古日乃湖盆沉积物发育土壤盐分与碳酸钙积累机制

干旱区湖泊是维持生态脆弱区环境平衡的重要载体,随着环境变化和人类对水土资源的不合理利用,我国干旱区湖泊日渐萎缩、干涸直至消失。湖泊干涸过程中,地下水位持续下降,风积物不断加积,土壤演化过程随之发生变化,但关于湖泊沉积物发育土壤演化特征的研究十分匮乏。本研究结合土壤发生学和地球化学方法分析了古日乃湖盆沉积物发育土壤的盐分与碳酸钙积累特征与机制。结果表明：盐分积累是古日乃湖盆土壤形成的主要特征,盐化土壤表层水溶性盐含量、Na~+浓度和钠吸附比分别为13.15～650.50 g·kg^-1、186.9～12 114.7 mmol·L^-1、22.3～890.5(mmol·L^-1)^1/2,土壤具有高含盐量、高Na~+浓度与高钠吸附比,表现出强度盐化特征。古日乃湖盆干涸,土壤积盐过程由现代盐化向残积盐化演化,盐分类型由氯化物型、氯化物-硫酸盐型向硫酸盐-氯化物型、硫酸盐型转变。借助于与Ca地球化学行为相似的Sr同位素组成分析,表明土壤碳酸钙以次生碳酸钙为主,其占比超过碳酸钙总量的80%;土壤碳酸钙主要来源于母质和...     

Land surface roughness impacted by typical vegetation restoration projects on aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley,southern Tibetan plateau

Aeolian sandy lands are widespread and desertification is recognized as one of the main environmental issues in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley, southern Tibetan plateau. The surface microtopographic variations induced by the near soil surface characteristics of plant communities are important compositions of land surface roughness, which likely influence wind erosion. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of typical vegetation restoration on land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands, and to identify the main influencing factors of land surface roughness in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Two bare sandy lands (as controls) and eight vegetated sandy lands with different restoration communities and ages were selected, and land surface roughness (LSR), as represented by surface microtopographic variations in this study, was measured by photogrammetric surveys. The results showed that LSR significantly increased by 7.9–16.8 times after vegetation restoration on the aeolian sandy lands, and varied among different restoration communities and ages. The mostly restored communities of Sophora moorcroftiana and Populus L. had greater LSR as compared to Artemisia wellbyi and Hedysarum scoparium. With succession from 6 to over 30 years, LSR gradually increased in the Sophora moorcroftiana restored sandy lands, but decreased in the Populus L. restored sandy lands. The variations of LSR were mainly attributed to the differences in near soil surface characteristics of vegetation (plant stem diameter and coverage, and plant residue density) and biological soil crusts (coverage and thickness). Mixed plantation of Populus L. and Sophora moorcroftiana was considered as the best restoration communities because of their effectiveness in increasing land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. The results would facilitate the understanding of the benefits of vegetation restoration in controlling wind erosion on the aeolian sandy lands.     

Micromorphology, chemistry, and mineralogy of bog iron ores from Poland

The influence of different land use history on the chemistry, mineralogy, and micromorphology of bog iron ores was studied in the vicinity of Warsaw, Poland. At three Holocene terraces of the Vistula River, eight profiles were chosen, which represent three different types of bog iron ore: (i) continuous hard layers (meadow, fallow at Wilanow), (ii) horizons with small ore fragments (arable land at Northern Praga), and (iii) soft bog iron ore (exploitation area at Brwinow). Chemical analyses of all bog iron horizons show a high content of Fe_d (up to 51%) with a Fe_o/Fe_d ratio from 0.19 to 0.58, indicating a mixture of crystalline iron and amorphous iron compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirm the presence of ferrihydrite and goethite. The micromorphology of the bog ore at Wilanow shows a porous (vugh and channel) microstructure. The groundmass consists mainly of fine iron hydroxides. Compound coatings of radial distributed goethite needles and isotropic (“amorphous”) iron hydroxides line the pores. In many cases, several coatings of isotropic iron hydroxides, differing in colour intensity, fill the pores. Ploughing and draining at Northern Praga changed the continuous bog iron ore into small fragments embedded into an aggregate structure. It comprises of amorphous as well as crystalline iron compounds (large number of coatings of radial fibrous goethite in pores and channels). In some cases, a single pore can contain several generations of crystalline goethite. The higher crystallinity of the iron oxides fits very well to the lower Fe_o/Fe_d ratios compared to Wilanow. The differences can be attributed to the drainage, subsequent lower groundwater level, and better aeration, respectively, at Northern Praga. No hard bog iron ore is present at Brwinow because of exploitation, sporadically fragments of hard bog ore may be encountered in the topsoil. However, soft bog ore is still developing in subsoils. It shows a vughs microstructure. Besides goethite, manganese impregnations on the crystalline forms of goethite, and isotropic iron compounds, its groundmass also contains vivianite as well as siderite. The latter can be attributed to a more reductive environment.     

Time and scale of gully erosion in the Jedliczny Dol gully system, south-east Poland

Key catchments of the Roztocze loess area in south-east Poland have a great potential of revealing the history of long-term soil erosion and changes in land use. The knowledge of how and when soil erosion took place in the past helps one understand the impact of land use changes on the landscapes [Bork, H.-R., 1989. Soil erosion during the past Millennium in Central Europe and its significance within the geomorphodynamics of the Holocene. Catena 15, 121–131]. The Jedliczny Dol gully system near the town Zwierzyniec in south-east Poland was investigated by using detailed field stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of charcoal and wood.In connection with new settlements which were established between the 14th and 16th centuries, arable land was cultivated and forests were used much more intensively. As a consequence, the loess soils were strongly eroded during heavy rainfalls. Up to 4 m of colluvial sediments were deposited in the gully system during the 15th and/or 16th centuries. The thickness of the colluvial sediments indicate severe erosion which might be related to excessive timber exploitation for the local glass and iron production. With the foundation of the so-called Ordinariat Zamoyski at the end of the 16th century, some parts of the area were presumably reforested. High pressure on the land at the beginning of the 19th century enabled a second main phase of gulling before 1900.Since 1890 at the latest, almost the whole catchment is used as a forest, however, concentrated runoff on compacted forest roads can still be high after heavy rainfalls.In loess areas soil erosion caused by intensive land use, triggered by heavy rainfalls, can change the landscape drastically. These changes will continue to influence how catchments react, even if land use gets less intensive again. This knowledge should be considered regarding future, sustainable land use and recent changes in land use in the south-eastern Polish loess regions.     

Applications and limitations of chernobyl radiocaesium measurements in a carpathian erosion investigation,Poland

The bomb-test fallout radionuclide caesium-137, has found increasing application in geomorphological investigations of soil erosion. Comparatively little work has investigated the potential for using ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs derived from the 1986 Chernobyl accident. Results are reported from an agricultural foothill environment in the Beskidy Mountains of southern Poland. The high degree of spatial variability associated with Chernobyl fallout deposition poses considerable limitations on the potential for using radiocaesium measurements to elucidate detailed patterns of soil loss. Despite this problem, the redistribution of radiocaesium from field plots to terrace edges suggests a means for estimating the overall budgets for sediment transfer on cultivated slopes.     

Hydrogeochemical behavior of chromium in the unsaturated zone and in the aquifer of leon valley,Mexico

The ground water of Leon valley, Central Mexico, is contaminated with chromium. A study was carried out to determine the main physico-chemical interactions between chromium and the aquifer solid matrix in the most polluted area. Five boreholes, 30 m deep, were drilled and used as piezometers. Unaltered solid cores were analyzed for Cr(VI), total Cr, Fe and Mn. Cr(VI) was determined in the water from the piezometers. We conclude that reduction of Cr(VI) by iron is important, adsorption of Cr(VI) by sand and gravel layers is negligible, and adsorption by silt and clay layers is significant in the saturated and unsaturated zones. In the saturated zone hexavalent chromium distributes preferentially in the water phase oxidation of chromium by manganese was not detected. A correlation between chromium, manganese and iron concentrations was observed for the aquifer solid matrix in this area, when the source of chromium was not anthropogenic.     

动态规划在地下水地表水联合调蓄建模中的应用

地下水地表水联合调蓄是优化区域水资源配置,维系社会经济可持续发展的重要策略之一。由于地下水地表水调蓄问题具有时变性、阶段性或层次性,动态规划在调蓄模型构建过程中得到了广泛应用。在分析梳理动态规划模型应用进展及模型求解流程的基础上,结合实例,对于由多个用户和多个供水点组成的联合调蓄问题,以供水费用最小为目标函数,其中供水费用系数为阶跃函数,以地下地表供水点的蓄水量为状态变量,选取典型水文年,构建出可以进行调蓄评价和辅助决策的动态规划模型。     

施肥与水体环境质量论施肥对环境的影响(2)

氮肥施用过量，无论是无机N肥或有机肥都会在土壤中积累。特别是栽种浅根系和小根系的蔬菜地，土壤累积的NO3-N能淋洗到地下水使NO3-超标。在种植深根系和有较大根系的作物如稻、麦、玉米和棉花等大田粮食和经济作物的土壤，目前的施肥水平下尤其在作物生长期内一般不会有NO3-积累，也不可能污染地下水。地表水体中85％以上是NH4^ -N，主要来源于人畜粪尿和有机肥，不是源于当季施入的无机N肥。保护水环境质量的重点应放在控制畜禽养殖业污染和城乡生活污水等非点源污染的治理上。温带地区大多数地表水体富营养化的限制因子是P。有机肥和无机P肥过量使用都会使土壤P不断累积。据在苏南太湖地区的调研证明，P素非点源污染中，农田进入水体的P(含水体下淤泥扩散的P)的相对贡献率不到10％。而畜、禽、人排泄物及生活污水、淡水养殖业等P的相对贡献率在90％左右。农田P进入水体的冬麦季比稻季多2～3倍。旱地中以蔬菜基地土壤P素累积最多(蔬菜基地多数在城市近郊)对水体污染威胁最大。为此，建议蔬菜基地最好从近郊迁移到较远的地区，该区种植结构可作相应调整。从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益综合考虑，保持足够面积的稻田，压缩冬麦面积，部分改种油菜或其它经济作物：部分种牧草养鹅，增加农民收入满足市场需求；部分种冬绿肥是可取的。     

Heavy metals in the slope deposits of loess areas of the Lublin Upland (E Poland)

The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) has been analyzed in Holocene slope deposits of the loess agricultural area in the Eastern Poland. Five profiles were examined. In general, low concentrations of the examined metals were determined, on average 50% of the samples exceeded the designated regional, geochemical background. The average concentrations were: cadmium < 0.5 ppm, copper up to 15, and lead up to 20 and zinc up to 70 ppm, showing a vertical diversity in the profile. Higher heavy metal concentrations in Holocene deposits are related to soil formation or accumulation of organic matter. The direct influence of human factors was most visible in recent deposits. It includes the modification of the development conditions of soil-forming processes as well as the influence on the character of the colluvial deposits. Taking into account the ¹⁴C datings as well as the archeological and historical data the age and rate of sedimentation of deposits have been calculated. The average rate of the colluvia deposition varied from 1.3 to 7.3 mm/year depending on their age and the character of sedimentation.     

岷江上游干旱河谷区生态农业建设浅析

分析了岷江上游干旱河谷区山地农业环境特点与农业发展中存在的主要问题,阐明了该区生态农业建设的目标、内容和方向,提出了优化调控农业生产结构、建设生态农业的对策。     

Spatial modelling of dryland salinization potential in Victoria,Australia

The goal of the project discussed in this paper is to produce small-scale maps of dryland salinization potential for Victoria, Australia; maps which putatively identify areas where salinization effects might be expected to worsen or where effects have yet to become evident. This paper assumes: (a) that current stream salinity levels can be modelled empirically using a relationship reported by Greig and Devonshire (1981), and (b) that a subset of these levels are indicative at an early stage of the maximum long-term severity (meaning extensiveness) of proximate dryland salinization should water-tables rise. This paper uses computer induction to relate modelled stream salinity to observed salinization and hence to dryland salinization potential.     

近50年金沙江干热河谷区泥沙变化及影响因素分析——以云南省元谋县为例

 以金沙江干热河谷典型区域元谋县为例,通过对该区龙川江小黄瓜园水文站20世纪50年代以来输沙量的变化分析,结果表明,河流输沙量有增加的趋势,特别是80年代末至2000年,年均输沙量由400万t(1971—1980年)增加至750万t(1991—2000年)。为研究输沙量变化的原因,为当地生态环境建设提供理论指导,采用统计分析等方法对输沙量增加的影响因素进行分析,结果表明:50年来局地气候变化,特别是降雨量及降雨强度的增加使地表侵蚀加速,进入河道泥沙增多。同时,由于受牲畜数量快速增加、人口的迅速膨胀、生产方式的落后及农作物市场价格等因素影响,土地覆被及结构变化明显,即覆被盖度减小,坡耕地增加,灌草地等蓄水保土作用好的地类面积迅速减少,进而导致生态极为脆弱的元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀加剧,河道泥沙含量增加。此外,元谋县强烈的冲沟侵蚀也是龙川江输沙量增加的重要原因之一。     

Soil development on Late Quaternary river terraces in a high montane valley in Bhutan,Eastern Himalayas

We examined the geochemistry and micromorphology of the soils on a suite of morphologically well-defined and visually distinct fluvial terraces, up to 40 m elevation above the current riverbed, at Thangbi in the upper Bumthang Valley, Bhutan. The alluvia forming each of the terraces are lithologically and structurally similar, with shallow or moderately deep, clast-free sandy loam overbank deposits capping deep clast-supported beds of rounded boulders and interstitial sand. The topsoils on the 40 m terrace have more silt than those on the lower terraces. The soils are interpreted mainly as a monoclinal post-incisive chronosequence. Features that indicate progressive pedogenesis with increasing elevation include subsoil rubefaction, crystallinity of free Fe sesquioxides, and weathering of susceptible primary minerals, such as biotite and hornblende. However other soil attributes show no systematic trends and the overall impression is of limited pedogenesis, even in the soils on the higher terraces. We examine possibilities that the immaturity of the soils is due to pedogenic rejuvenation by post-incision additions to the soil parent materials.     

松嫩平原土壤水盐动态规律研究

对设于松嫩平原嫩江右岸引嫩江水工程区域内的土壤水盐动态观测点多年研究结果表明，基　　　　本无盐渍化的总干段土壤较通水前土壤盐分与ｐＨ值以及地下水ｐＨ值和盐分有减有增，但减多增少，说　　　　明优质、低盐分嫩江水引入后土壤向改善方向发展，而土壤盐渍化重又无排水工程的莎分干段则相反，盐　　　　渍加重重．北部引嫩江水工程是成功的，关键是必需有排水系统和排水出路．     

Soil alkalinization and salinization in the djajerud Basin,Iran

The Djajerud Basin is located on the southern slopes of the Elburz Mountains, to the east of Tehran. Near its source, as the River is fed mainly by the melting of the winter snow and flows over tuffs and schists, its carbonate-enriched water can induce soil alkalinization. The Djajerud River runs from its source across a gypsum and marl piedmont. Gypsum is dissolved and modifies the chemical quality of the waters, which lose their alkaline character and get more salty. These sulphate-rich flows are less damaging because soil degradation hazards in the region are related more to salinization than to alkalinization. The Djajerud River waters next seep deep into a permeable deposition fan and feed water-tables which merge into the groundwaters of the Varamin Plain (which are also fed by chloride-rich waters from other sources). The chemical character of the Djajerud-River changes in this section, developing a marked sodium chloride salinity. The soils in this part of the Basin, due to the high groundwater salinity, have poor drainage which prevents any agriculture. The River eventually flows into the highly saline endorrheic Daryachehnamak Lake. The concept of residual alkalinity is used to examine the chemical composition of the Djajerud River along its course and affords the determination of the soil degradation hazard in the various parts of the Basin.     

元谋干热河谷山地植被修复区土壤种子库研究

 为了解干热河谷不同植被修复方法的土壤种子库的变化模式,采用对不同处理地段(包括水平阶间坡面、自然坡面、沟底)和对照(放牧地)的土壤种子库组成、大小进行比较研究的方法,研究元谋干热河谷山地植被修复区的土壤种子库。结果表明:1)植被修复区土壤种子库密度、丰富度均大于对照区;2)修复区内第2年土壤种子库密度、丰富度均大于第1年;3)水平阶间坡面和各类型间的土壤种子库密度差异显著;4)种子库中草本植物占很大比例;5)孔颖草和扭黄茅是种子库2大优势种。研究项目所采取植被修复措施在很大程度上改善土壤种子库的数量结构和物种组成。     

重庆南平镇岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用类型地表水土流失

研究岩溶区水土流失特征有助于更好地开展岩溶地区水土保持,防止石漠化。通过在岩溶区不同土地利用类型布设9个径流场,利用2008-01－2010-08野外雨季的监测资料,得到岩溶区地表水土流失特征。结果表明：速效钾在土壤中易被淋失,磷富集度平均值最低,全氮、水解氮、有机质富集度的平均含量居中。从土地利用类型来看,富集度表现明显的是坡耕地（自然坡耕地强于移土培肥坡耕地）,其次是林地,金银花地和草地富集度最低。根据相关系数可知淤泥养分含量与降雨强度呈极显著相关关系,淤泥养分含量与降雨量成正相关,但是相关性差。淤泥养分流失总量是通过泥沙量与淤泥养分含量来共同体现的。土壤侵蚀模数从大到小的顺序依次为自然坡耕地>移土培肥坡耕地>草地>金银花地 >林地。岩溶区并不是每场降雨都要产生径流,主要是大雨尤其是暴雨才生产径流。岩溶区水土流失径流系数平均值在2.31%～14.72%。该研究有助于更好地理解岩溶区水土流失特征,为治理岩溶区水土流失提供科学依据。     

岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上的土壤发生特征

了解岷江上游干旱河谷的土壤发生特征对区域植被恢复有着指导意义,为此选择不同海拔梯度上7个典型土壤剖面进行土壤发生特性分析。结果表明,受区域成土环境影响,土壤化学风化和成土作用弱;土壤质地较粗,土壤机械组成以粉砂为主,黏化作用不强。土壤全Fe含量和Fe游离度一般<50g/kg和<30%;交换性盐基组成在土壤剖面中无明显分异。随海拔升高,土壤黏粉比、全Fe含量、Fe游离度增加。土壤表土有机碳同位素δ13C值随海拔升高偏负,反映区域植被类型由低海拔半干旱气候条件下的C4型灌丛植被向高海拔凉润气候条件下C3型针阔叶林自然过渡。基于干旱河谷地区土壤特征,其植被恢复应以提高土壤质量为基础,并应遵循海拔梯度上自然植被分布特征进行植被恢复和生态重建。     

Relationships between vegetation and soil and topography in a dry warm river valley,SW China

Understanding of the relationships between vegetation and soil and topography would be very important for ecosystem restoration and management efforts in the dry valleys of Himalayan region but how to clarify the complicated relationships and figure out key factors for practical purpose is a challenge. The main objective of this research was to propose a four-staged procedure by combining several multivariate statistical techniques to detect the relationships between vegetation and soil and topography, and thereby identify the key factors for the degraded ecosystem restoration and management. Forty-three plots (5 m × 5 m) were selected for the field survey of the vegetation, soil and topography variables in the dry warm river valley of the upper Minjiang River, Sichuan Province, China. Cluster analysis (CA) demonstrated that high plant diversity, cover and height were associated with good soil quality and favorable topographic positions with lower solar incident radiation, runoff and soil erosion potential. Correlation analysis (simple correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis) and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis affirmed that plant diversity was mainly correlated with soil water content, and soil water content was mainly determined by soil texture (clay content). Soil clay content alone could explain about 70% of the total variance. Identifying the favorable topographic position and the distribution pattern of soil texture and its controlling mechanisms is thus very important for restoration practices. In the process of ecosystem restoration, we should promote the co-evolution of vegetation and soil, and follow the natural succession sequence. Some relevant conservation polices are also needed to reduce human disturbance on ecosystem.     

Impact of Implementation of Large-Scale Drip Irrigation in Arid and Semi-arid Areas: Case Study of Manas River Valley

With the large-scale application of drip irrigation under mulching, drip-irrigated areas have experienced significant changes in the past 10 years in the Manas River valley. Based on long-term monitoring data of soil salt content and groundwater depth and the investigation of shelter forest growth and seedling emergence, this article analyzed the distribution characteristics of soil salt content in different drip-irrigated soil layers and their effect on the environment. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Two obvious soil layers of salt accumulation are 40–80 cm deep after drip irrigation and 0–5 cm deep before drip irrigation. (2) Salt accumulated in different soil layers after drip irrigation for several years: 0–40 cm and 40–100 cm deep after drip irrigation for 3 and 7 years respectively. (3) Extension of the drip-irrigated area has caused a number of environmental problems in the study area, and countermeasures for agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas are proposed.