中国牛亚科家畜GH基因编码区序列的遗传变异研究

采用PCR产物直接双向测序法,分段扩增普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛和亚洲水牛共5个牛种的GH基因,并拼接成编码区全序列,分析中国牛亚科家畜不同牛种GH基因编码区序列变异及其分子进化特征。结果表明,牛GH基因编码区序列全长654bp,种间核苷酸突变率在0．1％～1．84％。5个牛种编码区序列定义了10种单倍型,瘤牛的单倍型多样性最高,大额牛和水牛均无单倍型多样性。GH基因编码区序列的密码子使用存在偏倚性,共发现了25个偏好性密码子。核苷酸的替代以转换为主,转换明显高于颠换,转换／颠换比为3．0。非同义突变位点远远少于同义突变位点,同义与非同义替代发生的速率比都小于或等于1,表明GH基因编码区序列不受达尔文正选择的影响。以GH基因单倍型序列为基础的分子进化树表明,水牛与普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛间分化很明显;普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、大额牛间序列分化并不明显,并且它们共同拥有一条相同的祖先核苷酸序列。说明中国牛亚科家畜GH基因编码区序列的变异相当贫乏,并且由于功能的约束表现得相当保守,进化速率相当缓慢。     

中国南方黄牛生长激素基因遗传分化的研究

对雷琼瘤牛18个个体生长激素(GH)基因外显子序列654bp进行分析,发现3个变异位点,定义了5种单倍型;引用巴州牦牛2个个体GH基因同源区序列并结合GenBank中牛属普通牛、其他瘤牛和牦牛3个种群与水牛1个远缘种GH基因外显子序列,分别采用邻接(NJ)法和最大简约(MP)法构建分子系统发育树,得到基本一致的拓扑结构。结果显示,GH基因的分化早于雷琼瘤牛、其他瘤牛、普通牛、牦牛和水牛的分化,瘤牛物种内存在多型现象,GH基因外显子区有着较高的突变率。     

中国牛属4个物种MSTN基因的遗传变异研究

针对牛肌肉生长抑制素基因（MSTN）3个外显子区设计引物,通过PCR扩增及测序,以蒙古牛、雷琼牛、独龙牛、巴音郭楞州牦牛共66个样本为材料检测了中国普通牛、瘤牛、大额牛和牦牛4个牛属该基因外显子区核苷酸序列的变异。结果显示,4个中国牛种的MSTN基因外显子1、2和3分别含375、372、381个碱基对,在所检样本中,发现7个核苷酸多态位点,定义17种单倍型;种内核苷酸歧异度（Pi）在0.000 36-0.001 03间,种间核苷酸歧异度（Dxy）在0.000 76-0.003 22间,说明群体内遗传多样性程度低;以单倍型序列为基础构建的分子进化树表明,牦牛的分化早于黄牛中普通牛和瘤牛的分化;大额牛明显分为2个类群,很可能是由于杂交造成的。     

雷琼牛肌生成抑制素基因全序列分析

研究通过PCR方法对18头雷琼牛的MSTN基因进行扩增、测序.编码区序列分析结果表明:雷琼牛MsTN基因比外域瘤牛存在更丰富的多态性,共发现4个突变位点(2个转换,2个颠换),定义了6种单倍型,群体单倍型多样性(0.810±0.057)较高.说明MSTN基因的相关突变的发生可能早于瘤牛、普通牛、牦牛的分化;在瘤牛种内,我国南方的瘤牛可能是更原始的种群.     

雷琼牛肌肉生长抑制素基因序列研究

通过PCR方法对18头雷琼牛的MSTN基因进行扩增、测序.编码区序列分析结果表明:雷琼牛MSTN基因比外域瘤牛存在较丰富的多态性,共发现4个突变位点(2个转换,2个颠换),定义了6种单倍型,群体单倍型多样性较高(0.810±0.057);分析结果表明:MSTN基因的相关突变的发生可能早于Bos属瘤牛、普通牛、牦牛的分化;在瘤牛种内,我国南方的瘤牛可能是更原始的种群.     

雷琼牛肌肉生长抑制素基因序列研究

通过PCR方法对18头雷琼牛的MSTN基因进行扩增、测序。编码区序列分析结果表明：雷琼牛MSTN基因比外域瘤牛存在较丰富的多态性,共发现4个突变位点（2个转换,2个颠换）,定义了6种单倍型,群体单倍型多样性较高（0．810±0．057）;分析结果表明：MSTN基因的相关突变的发生可能早于Bos属瘤牛、普通牛、牦牛的分化;在瘤牛种内,我国南方的瘤牛可能是更原始的种群。     

中国牛亚科6个物种MSTN基因外显子2多态性及分化研究

采用PCR扩增了6个中国牛种共101个样本的MSTN基因外显子2的编码区,序列分析显示,MSTN基因外显子2编码区含372个碱基对,在所检测样本中,存在10个核苷酸多态位点,定义了7种单倍型,雷琼牛、蒙古牛、独龙牛与巴音郭楞牦牛享有共同的单倍型;MSNT基因外显子2在6个牛种中多态性较丰富。结果表明:两水牛与牛属群体间分化明显;牛属群体中牦牛独自聚成一类;大额牛存在一个独立分支;雷琼牛与一部分独龙牛、大部分蒙古牛和瘤牛聚成一支,说明蒙古牛、雷琼牛、独龙牛种间存在着基因交流。牦牛与普通牛、瘤牛的分化较明显,亲缘关系较远;研究证实了水牛的属分类地位,一定程度上支持牦牛及大额牛划为牛亚科中单独的一个属。     

基于Cytb基因部分序列分析巴州牦牛遗传多样性及其系统地位

对20头巴州牦牛Cytb基因部分序列550 bp进行分析,共发现7个变异位点,定义了4种单倍型;结合GenBank中bos属普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛、印度野牛和爪洼野牛5个近缘种以及沼泽水牛的Cytb基因同源区序列进行分析,以绵羊作为外群,分别采用邻接(NJ)法和最大简约(MP)法构建分子系统发育树,得到基本一致的拓扑结构。结果表明:推测巴州牦牛的系统地位在牛亚科中介于属与种之间,将其定义为bos属或者Poephagus属均有其一定的依据,但是本研究认为将其归属为bos属中的一个亚属可能更为合理,巴州牦牛可能具有2种母系起源。     

中国黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性与起源研究

为了研究中国黄牛Y染色体SNPs的遗传多样性及父系起源,本研究利用PCR-SSCP与测序方法,选择4个牛Y-SNPs位点DDX3Y-7、UTY-19、ZFY-9和ZFY-10,分析了16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与缅甸黄牛4头公牛Y染色体的遗传多样性.结果表明,在中国16个黄牛品种中,仅发现普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型,表明只有Y2和Y3两种父系起源,尚未发现中国黄牛存在普通牛Y1单倍型的分子证据.4头缅甸黄牛均为Y3单倍型.在中国16个黄牛品种中,Y2和Y3单倍型频率分别为57.0％和43.0％,其中Y2单倍型频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3％),Y3单倍型频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1％),中原黄牛中普通牛Y2的单倍型频率较高,为63.8％0,瘤牛Y3的单倍型频率为36.2％.本研究证明,中国黄牛存在普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型两种父系起源,Y2单倍型频率自北向南逐渐减少,Y3单倍型频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3单倍型的交汇处.     

红安格斯牛mtDNA D-loop序列变异

测定8头红安格斯牛mtDNA D-loop全序列911bp,确定的6种单倍型含有49个变异位点,1次颠换,46次转换,明显的转换倾向,2次缺失/插入,其中5种单倍型为普通牛线粒体单倍型,属普通牛支系,而Angus-6属瘤牛支系,表明红安格斯牛兼含有普通牛和瘤牛的遗传背景,但受瘤牛的影响非常小,和大多现代普通牛一样,红安格斯牛受到过瘤牛基因渐渗的影响.     

葡萄上杀虫、杀菌剂登记和使用现状分析及建议

基于我国农药信息网数据和新修订的《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB 2763 — 2021）中葡萄相关指标,结合葡萄生产实际,对我国葡萄上农药登记的现状及生产中农药的应用情况进行梳理,指出了存在的问题,分析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应建议,以期为我国葡萄的安全生产提供参考。     

Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society

Surgical sterilization of dogs and cats is a well-accepted measure for population control in some countries, but is considered unethical as an elective surgery in other countries. This is a review of what is known regarding positive and negative effects of gonadectomy surgery on individual animals and on societal management of unowned dog and cat populations.     

Effect of lasalocid sodium and molasses on performance of fattening lambs and on rumen liquor and blood parameters

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of sugar beet molasses (0, 8 and 16%) with or without lasalocid sodium (33 ppm) on rumen liquor and blood parameters of sheep, and on fattening reared Karagouniko breed lambs. In Expt. 1 six adult Karagouniko fistulated wethers were fed six different pelleted diets. The results showed that lasalocid decreased (P less than 0.01) total VFAs concentration in the rumen (7.1%) by reducing (P less than 0.001) acetic, n-butyric and iso-valeric acids while increased (P less than 0.001) propionic acid concentrations. The same trends were observed in molar proportions of the individual VFAs. The total VFAs production was also depressed by 13.75% when molasses were used at the level of 16%. No interaction among the main treatments was observed with the exception of L X M with 16% molasses where the propionic acid concentration decreased, and those of butyric and iso-valeric acids increased. Lasalocid did not alter the mean values of rumen liquor pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration while molasses increased the later parameter. No significant differences on dietary protein degradability were observed among treatments. Lasalocid reduced the beta-HBA concentration by 13% in the blood while molasses increased it (P less than 0.001). Free fatty acids' concentration was decreased by the molasses inclusion to the diets, while lasalocid didn't alter blood glucose concentration. Finally, the number of protozoa in the rumen liquor was reduced by 49 and 70% at 0 and 5 hours post feeding respectively with the addition of lasalocid to the diets, regardless of the use of molasses. In Expt. 2 utilized 86 weaned male Karagouniko fattening lambs, with initial mean LW 13 kg, for 60 days. They were assigned to six groups and fed ad libitum with diets of the same composition as in Exp 1. Lasalocid increased the growth rate by 8.6%, reduced feed consumption by 4.8% (P less than 0.005) and improved feed conversion by 11.8%. Molasses also improved growth rate by 16-34% and increased feed consumption by 15-22%. The interaction of L X M to feed consumption was significant (P less than 0.001). None of the treatments had an effect on carcass characteristics. Finally lasalocid showed its positive action when it was used in combination with molasses in ruminants' diets.     

Effect of egg composition on hatchability and on growth and slaughter characteristics of meat-type chicks

1.?Using the so-called TOBEC (Total Body Electrical Conductivity) method, which allows the determination of egg composition in vivo, correlations between egg composition, hatchability and hatched chicks’ development were studied.

2.?A total of 1500 hen eggs (Ross-308) were measured by TOBEC, and eggs with extremely high (10%, n = 150), extremely low (10%, n = 150) and average (10%, n = 150) electrical conductivity values were chosen for further investigation.

3.?During the incubation period, it was observed that eggs with high electrical conductivity had a significantly higher mortality than eggs with low electrical conductivity.

4.?It was observed that both the increase in electrical conductivity at the same egg weight, and the increase in egg weight at the same electrical conductivity resulted in an increase in the hatching weight.

5.?It was found that the dry matter, protein and fat content of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was higher at hatching than that of the chicks hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

6.?At 42 d of age the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was 3·2 and 8·2% higher than the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

7.?Because of the higher liveweight at slaughter, there was a significant superiority of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity in the case of the examined carcase traits at slaughter.

8.?Similar tendencies were found also in the ratios of carcase variables to liveweight, but the between group differences were not statistically significant in this case.

9.?Based on the results it was concluded that TOBEC seems to be a useful method for separating eggs with different composition.

10.?This could be a good starting point for further in vivo investigations in order to clarify the effect of egg composition on hatchability and further development.     

血根碱药理及毒理作用的研究进展

血根碱(sanguinarine)作为一种苯菲啶异喹啉类生物碱,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、改善肝功能及诱导细胞凋亡等作用,同时对肝脏、心脏等具有一定的毒性。作者就血根碱对细菌、真菌和癌细胞的药理作用及毒性作一综述,为该药在临床中的有效合理应用奠定基础。     

Effect of diet on composition of cecal contents and on excretion and composition of soft and hard feces of rabbits

A total of 260 New Zealand White growing rabbits were used to study the effect of diet on chemical composition of cecal contents and on production and composition of soft and hard feces. Eight diets varying in their acid detergent fiber (9.8% to 32.7%) and starch (13% to 30%) levels were evaluated. The diet affected (P less than .01) all the variables studied, except dry matter (DM) and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids on cecal contents. An increase of dietary crude fiber increased crude fiber level in cecal contents (from 11.58% to 26.53%). However, a relatively lower proportion of fibrous material was found in the cecal contents when rabbits were fed the more fibrous diets. This suggests that dietary fiber has a direct influence on the efficiency of particle separation in the digestive tract. Crude protein and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal contents decreased (from 30.14% to 19.65% and from 47.8 to 36.7 mmol/liter, respectively) when dietary crude fiber increased. This could be related to availability of energy to cecal microorganisms. Ammonia concentration of cecal contents was not affected by dietary crude fiber. Daily production of soft feces varied from 14.98 to 29.59 g DM/d, and the contribution of soft feces to total DM and to crude protein intake ranged from 10.6% to 15.0% and from 12.8% to 20.5%, respectively; these values were the smallest and the largest for the least and the most fibrous diets, respectively. From this study we conclude that dietary fiber has a major effect on the digestive processes in the rabbit and that dietary starch level has no influence on any of the variables studied.     

冷、热应激对水禽的影响及营养调控研究进展

应激可通过神经-体液相关激素的基因和蛋白质、肠道微生物群、脂质氧化等,影响水禽的生理状态和生产性能,导致经济损失.水禽常见的应激包括热应激和冷应激.生产上可以通过控制环境温度、在饲粮中添加营养物质缓解水禽冷、热应激.文章以鸭、鹅为水禽代表,对冬、夏季节水禽生产中面临的冷、热应激主要的影响机制及营养调控措施进行综述,旨在...     

硅藻土共固定化淀粉酶和糖化酶的研究

以糖化酶和α-淀粉酶为双酶体系、硅藻土为载体,用吸附法同时固定了这两种酶,得到的最适的共固定化条件为硅藻土(g):糖化酶(U):淀粉酶(U)=1:100:160,pH值4.5～5.0,温度5～15℃左右,缓冲液为柠檬酸缓冲液。共固定化酶的性质为:最适pH值为5.0;最适温度为55℃;米氏常数Km=16.830mg/ml;最大反应速率Vmax=1.500mg(/ml·min),其稳定性良好。     

壳聚糖对罗非鱼营养生理学作用的研究

壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰基后的降解产物,具有抗微生物活性、激活淋巴细胞、提高免疫力、调节脂