基于机器视觉的双圆盘式棉花打顶装置设计与试验

为降低人工打顶的劳动强度，减少化学打顶的环境污染，改善“一刀切”式打顶机构的过打顶情况，通过分析手工打顶过程，设计了一种双圆盘式打顶机构，并基于机器视觉，设计打顶装置单行样机，实现棉花打顶的全程自动化控制。该装置主要由打顶机构、视觉检测机构、运动机构和棉花顶尖识别及控制系统组成。基于棉田调研、结构计算和预试验，确定了打顶装置的整体结构和关键部件尺寸。结合视觉识别研究基础与实际应用，选用YOLO v3算法搭建棉花顶尖识别及控制系统，实现棉花顶尖的识别定位，完成打顶机构的运动控制。以打顶期棉花为研究对象，进行棉花顶尖识别试验、打顶机构性能试验和田间试验，结果表明：棉花顶尖识别试验平均识别率为93%;打顶机构性能试验平均打顶率为94.67%;田间试验平均识别率为85.33%,平均打顶率为78.22%。研究结果可为棉花精准化与智能化打顶的研究提供参考。     

3FDD―6型后悬挂滚筒式棉花打顶机

棉花适时打顶心是棉花生产过程中的关键环节。本文简要介绍了一种新型棉花打顶机具—3FDD-6型后悬挂滚筒式棉花打顶机的主要结构、工作原理、主要技术参数。并对主要结构部件进行了设计介绍,同时也分析了该机的社会效益与经济效益。     

3WDZ-型自走式棉花打顶机设计

阐述了3WDZ-型自走式棉花打顶机的主要技术参数和主要部件的设计及结构特点。论述了打顶机械系统的特点,研究开发了棉花打顶装置高度自动升降闭环控制系统。采用激光、超声波传感器对带茎秆的棉花进行了打顶高度测量试验,试验结果表明激光传感器比超声波传感器测量的棉株高度误差小,打顶控制系统和打顶机械系统能够满足棉花打顶的农艺要求。     

棉花打顶机液压系统的维护与使用

棉花打顶机液压系统的故障是棉花打顶机最常见的故障之一。主要的故障包括：漏油、系统无动作、系统无动力以及系统油温过高等。为此,从棉花打顶机液压系统的结构入手,逐一分析了棉花打顶机液压系统常见的故障以及解决方法。     

3MD—12型棉花打顶机的研究设计

介绍了3MD—12型棉花打顶机的主要技术参数、总体设计和主要部件的设计及结构特点。试验结果表明机具结构简单,使用方便,能够满足棉花打顶的农艺要求。     

基于超声波技术的棉花打顶装置设计

棉花打顶机械是棉花高效生产急需配套解决的主要技术装备之一。应用三维参数化设计软件Solidworks设计一种基于超声波技术的棉花打顶装置,介绍该装置的总体结构和工作原理,阐述该装置的总体及关键部件的设计方案。使用该装置可实现棉花精确打顶。     

基于超声波技术棉株高度自动测量的研究

目前使用的棉花打顶机械经过大量的打顶作业和实验证明,存在着很多的缺点。尤其是在棉花打顶高度的控制与调节上有很大的问题,拖拉机驾驶员不能根据前方棉苗的长势适时、灵活地调节棉花打顶机打顶的高度。针对这些缺点和问题,结合自动识别技术,需要研究设计一套可适时调节棉花打顶高度的系统。为此,介绍了超声波的特性,超声波测距仪的设计原理和用途,超声波传感器的主要技术参数,棉花打顶机总体设计方案的选择,主要部件的设计、计算、结构及特点;研制了结构紧凑、简单、使用性能可靠、操纵方便的测量机构,将棉花打顶技术推向智能化。     

3MDY—12型前悬挂液压驱动式棉花打顶机

3MDY-12型前悬挂液压驱动式棉花打顶机是在原有3MD-12型棉花打顶的基础上开发研制的新一代产品。介绍了该机的结构、工作原理、主要技术参数及主要特点。该机较好地解决了原打顶机存在的问题。     

3MDZJ-1型电力驱动式棉花智能精准打顶机的研制

针对现有棉花打顶机械对棉花实际生长高度测量效果差及打顶过程中漏打顶、过打顶等问题,提出了检测装置与打顶装置分开、升降动力与切割动力分开的方案,研制了一种基于FPGA的电力驱动式棉花智能精准打顶机。检测装置对棉花高度精准检测,打顶装置根据机具前进速度进行实时调整,实现了精准定量打顶;触屏控制系统能够实时显示作业速度、作业面积及监控棉花打顶过程,大大提高了棉花打顶机械的智能化水平。田间试验结果表明:整机结构稳定,机具作业速度在2.97km·h-1以内时,打顶率达90%以上,机具结构设计合理,为棉花打顶机械化提供了技术支持。     

3MD-12型棉花打顶机的试验研究

就3MD-12型棉花打顶机田间作业性能以及机械打顶对棉花生长发育和产量的影响进行了试验与研究。研究表明：3MD-12型棉花打顶机基本能够满足棉花机械打顶的农艺要求，在大幅度提高棉花打顶效率的同时，不仅不影响棉花的产量，而且可使棉花吐絮高峰提前，有利于机采棉的应用与推广。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。