滇池湖滨湿地中山杉和黑杨的光合特性

以生长在滇池湖滨湿地中的中山杉(302)和黑杨植株为材料,研究了它们的光合特性。结果表明:中山杉和黑杨均有较高的净光合速率,较适应种植环境;中山杉的水分利用效率较高。从光合生理角度看,中山杉是一个较好的建造滇池湖滨林带的树种。     

美洲黑杨新无性系T26和T66苗期年高生长节律的研究

用Logistic方程对美洲黑杨优良新无性系T66和T26当年生扦插苗的年高生长节律进行了拟合分析,相关达极显著水平。并以此将无性系扦插苗的生长过程划分为成活期、生长前期、速生期和生长后期,还对每一个时期的生长特点进行了分析。     

美洲黑杨无性系的生长与抗寒性

美洲黑杨无性系在我国北方栽培往往出现冻害，而影响生长。作者对黑杨基因库中的２１个美洲黑杨无性系的生长与抗寒性的遗传异规律进行了研究，结果表明：二者在无性系间存在极显著差异，相互间呈负相关关系。     

黑杨纸浆材品种的材性遗传分析和选择

作者选用当前推广的和经１次生长初选的速生黑杨无性系为试验材料，以纸浆材品种选择为目的，进行了木材性状和生长性状的遗传分析，并运用综合选择指数从中筛选出生长、材性具佳的Ｃａｒｐｐａｃｃｉｏ、９２５、Ｉ－６９、８０－Ｉ－６和鲁伊莎等５个优良无性系。可作为纸浆工业用材林品种进行区域推广。     

美洲黑杨优良品种T26和T66无性繁殖技术

美洲黑杨无性系T26和T66是山东省林科院于1987年由土耳其引进、1995年选育出的两个速生优良无性系，于1997年又在山东省各杨树栽培区，同引进的全国各地选育的50多个优良无性系一起，进行了育苗试验和区域化造林对比试验，结果表明：T26和T66在山东省具有生长速度快、材质好、抗逆性强和生态适应范围广等优良特性，是营建胶合板林和纸浆林的优良品系，2002年已通过山东省林木良种审定，     

美洲黑杨基因资源收存及其遗传评价的研究

从１７个国家引进３３１个黑杨派无性系（其中５２个美洲黑杨无性系）,在山东省长清县营建我国第一个黑杨派无性系基因库。连续１０年对基因库内美洲黑杨无性系进行了多性状系统研究,结果表明各无性系间在物候期、生长、生根、抗寒和抗病虫等方面均存在着显著的差异,遗传变异丰富;系间的主要性状与无性系起源纬度及各性状间存在一定相关性。主要材料性状变异的研究结果表明,３８个８年生美洲黑杨无性系在木材基本密度、纤维长度无性系间变异达到极显著水平;木材密度和纤维长度与树高和胸径呈一定相关性;木材密度和纤维长度这两个性状在遗传上相互独立,受不同遗传机制控制。利用分子遗传标记ＲＡＰＤ技术研究库内美洲黑杨无性系ＤＮＡ多态性,结果表明本库美洲黑杨ＤＮＡ多态率为８６％,再次证明本库美洲黑杨遗传多样性高,可为我国杨树改良提供丰富的育种材料。     

美洲黑杨×欧美杨F_1无性系遗传变异和初步选择研究

为了选择对杨树细菌性溃疡病有一定抗性的优质杨树资源,于2015年在天水市进行了美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)×欧美杨(Populus×euramericana Guinier)F_1无性系遗传变异和初步选择研究的试验。本实验主要参与实验的植物为50株美洲黑杨作为母本以及50株欧美杨作为父本杂交获得25株家系以及115株F_1无性系。通过3年的生长试验进行测定分析以及数据记录,数据显示美洲黑杨×欧美杨F_1无性系在种源内家系间以及家系内无性系间两个不同水平上存在α为万分之一水平的显著差异,说明此试验中F_1无性系具有较大的选择潜力。根据F_1无性系的长势情况和对细菌性溃疡病的抗病性,选出了其中一些长势良好且对细菌性溃疡病有一定抗性的优质F_1无性系,为杨树抗性引种提供了宝贵的引种材料。     

黑杨派新无性系木材物理力学性质研究

伐取浙江临海无性系试验林 5年生 10个速生黑杨新无性系 30个样株 ,测定木材的物理力学性质。结果表明 ,其木材密度高于同地区速生杉木、柳杉 10年生木材的测定值 ,力学性质与之相近 ;木材物理性质在速生无性系间无显著差异 ,而力学性质差异显著或极显著 ;木材密度与力学性质显著相关 ,而木材性质与胸径生长相独立 ;参试无性系中 36 7、36 6、370、1388、12 1等无性系最适于营建短伐期工业用材林。     

美洲黑杨无性系木材材性与生长性状遗传相关分析

[目的]通过对美洲黑杨无性系材性性状与生长性状遗传相关性的研究,了解杨树材性性状与生长性状的相关变异规律,为杨树纸浆材材性改良提供科学依据.[方法]以泗洪县陈圩林场11个美洲黑杨无性系11年生对比试验林为材料,通过遗传相关分析、通径分析及典型相关分析等方法,揭示杨树无性系材性性状与生长性状的相关变异规律.[结果]11个...     

黑杨源新无性系木材物理力学性质研究

代取浙江临海无性系试验林5年生10个速生黑杨新无性系30个样株，测定木材的物理力学性质。结果表明，其木材密度高于同地区速生杉木、柳杉10年生木材的测定值，力学性质与之相近；木材物理性质在速生无性系间无显著差异，而力学性质差异显著或极显著；木材密度与力学性质显著相关，而木材性质与胸径生长相独立；参试无性系中367、366、370、1388、121等无性系最适于营建短伐期工业用材林。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.