Sulfate--a candidate for the missing essential factor that is required for the formation of protein haze in white wine

Protein haze formation in white wine is dependent on the presence of both wine protein and other unknown wine components, termed factor(s) X. The ability to reconstitute protein haze upon heating artificial model wine solutions (500 mg/L thaumatin, 12% ethanol, 4 g/L tartaric acid) to which candidate components were added was employed to identify factor(s) X. No protein haze was formed in the absence of additives. The individual or combined addition of caffeic acid, caftaric acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-O-gallate, gallic acid, or ferulic acid at typical white wine concentrations did not generate protein haze. However, PVPP fining of commercial wines resulted in a reduction in protein haze, suggesting that phenolic compounds may play a modulating role in haze formation. To elucidate the nature of the unknown factor(s) wine was fractionated and fractions were back-added to model wine and tested for their essentiality. Wine fractions were generated by ultrafiltration, reverse-phase chromatography, and mixed-mode anion-exchange and reverse-phase chromatography. The only purified fraction containing the essential component(s) was free of phenolic compounds, and analysis by mass spectrometry identified sulfate anion as the dominant component. Reconstitution with KHSO4 using either commercially available thaumatin or wine proteins confirmed the role of sulfate in wine protein haze formation. The two main wine proteins, thaumatin-like protein and chitinase, differed in their haze response in model wines containing sulfate. Other common wine anions, acetate, chloride, citrate, phosphate, and tartrate, and wine cations, Fe(2+/3+) and Cu(+/2+), when added at typical white wine concentrations were not found to be essential for protein haze formation.     

葡萄与葡萄酒中的单宁及其与葡萄酒的关系

单宁是葡萄和葡萄酒中重要的组成成分.本文就葡萄与葡萄酒中单宁的分类、组成、及其对葡萄酒品质的影响及单宁与人体健康等几方面进行了综述.并对今后研究重点提出展望.     

霞多丽干白葡萄酒品种香和发酵香成分变化的比较研究

本研究对确立宁夏贺兰山东麓原产地葡萄酒质量的感官体系标准,以及对葡萄酒生产工艺优化和质量评价有着重要实用价值。采用溶液萃取法提取霞多丽品种果实与干白发酵香气成分,用气相色谱-质谱进行分离测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各成分的相对含量。实验结果：果实和干白葡萄酒中分别分离出81和33个峰,鉴定出78和32个香气化学成分,共占其色谱流出组分总量的98.89%和98.97%;成熟果实的挥发性物质,主要是2-呋喃甲醛等脂肪醛、2-呋喃乙酮等脂肪酮和十六碳酸等脂肪羧酸类。经过发酵工艺处理原酒中挥发性物质,主要有3-甲基丁醇、丁二酸二乙酯、辛酸、苯乙醇等。相对含量较高的香气成分种类相似,而微量特征香气成分差异较为显著,从而构成不同产区同一品种葡萄酒相似和独特香气与风格。本结果将对不同原产区优质葡萄酒酿造工艺生产,最大限度的释放游离态芳香物质的能力,提高干白葡萄酒的果香,有重要指导意义。     

Comparative study of protein stabilization in white wine using zirconia and bentonite: physicochemical and wine sensory analysis

A semi-industrial application of the continuous stabilization of white wine protein using a column packed with zirconia was studied and compared to the traditional bentonite treatment using a Macabeu white wine. Physicochemical and wine sensory properties were evaluated using a rating system and triangle tests. Continuous protein stabilization was analyzed in three residence times, and the equivalent of 300 BV of wine was used for both treatments. Wine protein content was reduced by 21%, 40%, and 42% using the continuous process with residence times of 7.5, 15, and 30 min, respectively, and by 61.4% using the bentonite treatment. The wines obtained from the packed column were protein stable up to 25, 75, and 175 BV for residence times of 7.5, 15, and 30 min, respectively. The amount of polyphenol removed was less than 10%, and similar amounts were removed from the wine regardless of residence time, while 20.6% of polyphenol was removed using bentonite. The physicochemical and sensory properties of wine treated with bentonite were similar to those of wine treated with zirconia.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannoproteins that protect wine from protein haze: evaluation of extraction methods and immunolocalization

Yeast-derived haze-protective mannoprotein material (HPM) offers protection to white wines from commercially unacceptable turbidities. HPM extraction methods have been evaluated using three winemaking strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Digestion with Zymolyase of cells pretreated with DTE and EDTA gave the greatest yields of active material. Heat treatment of cells with SDS also released active material but the quantities were low. Treatment of the cells in an autoclave or with a French pressure device was less effective. A detailed study was conducted on the strain Maurivin PDM. SDS was not necessary to extract HPM from PDM; boiling the cells for 5 min in Tris buffer was sufficient. HPM could also be extracted with EDTA during the pretreatment of the cells prior to Zymolyase digestion. The data suggest that HPM was noncovalently linked to other cell wall components and loosely associated with the cell wall. An immunological investigation showed that a specific mannoprotein with haze-protective activity, HPF1, was located primarily on the outermost and innermost layers of the cell wall.     

葡萄果实和葡萄酒中缩合单宁的研究进展

缩合单宁是葡萄与葡萄酒中重要的组分之一,它影响着葡萄酒的色泽、风味、稳定性和贮藏寿命,与人的健康也有密切关系;该文介绍了缩合单宁的作用、结构及其与原花色素的关系,葡萄与葡萄酒中缩合单宁的存在形式及其在葡萄果实成熟和葡萄酒酿造过程中的变化和对葡萄酒口感的影响及缩合单宁的生物合成等方面的研究进展,提出了今后的研究方向.     

Analysis of grape and wine anthocyanins by HPLC-MS

The development and application of valuable analytical tools suitable for the varietal authentication of premium red wines are matters of interest in order to avoid fraud. In this study, an HPLC-MS procedure has been developed using trifluoroacetic acid as an acid modifier in the mobile phase. This method may be used as a routine method using UV-vis detection and allows the simultaneous analysis of the structural features of anthocyanins by MS under the same chromatographic conditions. Twenty different anthocyanins have been detected in 19 different samples of both grape extracts and wines. Cis and trans isomers of p-coumaryl derivatives have been identified for the first time. Important qualitative and quantitative differences among cultivars have been detected.     

White wine with red wine-like properties: increased extraction of grape skin polyphenols improves the antioxidant capacity of the derived white wine.

Lower antioxidant activity in white wines in comparison to red wines lies in the low grape-skin-derived polyphenol content. This paper reports the analysis of the antioxidant capacities of white wine samples obtained along two different processing procedures directed to enrich the wine with polyphenols. White wine samples derived from whole squeezed grapes stored for increasing periods of time (up to 18 h) contained increasing concentrations of polyphenols (from 0.35 to 0.55 mmol/L) and, in parallel, exhibited increased capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit copper ion-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. However, addition of increasing concentrations of alcohol (up to 18%) to the whole squeezed grapes remarkably augmented the extraction of grape skin polyphenols into the wine up to 1.25 mmol/L, resulting in an increased capacity of the wine to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit LDL oxidation, to an extent similar to that of red wine. The extent of LDL oxidation inhibition was directly related to the wine polyphenolic content (r = 0.986). It is concluded that processing white wine by imposing a short period of grape skin contact in the presence of alcohol leads to extraction of grape skin polyphenols and produces polyphenol-rich white wine with antioxidant characteristics similar to those of red wine.     

Characterization of white wine mannoproteins

Mannoproteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast polysaccharides, play a major role in wine processing and characteristics. A systematic characterization of these polymers in terms of chemical composition and molecular structure is addressed in this study. Mannoproteins were isolated from white wine through a sequence of operations that consisted of nanofiltration for concentration of macromolecules, polysaccharide precipitation with ethanol, and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A. The whole wine mannoproteins present a very broad molecular mass distribution with several populations. Two major populations with very different compositions were separated by size exclusion chromatography. The mannoproteins with higher molecular mass are a mannose homopolymer containing 10.3% protein. The mannoproteins with lower molecular mass consisted of 87.5% of mannose and some other residues and a protein content of 2.5%. The highest molecular weight mannoprotein structure was examined by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic techniques such as 1-D TOCSY, 2-D COSY, and 2-D HMQC.     

基于GIS的宁夏酿酒葡萄种植区划

根据宁夏1∶25万地理信息数据和宁夏各气象站1960年-2005年的气候资料，在运用GIS技术对宁夏气候要素网格推算的基础上，利用全国北方主要酿酒葡萄产区取样化验资料，将7～8月份水热系数作为一级区划指标，7～9月大于等于10℃积温作为二级区划指标，同时考虑了土壤类型和灌溉条件的影响，采用多边形叠置方法对宁夏酿酒葡萄种植区域进行气候精细区划，得到作物农业气候区划空间数据集合。对生成的各种资源空间数据 ,进行多种图形整饰和矢量化处理，制作出250 m空间分辨率的宁夏酿酒葡萄气候区划图和种植区划图。区划结果表明：宁夏开发优质酿酒葡萄基地的潜力很大，宁夏酿酒葡萄种植可分为4个区。酿酒葡萄种植特优区分布在包括贺兰山东麓在内的宁夏灌区周边风沙土区域，面积达1890 km²；优质区主要集中在宁夏平原，贺兰山东麓，清水河流域等，面积约为20580 km²，这一区域光热资源丰富、昼夜温差大、水热系数小于1.0，生长季降水量小于220 mm，有好的灌溉条件。适宜区包括中部干旱带的大部分地区和卫宁平原的中卫；宁南阴湿区光热不足，年积温少于2700℃，不宜种植酿酒葡萄。     

Rapid method for proline determination in grape juice and wine

Proline is typically the most abundant amino acid present in grape juice and wine. The amount present is influenced by viticultural and winemaking factors and can be of diagnostic importance. A method for rapid routine quantitation of proline would therefore be of benefit for wine researchers and the industry in general. Colorimetric determination utilizing isatin as a derivatizing agent has previously been applied to plant extracts, biological fluids, and protein hydrolysates. In the current study, this method has been successfully adapted to grape juice and wine and proved to be sensitive to milligram per liter amounts of proline. At sugar concentrations above 60 g/L, interference from the isatin-proline reaction was observed, such that proline concentrations were considerably underestimated in grape juice and dessert wine. However, the method was robust for the analysis of fermentation samples and table wines. Results were within ±10% agreement with data generated from typical HPLC-based analyses. The isatin method is therefore considered suitable for the routine analysis required to support research into the utilization or release of proline by yeast during fermentation.     

Protein haze formation in white wines: effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components prepared with different procedures

Cell wall material was extracted by five different methods from an oenological strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme preparations containing beta-glucanase activity (Zymolyase, Glucanex, and Finizym 250L) allowed a better extraction yield compared to that of dithiothreitol (DTT) and EDTA. The yeast extracts were only soluble in part in wine. The wine-soluble fraction (WSF) of the five extracts, differing in both protein and sugar contents, when added in increasing amounts to white wine differently affected protein haze formation, as determined by the heat test, giving dose/response curves of different shapes. The curves obtained with the WSF derived from DDT and Zymolyase extracts showed a plateau value corresponding to 90% and 80% of wine haze reduction, respectively. In contrast, addition of the WSF derived from the other extracts resulted in increased turbidity with respect to the original wine. The mannoproteins (MP), isolated from each yeast extract by Concanavalin-A chromatography, gave dose/response curves showing shapes more similar among them than those obtained with the whole WSFs. The best wine stabilization was obtained with the MP of the DTT and Zymolyase extracts. The supernatants obtained after heating the MP of the different extracts were also tested. The stabilizing effect of the heat-stable MP (HSMP) was always larger than that of the corresponding total (un-heated) MP. The HSMP obtained starting from the DTT and Zymolyase extracts showed the best haze-protecting effect, which was, however, lower than that obtained with their corresponding WSF. This result suggests that wine protein stabilization by compounds of the yeast cell wall could be related, in addition to the action of the MP, also to the presence of other substances of different nature.     

酿酒葡萄果-蒂振动分离试验

为深入研究酿酒葡萄果-蒂振动分离特性,寻求影响分离效果因素的最优组合,该文基于酿酒葡萄做变速运动产生惯性力克服葡萄果-蒂连接力实现分离的原理,搭建了曲柄摇杆机构分离率测定装置。通过对曲柄摇杆机构运动及果-蒂分离临界条件的分析,构建了果-蒂振动分离模型,确定电机转速、偏心距离及摇杆长度为主要影响因素,并针对霞多丽和赤霞珠品种开展试验研究。结果表明:影响酿酒葡萄分离率显著因子的主次顺序为偏心距离、摇杆长度和电机转速;赤霞珠品种较霞多丽品种更适合机械采收;当转速为245 r/min,偏心距离为75 mm,摇杆长度为200 mm时,赤霞珠分离率为95.2%,葡萄果-蒂分离的频率范围为2.11~3.69 Hz,葡萄穗梗处的振幅为169.8 mm。该文研究结果可为酿酒葡萄收获装置的设计提供理论依据。     

Effects of ionic strength and sulfate upon thermal aggregation of grape chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins in a model system

Consumers expect white wines to be clear. During the storage of wines, grape proteins can aggregate to form haze. These proteins, particularly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins (TL-proteins), need to be removed, and this is done through adsorption by bentonite, an effective but inefficient wine-processing step. Alternative processes are sought, but, for them to be successful, an in-depth understanding of the causes of protein hazing is required. This study investigated the role played by ionic strength (I) and sulfate toward the aggregation of TL-proteins and chitinases upon heating. Purified proteins were dissolved in model wine and analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effect of I on protein aggregation was investigated within the range from 2 to 500 mM/L. For chitinases, aggregation occurred during heating with I values of 100 and 500 mM/L, depending on the isoform. This aggregation immediately led to the formation of large particles (3 μm, visible haze after cooling). TL-protein aggregation was observed only with I of 500 mM/L; it mainly developed during cooling and led to the formation of finite aggregates (400 nm) that remained invisible. With sulfate in the medium chitinases formed visible haze immediately when heat was applied, whereas TL-proteins aggregated during cooling but not into particles large enough to be visible to the naked eye. The data show that the aggregation mechanisms of TL-proteins and chitinases are different and are influenced by the ionic strength and ionic content of the model wine. Under the conditions used in this study, chitinases were more prone to precipitate and form haze than TL-proteins.     

智能系统在葡萄与葡萄酒产业中应用的研究进展

随着信息技术的快速发展,智能系统在葡萄与葡萄酒产业中得到了不断研究与应用。通过对国内外智能系统在葡萄与葡萄酒生产中的研究应用分析,阐明了智能系统的概念、相关技术及开发方式,重点概述了其在葡萄的品种鉴定、栽培管理、病虫害管理和葡萄酒的工艺决策、检测与分级、品尝与酒窖管理、酒厂资源管理中的应用现状及存在问题,分析了智能系统在葡萄与葡萄酒产业中应用需进一步研究的问题。     

Characterization and quantification of grape variety by means of shikimic acid concentration and protein fingerprint in still white wines

Protein profiles, obtained by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) on white wines previously dialyzed, combined with shikimic acid concentration and multivariate analysis, were used for the determination of grape variety composition of a still white wine. Six varieties were studied through monovarietal wines elaborated in the laboratory: Chardonnay (24 samples), Chenin (24), Petit Manseng (7), Sauvignon (37), Semillon (24), and Ugni Blanc (9). Homemade mixtures were elaborated from authentic monovarietal wines according to a Plackett-Burman sampling plan. After protein peak area normalization, a matrix was elaborated containing protein results of wines (mixtures and monovarietal). Partial least-squares processing was applied to this matrix allowing the elaboration of a model that provided a varietal quantification precision of around 20% for most of the grape varieties studied. The model was applied to commercial samples from various geographical origins, providing encouraging results for control purposes.     

4PZ-1型自走式酿酒葡萄收获机的研制与试验

针对新疆人工采收酿酒葡萄劳动强度大、效率低下,缺乏适应新疆酿酒葡萄种植模式的收获装备问题,研制了一种自走式酿酒葡萄收获机。该机采用全液压驱动,主要由振摇分离机构、收集输送机构及自走式液压底盘三大部件组成,一次作业1行,可一次性完成对酿酒葡萄的分离、输送、除杂及收集作业。田间试验结果表明:在地形平坦,酿酒葡萄含糖量达到18%的情况下,该机以2 km/h的速度进行收获作业时可获得较佳采收效果,该速度下主要指标平均生产率为0.6 hm2/h,平均果实采净率为93.8%,平均果实破损率为9.3%。该研究可为推动中国酿酒葡萄收获机的国产化进程提供参考。     

酿酒葡萄曲轴式振动脱粒收获装置研制

针对酿酒葡萄机械化采收时对植株损伤大、果粒破损率高、脱粒效率低等问题,该文设计了一种曲轴式振动脱粒收获装置,该装置主要由曲轴、弹性夹持振动机构、传动系统、机架等组成。对曲柄摇杆机构的运动和弹性振动杆变形进行了分析,获取了影响作业效果的主要因素。根据Box-Benhnken中心组合设计方法,以夹持间距、转速和偏心距为影响因子,酿酒葡萄脱粒率和破损率为响应函数进行三因素三水平二次回归正交试验设计,建立了响应面数学模型,并进行了参数优化和验证。结果表明,酿酒葡萄脱粒率影响因素的显著性顺序为转速、偏心距和夹持间距,破损率的影响显著性顺序为转速、夹持间距和偏心距;最优参数组合为夹持间距193 mm、曲轴转速720 r/min、曲轴偏心距38.8 mm,在此参数下测得的酿酒葡萄脱粒率为93.06%,破损率为4.57%,与模型优化理论值相比脱粒率降低了1.09个百分比,破损率增加了1.45个百分点。该研究可为酿酒葡萄的机械化收获及其他林果的振动采收装置设计提供参考。     

化学处理打破酿酒葡萄休眠的研究

研究于2001年10月～2002年9月在四川省攀枝花地区葡萄园进行.对4个葡萄品种(霞多丽、佳美、梅尔诺、黑虎香)休眠冬芽进行了化学处理.处理药剂及其浓度为16.7%CaCN2、0.5%～2.0%H2CN2、0.5%～2.0%H2CN2+1%吐温80;处理时期分别为12月25日、1月10日、1月25日.结果表明CaCN2、H2CN2、H2CN2+吐温80处理具有明显的提前萌芽效果,1月10日的处理效果最佳.不同葡萄品种对化学处理的反应有差异,霞多丽、佳美、梅尔诺、黑虎香分别提前萌芽16、13、11、4d.黑虎香的石灰氮处理出现药害现象.