Establishment of trees on mixtures of pulverized fuel ash and Gypsum. Part II: Nutrition and trace elements

Nutrients and trace elements were determined in the foliage of nine tree species grown in mixtures of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum. No serious macronutrient deficiencies were observed. Treatments with PFA consistently increased foliar levels of boron, potassium and molybdenum, and the poor performance of some tree species in pure PFA was attributed to boron toxicity. Gypsum hindered the uptake of boron when mixed with PFA, however, and co-disposal of the two wastes could be used to minimize problems associated with boron toxicity.     

The early performance of deciduous trees grown in acidic minespoil ameliorated with pulverized fuel ash

A field trial investigated the early performance of six tree species planted into an acidic minespoil ameliorated by ploughing or incorporation of 10 per cent by weight of pulverized fuel ash (PFA). Common alder, Italian alder and silver birch produced the greatest total shoot extensions for PFA-ameliorated minespoil. Rowan, sycamore and aspen were unsatisfactory for both ameliorative treatments. PFA increased the pH of the minespoil for a period of time potentially beneficial for the establishment of the tree species. For the rate of PFA application studied, general salinity effects and cold-water-soluble boron both presented problems for successful tree growth.     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同树种耐盐性形态指标的比较研究

[目的]研究不同树种的耐盐性形态指标,为黄河三角洲中度盐碱地造林树种选择提供重要理论依据和参考。[方法]对中度盐碱地上营造的试验林中的12个树种在保存率、生长势和盐害程度(盐害指数)等几个耐盐性形态指标上进行比较分析,确定各树种的相对耐盐力。[结果](1)不同树种的保存率差异较大,最低保存率为19.3%,最高保存率为96.7%;(2)除美国红叶白蜡和沙柳2个树种外,其余10个树种的生长表现(生长势和盐害程度)与保存率变化一致,即保存率高的树种,其生长表现亦好(生长旺盛、叶片受到的盐害程度小);(3)综合几个耐盐性指标对12个树种的聚类分析,其耐盐力可划归为强、中、一般3类。[结论]通过中度盐碱地不同树种耐盐性形态指标的评价,客观真实地反映了不同树种耐盐能力的强弱。     

厦门坂头林场生态风景林造林效果分析

厦门市坂头国有林场2007年在采伐迹地上营造香樟、小叶榕、木荷建设生态风景林,经过7年的生长观察,结果表明:香樟和小叶榕年平均生长量分别为:树高0.69m、0.59m,胸径0.86cm、0.75cm,蓄积总生长量49.03 m3/hm2、36.05 m3/hm2,年均生长量7.0 m3/hm2、5.15 m3/hm2,树冠体积52.47 m3、49.5 m3,林木生长旺盛,能迅速形成景观效果,是生态风景林建设的良好树种。木荷由于种植在立地条件相对较差的位置,其生长也较快,可作为生态风景林建设的树种,除作防护林带经营外,也可作为用材林。     

Change in Physical Properties of Ferralsols with Tree Planting in the Central Amazon, Brazil

We examined the effects of mixed planting of fast growing tree species with indigenous Amazon tree species and soil tillage practices on soil physical properties in a deforested site used for agricultural cultivation. The site was located in the Central Amazon and consisted of Ferralsols. Bulk density and soil hardness were compared in the mixed planting site and an area where only indigenous tree species were planted. Many roots of the fast growing trees penetrated into the profile and caused changes in soil physical properties, i.e., decreasing bulk density and hardness. When tillage practices prior to planting were combined with mixed planting, the changes in soil physical properties were enhanced and the growth of not only the planted fast growing trees but also indigenous species such as mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla , which is shade tolerant, was accelerated.     

Effect of Planting Method on the Growth of Alnus glutinosa and Quercus petraea in Compacted Opencast Coal‐Mine Spoils,South Wales

Land degradation on officially ‘reclaimed’ opencast coal‐mine sites is a widespread problem in South Wales. This project explores methods suitable for use by community volunteers seeking to effect local environmental improvement by restoring geoecological self‐sustainability on lands that are commonly affected by extreme auto‐compaction and low soil nutrient status. This paper describes a formally established 7‐year experiment designed to assess the effect of three alternative tree planting strategies used in the forestation of such lands. These are notch planting (e.g. forestry), pit planting (e.g. parks and gardens) and trench planting (e.g. orchard terraces). The study explores tree survival and growth for two species commonly used in land reclamation contexts: alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn] and Welsh or Durmast Oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl]. t‐testing of the results shows that survival and growth rates for both species tend to be significantly better for trench planting than for pit planting than for notch planting. Differences in mortality between pit‐planted and trench‐planted trees become less significant during the experiment while differences in growth increase with time. The conclusion is that providing a loosened, lower density, rooting substrate significantly improves both the growth and the survival rates of trees planted in compacted Welsh surface coal‐mine spoils and that trench planting is more effective than parks and gardens‐style pit planting, which is more effective than forestry‐style notch planting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄石市岩质边坡生态修复植物筛选应用研究

以黄石市黄荆山北麓5号采石场岩质边坡为研究对象,在坡面上浇筑飘板种植槽,创造植物生长所需的土壤、水分、肥料等基本生长条件,种植并筛选适宜的边坡绿化植物,观察其成活率、高生长量、地径生长量、冠幅生长量、覆盖度等。综合比较结果表明,适宜黄石市岩质边坡生态修复的植物为：①乔木种类：银合欢（Leucaena leucoceph...     

定西市安定区退耕还林地径流聚集工程的土壤增墒效果

[目的]分析退耕还林地径流聚集工程的土壤增墒效果,为改善林地土壤水分供给研究提供依据。[方法]通过对甘肃省定西市安定区退耕还林地中径流聚集工程形式和造林模式的调查研究,分析半干旱地区隔坡水平阶、隔坡反坡台、正方形聚流坑、燕尾式聚流坑不同整地方式下林地增墒效果及其林草的生长发育状况。[结果]径流聚集工程具有明显的土壤增墒效果,在径流聚集工程作用下乔木树种单株水分供给总量达2.54~4.29m~3/(株·a),灌木树种单株水分供给总量达1.42~1.79m~3/(株·a),2m土层内含水率达到8.76%~11.40%,土壤水分基本满足了林草植被的正常发育需求,林草生长旺盛。[结论]在同类地区的人工林建设中可选择适宜的树种与相应的径流聚集工程结合,改善林地土壤水分供给状况。     

Physico‐chemical changes in bauxite residue following application of spent mushroom compost and gypsum

Physical properties exhibited by unvegetated mine wastes pose limitations to vegetation establishment and growth. In an attempt to promote vegetation cover on bauxite residue, a field trial was established to determine the effect of spent mushroom compost (SMC) and gypsum amendment on enhancing the physical properties of the residue. SMC was incorporated at rates of 0, 60, 80 and 120 t ha⁻¹ with gypsum at 0, 40 and 90 t ha⁻¹ and Holcus lanatus sown at a rate of 80 kg ha⁻¹. The addition of SMC and gypsum was beneficial in improving the physical properties of the residue and promoting growth. Principally increasing organic content of the residue decreased bulk density and particle density whilst improving substrate porosity. Residue pH, EC and sodicity of the residue were also affected by the amendments, which positively impacted on microaggregate stability and preventing clay dispersion. Pearson correlations demonstrate that the most significant parameters in determining clay dispersion potential are the pH and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the residue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil fauna abundance and diversity in a secondary semi-evergreen forest in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles): influence of soil type and dominant tree species

The importance of secondary tropical forests regarding the maintenance of soil fauna abundance and diversity is poorly known. The aims of this study were (1) to describe soil fauna abundance and diversity and (2) to assess the determinants of soil fauna abundance and diversity in two stands of a tropical semi-evergreen secondary forest. Soil macrofauna and microarthropod abundance and soil macrofauna diversity were described at two sites developed on different soils and with different site histories: (1) a natural secondary stand (natural forest) under two dominant tree species, Pisonia subcordata and Bursera simaruba, and (2) a planted secondary forest (planted forest) under three tree species, B. simaruba, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia heterophylla. The effects of both soil and main tree species’ litter quality were assessed to explain soil fauna abundance and diversity. The abundance of soil macrofauna was significantly higher in the soil under the planted forest, and soil fauna communities were contrasted between the two sites. In the planted forest, a soil-dwelling macrofauna community developed (mainly consisting of the anecic earthworm Polypheretima elongata). In the natural forest, soil macrofauna and microarthropod communities were located at the soil surface. The effect of plant litter quality varied according to each dominant tree species and was superimposed to soil effect. The lowest macrofauna abundance was associated with B. simaruba in the natural forest. T. heterophylla supported a much greater macrofauna community than the two other tree species studied at the same soil, and it appears likely that this is due to the palatability of its leaves compared with the other trees (low lignin, tannins, soluble phenols).     

The effect of soil hydrological conditions on the growth of natural and artificially planted Oak (Quercus robur L.) stands on the floodplain of the Ural River in its middle reaches

The flood regime in the middle course of the Ural River has been studied on the basis of data obtained at hydrological stations from 1912 to 1990. Its effect on the growth and productivity of oak stands on different elements of the floodplain is discussed. The particle-size distribution and the reserves of physical clay, clay, humus, and available potassium and phosphorus under natural (three plots) and artificially planted (three plots) oak stands have been determined. It is proved that natural oak stands are allocated to levees with considerable content of physical clay (<0.01 mm) in the soil profile, which provides penetration of the tree roots to a depth of 6 m and more, down to the ground-water level during the summer low-water period. The role of water infiltration into the banks in the periods of low floods is shown to affect the ground-water level at a distance of up to 700 m from the river bed. The artificial cultivation of oak stands on the floodplain requires the proper selection of particular ecological niches. The successful growth of artificially planted oak stands is only possible near the lakes within the central floodplain. Problems of the expansion of oak stands onto the high elements of the central floodplain, the replacement of oak by other tree species, the natural regrowth of oak trees, and the shift of their southern boundary onto the floodplain in the lower course of the Ural River are discussed.     

Gypsum amendment improves native grass establishment on saline-alkali soils in northeast China

Abstract. Soil salinity and alkalinity reduce plant production and alter species composition of meadow grasslands in western Jilin Province, China. This study was designed to compare the survival and growth of three grass species ( Aneumlepidium chinense, Puccinellia tenuijlora and Hordeum brevisubulatum ) transplanted into saline-alkali soils in the field, and to evaluate the effects of gypsum amendments on soil properties and growth of these species. Gypsum treatments decreased soil pH, electrical conductivity, and chloride and sodium levels; water infiltration and calcium levels were increased. Survival of grass transplants was increased by gypsum treatments. Tiller number and height, and grass yields were all increased by the application of gypsum. Improvements in plant growth and survival with gypsum treatment appeared to be due to reduced chloride levels and increased Ca availability in the soil, and to changes in soil structure leading to improved infiltration rates. Revegetation of salinelalkaline soils in this region would be improved by application of gypsum in the range of 14–19 t/ha.     

Rehabilitation of alkaline wasteland on the gangetic alluvial plains of Uttar Pradesh,India, through afforestation

A few species of fuelwood trees were established on highly alkaline wasteland at Aligarh (27°5′ N., 78°4′ E.) in a tropical environment. Of these Prosopis juliflora produced maximum biomass (12.05 t ha⁻¹) and had an energy content of 242.11 GJ ha⁻¹ after 3.5 years growth period. The survival percentage of Terminalia arjuna was highest of those the species tried, but their growth and biomass production were inferior to that of Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica. Some of the fuelwood tree plantations were raised without adding any soil amendment but suffered heavy mortality and could not produce any significant quantity of biomass. In another experiment Leucaena leucocephala was identified as a most promising species for afforestation on substandard soils; also it was found that a relatively high population density (of about 7,500 plants per hectare) is required to rehabilitate such land. Of the soil amendments tried, gypsum with farmyard manure and sand in equal proportion gave the better response (gypsum alone was also tried). Two species of shrubs: Sesbania sesban and Tamarix dioca have shown good adaptability in difficult habitats. After five years of afforestation the soil properties of the sites improved significantly, showing marked reduction in pH, EC and ESP values and an increase in organic carbon content.     

渭北主要造林树种根系抗旱性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了不同土壤干旱条件下渭北主要造林树种苗木根系活力的变化。结果表明:在一定的土壤干旱范围内,苗木可以通过提高根系活力来适应逆境。当土壤干旱超过一定的阈值后,树木根系将逐步丧失其活力和功能,最终导致地上部分的枯死。各树种中,山杏根系的抗旱性最强,其次是侧柏、刺槐和油松。苗木根系活力除了受土壤干旱胁迫程度的影响之外,还受到干旱持续时间的影响。当土壤含水量降至40%的田间持水量时,土壤干旱已经对油松的生长构成了威胁,但对山杏、侧柏及刺槐的影响不大。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小叶杨林生长的空间差异分析--以吴旗县为例

对延河流域降水、径流和泥沙等水文要素从20世纪中叶到21世纪初的年内分配及年际变化进行了时变过程分析。以探求区域植被重建对流域水文过程的影响情况。结果表明,三个水文基本要素都有不同程度的年内分布趋于均匀和年际变化趋缓的趋势。20世纪70-90年代比60年代流域平均面雨量分别减少了10．5％,11．7％和14．0％,年径流量分别减少了19．0％,12．9％和22．6％,年输沙量分别减少了21．1％．46．2％和41．7％。     

The colonisation by plants of calcareous wastes from the salt and alkali industry in Cheshire,England

Calcareous wastes from the salt industry occupy approximately 150ha of land in Cheshire, a county devoid of natural calcareous substrata. The wastes are pumped into lagoons and on drying put become colonised by plants. The resulting lime beds vary in the extent to which they are invaded by plants but a number of areas support rich and varied grassland communities. The Witton lime beds, Northwich, support large populations of a number of species of base-rich habitats, which are uncommon in Cheshire and are of restricted distribution in northwest England as a whole. These include a number of orchid species, of which Dactylorhiza praetermissa and Gymnadenia conopsea are the most abundant. Information analysis was used to analyse the vegetation of Witton lime beds and the vegetation groupings recognised were used to examine possible successional sequences. The edaphic factors limiting growth in lime wastes were examined and the effects of fertilizer additions on the growth of indigenous species at Witton are described. Phosphorus was the major element limiting growth but on older wastes, with a higher unreacted lime content, phosphorus only partially removed the infertility. The findings are discussed in terms of the conservation and management of Witton lime beds to ensure continued floristic diversity and the possible reclamation of other lime waste areas.     

Comparison of Pioneer and Native Woodland Species Growing on Top of an Engineered Landfill,Hong Kong: Restoration Programme

This study dealt with a restoration project conducted at South‐East New Territories Landfill in Hong Kong, in order to screen suitable tree and shrub species (both native and pioneer species) for revegetation. For engineered landfills, landfill gas migration and leachate contamination to the topsoil are rarely problematic, but the lack of nutrients and moisture and poor physical soil conditions may jeopardize potential woodland establishment. The growth performance of 25 woody plant species subjected to 12 different soil amelioration and seedlings planting methods was compared. The results showed that the general performance (mortality rate, apical height, crown diameter and basal diameter) of pioneer species (notably Acacia species) was much better than that of native species in all blocks of woodland mix and scrub mix. The notch planting method was effective in helping seedling roots to have better contact with soil for water uptake, which subsequently increased the survival rates of seedlings, leading to a better tree coverage. Soil ameliorations (horticultural soil with fertilizer and horse and pig manure) generally increased the seedling survival rate and improved plant growth. Tree coverage on all the plant trial blocks was mainly established by the three Acacia species. A planting distance of 1 m was recommended for woodland establishment, and such dense seedlings planting would achieve a better tree coverage under a shorter period of time (than the distance of 3 m). Difficulties in woodland establishment were discussed, and the strategies for achieving a better tree growth were recommended. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于主成分分析的片麻岩山地新栽幼树不同保水措施评价

[目的]探索北方退化干旱山地新栽幼树适宜的土壤保水措施,为北方干旱退化山地发展高效节水经济林产业提供科学依据。[方法]以2年生"绿岭"核桃嫁接幼树为试材,进行保水剂、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究不同保水措施对土壤环境状况及新栽核桃幼树生长的影响,并采用主成分分析法对保水措施进行科学的综合评价。[结果]用土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量和新栽幼树生长状况3个层次的17个指标构建了片麻岩山地新栽幼树保水措施的筛选模型,将原始数据标准化,提取出了4个主成分,可反映保水措施93.453%的综合效果。[结论]地膜覆盖是片麻岩山地新栽幼树最佳的保水措施。     

Nut length–weight relationships in the endangered Nogal (Juglans neotropica Diels)

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Nogal (Juglans neotropica Diels) is an endangered tree species planted in Bogotá city, Colombia. This work aims to study the length–weight...     

Tree species identity has little impact on the structure of soil bacterial communities in a 10-year-old tropical tree plantation

We investigated whether tree species identity has a significant impact on the structure of soil bacterial communities in a tropical tree plantation (Sardinilla, Panama). The experimental site contains tree species native to Panama, planted in both monoculture and mixed-species plots. Using a DNA fingerprinting approach (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis [ARISA]), we identified significant differences in the community structure of abundant bacterial taxa in the bulk soil among all monoculture plots. We similarly found differences among plots containing five, three, one or no tree species. While distance-based gradients in bacterial community structure were detected across the plantation, further investigation revealed that the observed heterogeneity was, in fact, poorly related to the tree species in a given plot. We provide evidence that site related features (e.g., variability in soil pH) play a more important role in regulating the structure of bacterial communities within the bulk soil than tree species identity or richness.