High levels of chlorinated aromatic compounds in deep rhine sediments with special reference to microbial transformations

Sediment cores were taken from the Ketelmeer, a sedimentation area of the River Rhine located in the central part of the Netherlands. Chlorinated benzenes, biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans were determined in all or in a selected number of core samples. Levels of these compounds since the late 1930s were established using radionuclide tracers and area-specific geological time markers. Unexpectedly high concentrations of chlorinated dioxins and furans were found in layers that were deposited in the 1960s and 1970s. the highly toxic 2,3,7,8-TCDD reached concentrations up to 400 ng kg⁻¹ in the mid-1960s. Post-depositional redistribution of pollutants was verified by analysing deeper layers that were unpolluted at the time of deposition. Downward transport was only found for some di- and trichlorobenzenes. Possible transformations in the anaerobic sediment were evaluated by analysing sediment top-layer samples taken in 1972. Supported by laboratory experiments, it became clear that some polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes had been microbially dechlorinated in the anaerobic sediments. Up to 80 per cent of the input in the early 1970s has disappeared. on the other hand, The accumulation of a dechlorination product, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, from hexachlorobenzene transformation was found. This dechlorination product is less hydrophobic and therefore more mobile than the parent compound. This phenomenon is of particular concern with respect to groundwater quality.     

红壤重金属的复合污染

The effects of combined heavy metal pollution of red soil on the growth of wetland rice and the transfer of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn from soil into plants were sudied by greenhouse pot experiment,The results showed that the plantyields were markedly affected by heavy metals,with the exception of Pb,in soils under the experimental conditions,without taking into consideration all the interactions among the elements.The concentrations of the elemets in plants were mainly affected by the specific element added to the soil.The effect of interactions among the heavy metals was very significant either on plant yields or on the concentration of the elements in plants.The risk assessment of a combined pollution by heavy metals in the soil is discussed preliminarily in terms of the relative pollution equivalent.     

Detection of heavy metal pollution in estuarine sediments

Anomalies in the concentrations of heavy metals in estuarine sediments may not be reliably detected based on the measured concentration values or the ratios of metal concentrations to those of a reference element because of natural variations in both. However, the departure of a measurement from a regression line between metal and reference element concentrations may serve as a criterion for detecting an anomaly. The procedure has been applied to a suite of 34 sediments from a Florida estuary.     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术,对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价,为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象，通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术，对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价，为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

Hydrogenic heavy metal pollution of alluvial soils in the city of Perm

The differences in the sources and compositions of the pollutants among the alluvial soils within the city of Perm were revealed. Heavy metal pollution of hydrogenic origin is caused by unpurified sewage water. The main source of pollution of the urbanozems and replantozems of the city is the aerial input of heavy metals. The lead content in the alluvial soils of the city was twice lower and the mean Zn and Ni contents were 1.5 and 4.0 times higher than in the urbanozems and replantozems, respectively. The concentrations of Sr, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr did not correlate positively with the content of clay particles in the fine earth of the alluvial soils. The higher pollution of the light-textured soils showed that, nowadays, its main source was sewage water but not sludge. In the alluvial soils, small Fe-rohrensteins are formed. They serve as microgeochemical barriers for some part of the microelements. The Pb and Zn contents in the rohrensteins of the soils of the Las’va river basin reached 440 and 890 mg/kg, respectively. In the upper horizon of this soil, the contents of Pb and Zn in the rohrensteins were 42 and 17% of their concentration in the fine earth, respectively.     

Airborne heavy metal pollution in the environment of a danish steel plant

A survey of heavy metal deposition was carried out in the vicinity of a Danish steel plant. Bulk precipitation and transplanted lichen (Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.) were sampled at 12 stations in the environment before and after the production had been converted from open-hearth furnaces to electric-arc furnaces. The samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. The results show that heavy metal pollution from the steelworks still is severe and that it follows a decreasing power curve when the distance to the steelworks is increased. However, a reduction in the deposition of heavy metals close to the steelworks has been observed, pointing to the conclusion that the change from a situation of emission through a 46 m stack without any filter to emission from the electric arc furnaces equipped with bag-filters has lead to changes in the emission. At the sampling stations with the highest deposition levels measured in bulk precipitation the corresponding concentrations in the lichens were relatively lower indicating a change in particle size distribution. Within each station there was a direct proportionality of metal concentrations in lichens and atmospheric fallout measured in bulk precipitation.     

用固定剂减少污泥中重金属污染土壤的研究

该研究将加有重金属固定剂的污泥装入废弃塑料容器制成施肥器,利用人工淋水或自然降水,使污泥中的养分从施肥器中流入土壤,而重金属被固定在污泥中,减少重金属土壤污染,再收集处理残渣,防止二次污染。通过淋滤试验和种植油麦菜、蕹菜的盆栽试验得出以下结论：硫酸钾作为固定剂和污泥混合,不仅肥效好,作物产量高,而且污泥重金属被水淋出量少,植物体内重金属的含量低。该文为污泥合理农用提供了新方法,同时充分利用了废弃塑料容器等废弃物,成本低而收效显著。     

Mosses as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in polish national parks

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ph, Zn, Mn, Fe) and other elements (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined in the samples of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens from 12 Polish national parks. The significant differences in the concentrations of all heavy metals between particular parks were found. The lowest concentrations of these metals were recorded in the mosses from the national parks in northern Poland, the highest in southern Poland. Significant differences in the heavy metals contents of the mosses between central and peripheral park areas, between green and brown parts of mosses, as well as between moss species were also found.     

不同地区城郊用地土壤重金属含量特征的比较

对京津唐、张家港和长株潭3个地区的露天菜地、设施菜地、水田和旱地进行的调查表明,城郊区大部分农田土壤重金属含量尚低于国家相关的土壤质量二级标准,但部分重金属含量超出了当地背景值,说明重金属在城郊土壤中有所积累。菜地土壤重金属含量总体上要高于水田和旱地,说明高强度利用投入会导致土壤重金属累积。对长株潭一个污染区的研究表明,发生污染的土壤很难再恢复利用。京津唐城郊区的土壤重金属含量的变异系数总体上高于张家港地区。     

重金属污染对典型湿润富铁土上钾素行为的影响

Difference of montmorillonite(Mt),illite(It) and kaolinite(Kt) in lead sorption characteristics and the effects of amorphous Fe and Al oxide coatings on the characteristics were experimentally sutdied with logistic model.The sorption curves had sigmoid feature due to use of acetate-type buffer solution.With the model the sorption process could be divided into four stages and the sorption characteristics at the stages were discussed.The results showed that,after Mt,It and Kt were coated by amorphous Fe oxide,their maximum sorption capacity(MSC) and percentage of high-SSC concentration scope(HCS) of Pb^2 increased markedly,but the specific sorption capacity(SSC) decreased.with regard to effects of amorphous Al oxide coating,except for It Al,the SSC of other samples showed a downtrend,despite that their MSC remained unchanged.Eventually,the gray correlation degrees to Pb^2 sorption for different physicochemical characteristics of the clay minerals were indicated to be higher for hydronium,zero point of surface charge and hydroxy,but lower for specific surface area.density of surface charge and amount of surface charges.     

重金属污染土壤中菠菜对铅吸收和累积规律的研究

通过盆栽试验对苗期和收获期菠菜地上部和地下部的重金属含量进行测定,并计算各元素的累积率和分配率,以了解土壤Pb污染和重金属复合污染条件下菠菜Pb的吸收和积累规律。结果表明,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下对Pb毒害起到抑制作用;在Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下,Cd、Cu、Zn等金属离子的存在抑制了菠菜根系对Pb离子的吸收,而对菠菜植株内Pb离子的运转影响不大。在本试验条件下,Pb元素在地上部的分配率较低,为14.73%～28.72%。     

Suitability of soil microbial parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution

Several microbial parameters (microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sulphatase, glucosidase, protease and urease activities) were measured in soils from five sites located in urban green areas close to roads differing in traffic density. Our aims were to evaluate the suitability of such parameters as field biomarkers of stress induced by heavy metal pollution, and to compare results obtained by single microbial parameters with results given by an index expressing the average microbial (AME) response of the microbial community. Data showed that all parameters were significantly reduced in the sites characterized by the highest load of metals in soil. Dehydrogenase, sulphatase, glucosidase activities and respiration, declined exponentially with increasing metal concentration, whereas phosphatase activity and AME decreased following a sigmoidal type relationship. In contrast, protease, urease and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated with soil metal concentration. Microbial parameters differed both in sensitivity to critical metal concentrations and in the rate of decline at increasing metal loads in soil. Due to the complex interplay of chemical, physical and biological factors which influence microbial activities and biomass, the proposed index (AME) appeared more suitable than single microbial parameters for a biomonitoring study of this type.     

Assessing non-point source pollution in an apple-dominant basin and associated best fertilizer management based on SWAT modeling

Investigating the impact of apple-dominated areas on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses at a basin scale was essential for the sustainable development of apple industry in China. This study conducted a survey on fertilizer application and built a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to quantitatively analyze the N and P losses in the Qixia apple-dominated area. Additionally, the decreases in N and P losses through adjusting the fertilizer application modes were evaluated. Results showed that average N and P losses in the Wulong River Basin (WRB) were 44.4 and 0.365 kg ha⁻¹ in 2011–2017, respectively, and apple orchards accounted for 73.3% and 51.4% of the total N and P losses in the basin. Under nine fertilizer scheduling scenarios, three fertilizer schedule scenarios, automatic fertilizer application (S-AUTO), “one shot” mode (S1), and regulated fertilizer application (S-BSD), had the lowest N and P losses in apple orchards. The decreases in N loss ranged from 20.6% to 26.1% at the subbasin scale and 14.8%–30.7% at the basin outlet when applying the S-AUTO, S1, and S-BSD fertilizer application modes in Qixia apple orchards and all apple orchards in the WRB. The reductions in P loss varied from 22.0% to 46.1% at the subbasin scale and 14.6%–25.6% at the basin outlet. In orchard-dominated basin, N and P losses can be effectively reduced by optimizing the orchard fertilizer scheduling strategies.     

膜孔灌多点源交汇入渗影响因素试验研究

通过大量膜孔多点源交汇入渗试验资料，分析了膜孔多点源交汇入渗特性和影响因素，研究了膜孔直径、膜孔间距、土壤质地、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率等因素对多点源膜孔交汇入渗的影响，提出了各影响因素与膜孔交汇入渗量和交汇时间的关系，并分析了膜孔交汇入渗机理。该研究成果可为进一步研究多点源交汇入渗规律和膜孔灌技术提供参考。     

辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

针对当前污灌区土壤污染研究中存在的问题,提出了一种模糊识别模型评价土壤综合环境质量,并对潜在生态风险指数法进行改进,用以计量重金属潜在生态风险。采用建立的方法对辽宁省污灌区土壤环境质量和重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果显示:Cd是辽宁省污灌区首要重金属污染物,而Hg、Pb、Ni污染较为普遍;重金属的来源主要是灌溉污水和农田施肥;以工业废水为灌溉用水的灌区污染情况比以河水为灌溉用水的灌区污染严重;污灌区重金属元素污染程度大小依次为:Cd>Pb>Ni>Hg>Cu>Cr>As,而重金属潜在生态风险从大到小则依次为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Ni>As>Cr。总体来看,辽宁省污灌区存在一定程度的重金属污染,且具有较为明显的复合型污染特点,其潜在生态风险超出警戒水平,各灌区应根据各自污染特点和风险等级制定相应的污染防治对策。     

Glutamic acid decomposition as a sensitive measure of heavy metal pollution in soil

The effect of added heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) on the rate of decomposition of glutamic acid was studied in four Dutch soil types in order to determine if such measurements would serve as sensitive indicators of heavy metal pollution in soil. The time required to reach the maximum respiration rate (referred to as the decomposition time) with glutamic acid was linearly related to increasing concentrations of Ni in a sandy loam soil.Changes in decomposition time were measured 18 months after addition of 55, 400 or 1000 mg kg^? of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb or Zn respectively to sand, silty loam, clay and sandy peat soils. A significant increase in the decomposition time occurred with a concentration of 55 mg kg^?1 of Cd, Cu or Zn in the sand soil. At 400mgkg^?1 adverse effects in the various soils are distinct. The sensitivity of the decomposition time of glutamic acid as a method to measure soil pollution is discussed.     

重金属污染矿区复垦土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的研究

对铜矿废弃地复垦土壤微生物生物量及酶活性研究结果表明 ,与对照土壤相比 ,矿区复垦土壤微生物生物量C、N和P均有所降低 ,微生物商Cmic Corg可作为矿区重金属污染土壤微生物学敏感指标之一 ;酶活性变化与此相似 ,脲酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶与对照差异显著 ,其他则与对照差异明显 ,一定程度削弱了矿区土壤中C、N营养元素周转速率和能量循环     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil macrofauna in a grassland of Northern France

In the north of France, a century of industrial metallurgic activities produced significant heavy metal soil pollution. In the north of France zinc smelter waste created a gradient of zinc concentration from 171 to 19 000 ppm in 35 m. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil pollution on the composition, density and diversity of macrofauna communities. The results showed that heavy metals reduce the overall density of earthworms and other macrofauna populations. The composition of the macrofauna community changed with the degree of pollution. There was no simple relationship between soil zinc content and species richness. In polluted areas, the number of species could be lower, equal or higher than in unpolluted zones. Increase of species richness in some polluted zones was due to the settlement of tolerant arthropod taxa. Coleoptera and some Arachnida were possibly favoured by the litter accumulation resulting from the reduced population densities of earthworms and other decomposers.