mutant lines. Two mutants, M‐10453 and M‐10464, with increased levels of oleic acid (approximately 76%) and reduced linoleic and linolenic acid contents (8.5% and 7.5%, respectively) were selected. Gene or genes controlling desaturation of oleic acid were probably mutated in these plants. The third mutant, M‐681 had a very low linolenic acid content (approximately 2.6%) and increased linoleic acid content (approximately 26%). This would suggest the occurrence of mutations in genes controlling linoleic acid desaturation. The results of selection work during several generations showed that the environment had substantial influence on the composition of seed oil. This made the search for mutants with modify fatty acid compositions difficult. The induced mutants are not directly usable as new varieties, but can be used as parents in crosses for the development of high quality rapeseed varieties.     

利用异源六倍体(A~rA~rA~nA~nC~nC~n)与甘蓝种间杂交合成甘蓝型油菜的新方法

利用亲本种的遗传变异是改良油菜的重要途径,本研究提出一种利用甘蓝拓宽甘蓝型油菜遗传多样性的新方法。以甘蓝型油菜(AnAnCnCn)品种中双11号为母本,与白菜型油菜(ArAr)品系SWU07杂交,经染色体加倍获得异源六倍体(ArArAnAnCnCn),再与甘蓝(CoCo)杂交,创建出具有亲本种遗传成分的新型甘蓝型油菜(ArAnCnCo)。该六倍体连续3个世代核型稳定,各世代中的自交和自由授粉结实率无显著差异,花粉育性在94.6%～98.8%之间,3个世代自交平均结实率为每角果5.47粒,自由授粉平均结实率为每角果7.93粒;各世代六倍体(ArArAnAnCnCn)与不同类型甘蓝杂交平均结实率分别为每角果0.05、0.04、0.05粒,世代间无显著差异,且六倍体与栽培、野生甘蓝杂交结实性无显著差异,可交配性不受六倍体世代及甘蓝类型的影响。尽管该六倍体与甘蓝可交配性较低,但仍可在田间条件下成功杂交,获得新型甘蓝型油菜(ArAnCnCo),表明以ArArAnAnCnCn六倍体为桥梁与甘蓝杂交,是一种有效导入甘蓝遗传成分、创建新型甘蓝型油菜的新方法。     

Fatty acid composition of resynthesized Brassica napus and trigenomic Brassica void of genes for erucic acid in their A genomes

The fatty acid composition of seed oil of four interspecific hybrids, resulting from crosses between zero erucic acid Brassica rapa (AA), and high erucic acid Brassica alboglabra/Brassica oleracea (CC) and Brassica carinata (BBCC), void of erucic acid genes in their A‐genomes was examined. The erucic acid content in resynthesized Brassica napus (AACC) lines derived from these crosses was only about half that of the high erucic acid CC genome parents, indicating equal contributions of the two genomes to oil (fatty acid) synthesis and accumulation. The differences in C18 fatty acid synthesis between the parents were also evident in the resulting resynthesized B. napus plants. Hexaploid Brassica plants of the genomic constitution AABBCC, in which the AA genome was incapable of erucic acid synthesis, had lower erucic acid contents than the B. carinata (BBCC) parent. This is plausible considering the fact that the zero erucic acid AA genome contributes to oil synthesis in AABBCC plants, thus reducing erucic acid content.     

Interspecific hybridization of Brassica napus and B. juncea through ovary,ovule and embryo culture

Summary Employing in vitro culture of ovaries, ovules and embryos, interspecific hybrids have been obtained amongst two important oilseed crops, Brassica napus x B. juncea and their reciprocal. The test-tube hybrid plants have been transferred to the field, and reared to maturity. The F₁ seeds obtained from the hybrid ovaries showed normal germination, and the hybrid plants exhibited a range of variation of characters.     

Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed ( Brassica napus} L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the simultaneous analysis of seed weight, total oil content and its fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed was studied. A calibration set of 530 single seeds was analysed by both NIRS and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and calibration equations for the major fatty acids were developed. External validation with a set of 75 seeds demonstrated a close relationship between NIRS and GLC data for oleic (r = 0.92) and erucic acid (r = 0.94), but not for linoleic (r = 0.75) and linolenic acid (r = 0.73). Calibration equations for seed weight and oil content were developed from a calibration set of 125 seeds. A gravimetric determination was used as reference method for oil content. External validation revealed a coefficient of correlation between NIRS and reference methods of 0.92 for both traits. The performance of the calibration equations for oleic and erucic acid was further studied by analysing two segregating F2 seed populations not represented in the calibration set. The results demonstrated that a reliable selection for both fatty acids in segregating populations can be made by using NIRS. We concluded that a reliable estimation of seed weight, oil content, oleic acid and erucic acid content in intact, single seeds of rapeseed is possible by using NIRS technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparisons of Isozyme Patterns in Resynthesized Amphihaploid Rapeseed (Brassica napus) and Their Parental Species Brassica campestris and Brassica oleracea

Resynthesized rapeseed plants produced by embryo culture and the progeny of their selfed parents from Brassica oleracea and Brassica campestris were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis staining of enzymes GPI, LAP and SDH. In at least one unequivocal case it could be proved for each enzyme system studied that the alleles of both parents arc independently expressed in the newly synthesized individuals and that in the pattern of the dimeric enzyme GPI interlocus bands of the homoeologous loci arc visible. Comparisons with enzyme patterns in cultivated B. napus leads to the conclusion that in general active enzyme loci of both parental genomes are present. This is of great significance in estimating slide frequencies, degree of heterozygosity and other genetic parameters of B. nupus populations/cultivars.     

Selection on pollen for linolenic acid content in rapeseed, Brassica napus L.

In order to enhance the economic value of edible rapeseed oil, an improvement of quality is necessary. Mutagenesis of rapeseed resulted in a low linolenic acid content and a low ‘linolenic acid (CIS: 3) level to linoleic acid (CIS: 2) level’ ratio, that is, the linoleic desaturation ratio (LDR), in the seeds of the Canadian variety ‘Stellar’. As an early breeding marker for low linolenic acid content, the pollen fatty acid composition was determined on 80 doubled haploid plants derived from a single F₁ hybrid obtained from a cross between ‘Stellar’ and a high CIS: 3 variety ‘Drakkar’. Fatty acid analysis on seed and pollen showed that the low CIS: 3 and the low LDR traits from the ‘Stellar’ variety were expressed in pollen and in seeds, and that a very close correlation (r = 0.88) existed between seed and pollen for these two traits. The inheritance of these traits is controlled by two major genes with additive effects, both in seed and pollen. However, minor genes also appeared to be expressed in pollen and seed. These genes may allow the production of plants with lower CIS: 3 levels than that of the low linolenic acid content parent. The efficiency of this new tool for early screening in breeding programmes is discussed.     

The Use of Ovule Culture in Reciprocal Hybridization between B. campestris L. and B. oleracea L.

Ovule culture was used to overcome postzygotic interspecific incompatibility in reciprocal crosses between Brassica campestris and B. oleracea. Hybrid plants were obtained from 82 % of all reciprocal pollinations, representing 91 % of the attempted combinations. Comparisons of the embryo culture and the ovule culture indicated a significantly higher germination rate after ovule culture.     

利用野生甘蓝抗性遗传资源获得高抗菌核病甘蓝型油菜的抗性与分子标记初步分析

茵核病是甘蓝型油菜最严重的病害之一,自身抗性低,而甘蓝野生资源中存在高抗遗传资源.以部分抗性的甘蓝型油菜中双9号和高抗性的甘蓝野生资源为亲本杂交得到F1 (ACC),F1连续用中双9号回交6代,得到育性基本恢复正常植株自交,培育成了高抗茵核病材料,命名为F6.染色体计数显示,F6有38条染色体,和甘蓝型油菜(AACC,2 n=38)一致.茵核病抗性鉴定实验结果说明F6对茵核病的抗性高于中双9号而弱于甘蓝.通过在亲本和子代间比较229个分布于甘蓝型油菜19个遗传连锁群的SSR分子标记以及16个与甘蓝抗茵核病特异性位点有关的SSR分子标记,发现甘蓝抗茵核病主要特异性区段9号连锁群已渗入甘蓝型油菜基因组中.     

Effect of genetic background on the target fatty acids of acyl-ACP thioesterase transgenes in Brassica napus

Acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) is involved in the biosynthetic fatty acid pathway of plants. Conventional canola lines transformed individually with the bay‐TE (Uc FatB1), elm‐TE (Ua FatB1), nutmeg‐TE (Mf FatB1) or Cuphea‐TE transgene (Ch FatB1), produce seed oil with modified fatty acid compositions. This study assessed the effects of genetic background, cytoplasm, maternal parent, and interaction of different TE transgenes, on the target fatty acids using F1 seeds and double haploid (DH) lines. The F₁ seeds were produced by crossing four TE transgenic parental lines and three non‐transgenic cultivars with distinct fatty acid compositions. The DH lines were developed from microspores of F₁ plants. DH lines from different crosses showed that genetic background does not have an effect on the relative levels of the target fatty acids of the same TE, indicating the stability of the substrate specificity of the TE within canola. However, significant effects of genetic background on the content of the major target fatty acids, lauric acid (C12:0) or palmitic acid (C16:0) depending on the TE, were observed. Expression of the TE in low erucic acid (C22:1) genotypes resulted in higher target fatty acid levels than expression in high C22:1 genotypes. Reciprocal crosses showed maternal effects, but not cytoplasmic effects. In addition, co‐expression of two different TE transgenes in the same seeds was observed. These results indicate the importance of selection for appropriate genetic backgrounds in order to maximize the expression of the target fatty acids of TE transgenes, and also indicate potential uses of TE co‐expression in modifying canola seed oil.     

甘蓝型油菜脂肪酸成分的基因作用形式和效应

对4种纯合芥酸基因型双列杂交所产生的9种芥酸基因型的6种主要脂肪酸的含量配适二基因模型,分析结果表明:芥酸含量的加性遗传方差占总遗传方差的99.5%以上,A 和 C 两染色体组中基因座位的加性效应基本上相等,F_1代和 F_2代的 d_a 分别为14.19和13.90,d_c 为13.81和13.38。廿碳烯酸以加×加互作为主,在 F_1和 F_2代中,该分量占     

Plant Regeneration from the Hybridization of Brassica juncea and B. napus Through Embryo Culture

Crosses were made to produce interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus × B. juncea and their reciprocals with the aid of embryo culture techniques. A better response of hybrid embryo culture was obtained from two cross combinations of B. juncea × B. napus (Ames 24521 × Huyou 15 and Vittasso × Zheshuang 72) than from their reciprocals. Embryo culture was more effective in terms of plant regeneration when embryos were cultured in vitro at 15 days after pollination (DAP), while more calli were initiated when embryos were excised and cultured at 10 DAP. A better response was observed on the MS medium with 0.3 mg l^?1 naphthylacetic acid (NAA) + 1.5 mg l^?1 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) and with 0.3 mg l^?1 NAA + 2.0 mg l^?1 BAP. Callus formation and plant regeneration on these two media reached 55.43 and 26.65 %, and 66.98 and 24.61 %, respectively.     

甘蓝型油菜AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3基因的鉴定及功能性研究

液泡是调控植物细胞分化、生长发育的重要部位,AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3基因调控植物液泡内外离子平衡、离子运输以及能量供应。本研究利用功能已知的拟南芥AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3基因为参考序列在甘蓝型油菜全基因组数据库、NCBI植物基因组注释数据库等鉴定并筛选出9个BnaAVP1、3个BnaVHA-a2和4个BnaVHA-a3,并分析基因拷贝数变异、分子特征、跨膜结构域、保守基序、染色体定位、系统进化树构建、蛋白二级结构及三维结构预测、高通量转录组测序等。发现甘蓝型油菜BnaAVP1和BnaVHA-a3的基因数量明显多于甘蓝和白菜;甘蓝型油菜AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3蛋白属于由酸性氨基酸组成的稳定蛋白;系统进化选择能力的分析表明,甘蓝型油菜AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3家族基因与甘蓝、白菜关系相近。转录组测序表明,低氮处理后,BnaAVP1s基因主要在地上部表达,且低氮3h后地上部表达下调,低氮处理72h根中表达量上调;BnaVHA-a2s和BnaVHA-a3s基因在地上部和根中均有表达,BnaVHA-a2s在低氮处理72h后表达量基本呈上调趋势,BnaVHA-a3s在低氮3h后基本呈下调趋势。低磷处理后,BnaAVP1s根中大部分基因表达上调,地上部表达基本无差异;BnaVHA-a2s表达基本无差异;BnaVHA-a3s地上部和根中均基本为上调趋势。该结果为进一步研究甘蓝型油菜AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3基因生物学功能及AVP1、VHA-a2和VHA-a3蛋白水解ATP提供能量供植物代谢的分子机制奠定基础,为已知大量数据的其他物种家族基因生物信息学研究提供参考。     

The production of yellow-seeded Brassica napus (AACC) through crossing interspecific hybrids of B. campestris (AA) and B. carinata (BBCC) with B. napus

To transfer the genes for yellow seed coat from both genomes A and C to B. napus (AACC), the hexaploid of Brassica (AABBCC) was synthesised from reciprocal interspecific crosses between yellow-seeded B.campestris (AA) and B.carinata (BBCC). The hexaploid with 27 pairs of chromosomes was red-seeded which showed that genic interaction existed in the trigenomic plants for the colour of the seed coat. Hundreds of hybrid seeds were obtained from crosses between the red-seeded hexaploid and partial yellow or brown-seeded varieties of B. napus as pollen donor. The majority of the hybrid plants (AABCC) were self fertile with brown seeds. It appeared that the chromosomes of the B genome were excluded during the meiosis of the pentaploid and a high proportion of the genetically balanced AC gametes could be produced. The fertility of the F2 population was increased and even reached normal levels for some plants. Seventy-three plants with the yellow-seeded character were isolated from 2590 open-pollinated F2 plants, most with increased fertility. After two successive self-pollinations, 18 lines produced yellow seeds and no brown seeds segregated from these populations. The morphology of the novel yellow-seeded plants was basically towards B. napus. Esterase isoenzyme electrophoresis showed that the plants contained some of the genetic background of B. campestris, B. carinata and B. napus. Cytological analysis has shown that at least some yellow-seeded lines have the B.napus AACC genome composition with 38 chromosomes and normal meiotic pairing. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An evaluation of the potential of intergeneric gene transfer between Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis

The possibility of gene transfer between Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis was evaluated. Six spring-type cultivars of B. napus and four strains of S. arvensis were reciprocally crossed through controlled crosses. No hybrid was yielded from any cross. However, one hybrid with 28 chromosomes was obtained from B. napus×S. arvensis through ovule culture. The hybrid plant was highly sterile and set no seed on open pollination. Two F₂ plants, with 35 and 36 chromosomes respectively, were obtained through self-pollination by hand. Backcross of B. napus produced 23 plants carrying some characteristics of S. arvensis, but backcross to S. arvensis failed to produce a plant. The chromosome counts of the BC₁F₁ plants indicated that gametes with more than nine chromosomes were favoured during the meiosis. The data demonstrated that gene transfer from S. arvensis to B. napus was very difficult under controlled cross and backcross, while to transfer genes from B. napus to S. arvensis would be extremely remote even under the most favorable conditions.     

Selection in vitro for erucic-acid content in segregating populations of microspore-derived embryoids of Brassica napus

Microspore culture of Brassica napus under optimized conditions leads to the regeneration of microspore-derived embryoids that, at the late cotyledonary stage, contain large amounts of storage lipids, equal or similar in composition to those found in seeds of the homozygous donor plants. At that stage, the microspore-derived embryoids are large enough to allow the dissection of one cotyledon under aseptic conditions and the determination of its fatty-acid composition. The remaining part of the embryoid can be cultured further and regenerated to give a plant. This offers the possibility of early selection for fatty-acid composition in segregating populations of microspore-derived embryoids. In order to verify this hypothesis, embryoids were generated from microspores of F| plants derived from a cross between doubled haploid lines of the low-erucicacid cv. ‘Duplo’ and the high-erucic-acid cv. ‘Janetzki’. The contents of eicosenoic acid (C20: 1) and erucic acid (C22: 1) in the cotyledons and in the seeds derived from plants regenerated from the remaining parts of the embryoids were highly correlated (rs = 0.85**, P = 0.01). This indicates that, in breeding programmes for high erucic acid, the majority of the microspore—derived embryoids can be discarded at an early stage in vitro. Only microspore-derived embryoids with a high content of C20: 1+C22:1 in the cotyledons need to be transferred to the greenhouse. This report also deals with the addition of abscisic acid (ABA) to the embryoid culture medium to increase the correlation, and discusses the possible application of this system for the selection of high-oleic or low-linolenic types in corresponding microspore-derived embryoid populations.     

Different Behavior of Brassica juncea and B. carinata as Sources of Phoma lingam Resistance in Experiments of Interspecific Transfer to B. napus

With the aim to transfer Phoma lingam resistance into rape, successful interspecific crosses were made between three oilseed rape varieties (Brassica napus) and the resistant species B. carinata and B. carinata. Although both hybrid types B. napus×B. juncea and B. napus×B. carinata showed the same high level of resistance as the respective resistant parent, the resistance could be only transferred from juncea crosses. After three backcross generations, lines morphologically undistinguishable from rape, fertile, and with a high degree of resistance were obtained. The resistance of B. carinata was practically lost in the first backcross. A possible explanation of this different behavior could be a higher recombination between the genomes B and C (juncea crosses) than between B and A (carinata crosses). The: applied embryo culture increased the yield of hybrids and first backcross plants and reduced considerably the generation time.     

利用DH和IF_2群体检测油菜籽粒油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量QTL

以德国冬性甘蓝型油菜Express和中国半冬性甘蓝型油菜SWU07为亲本构建包含261个株系的DH群体和包含234个株系的IF2群体,检测不同年份条件下油菜籽粒油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量相关的QTL。在DH群体4年环境下共检测出71个QTL,在IF2群体2年环境下共检测出4个QTL。去掉在不同年份和群体中置信区间相互重叠的QTL之后,共得到3个品质性状的51个QTL,其中有15个在2年以上环境中被检测到。这些QTL分别分布在13个连锁群上,其中与油酸含量相关的18个,分布于A01、A02、A04、A05、A07、A09、C01连锁群,揭示3.44%～13.97%的表型变异;与亚油酸相关的12个,分布于A02、A06、A09、C01、C02连锁群,揭示3.84%～19.51%的表型变异;与亚麻酸相关的21个,分布于A01、A02、A03、A04、A05、A08、A09、C01、C02、C03、C06连锁群,揭示2.86%～11.91%的表型变异。这些结果将为油菜脂肪酸品质改良提供更多遗传信息。     

甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜杂种小孢子培养获得再生植株

利用分离小孢子培养首次从甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油莱种间杂种(甘芥杂种)中获得了胚和再生植株。所用的培养程序是,将甘芥杂种小孢子在蔗糖浓度为13％的液体NLN培养基中32℃下暗培养2天,转入25℃暗培养3周,再在光照条件下振荡培养一周后转入再生培养基(B_5)。供试的8个正反交甘芥杂种,有4个对培养有反应,其中3个均为以甘蓝型油菜为母本的杂种。杂种911186(甘蓝型)×851336(芥菜型)的胚产量明显高于其他杂种,未发现杂种花粉育性与小孢子胚产量存在显著相关。多数再生植株形态上介乎两个亲本之间,已开花的植株多为不育类型。讨论了亲本基因型对杂种小孢子胚胎发生的影响和小孢子衍生植株的可能用途。