2. To simulate the external (dust and feather) and internal (intestinal) contamination of broilers the carcasses were artificially contaminated with a strain of Escherichia coli K12.
3. Cross‐contamination occurred at both stages in the processing when the carcasses had been contaminated externally; when the broilers had been contaminated internally slight cross‐contamination occurred only during plucking.
4. Broilers which were contaminated externally before scalding resulted in more numerous carcasses that were contaminated after the whole slaughtering procedure than those contaminated internally.
5. In one processing plant there were fewer contaminated carcasses after cooling than after plucking, while in the other plant no differences were found in the number of positive carcasses after these two stages in processing. 相似文献
2. Both methionine sources were added at equimolar concentrations of 0.03, 0.07, 0.11, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25% to the diet.
3. A non‐linear multi‐exponential regression model was used to describe the weight gain and food conversion response to supplemental sources of methionine.
4. Compared with DL‐methionine on an equimolar basis, bioefficacy of MHA‐FA was calculated at 73% from weight gain and 68% from food conversion data, respectively. This corresponds to an efficiency of Alimet® between 60 and 64% relative to DL‐methionine on a weight for weight basis. 相似文献
2. Growth to 28 d was not influenced by the dietary treatments.
3. Length of tibiotarsal bones was reduced (P<0.05) and severity of leg bone cartilage lesions, characteristic of dyschondroplasia, was highest (P<0.05) in broilers fed on diets containing hydrogenated soyabean oil.
4. Feeding hydrogenated soyabean oil lowered (P< 0.05) the concentrations of C20:4n6 and the ratios of C20:4n6/C18:2n6 in liver and growth plate cartilage.
5. Growth plate cartilage from birds affected with dyschondroplasia contained lower proportions of prostaglandin precursor fatty acids compared with normal growth plate.
6. It is speculated that an inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis brought about by the presence of trans‐fatty acids might contribute to the occurrence of lesions similar to dyschondroplasia. 相似文献
2. Meat quality variables studied included pH of the pectoralis major muscle measured at 20 min post‐mortem and at filleting, and texture at 24 h post‐mortem.
3. Argon stunning resulted in a rapid early post‐mortem pH fall, but there was no indication of heat toughening in the breast muscles.
4. Filleting at 2 h post‐mortem, after argon stunning, resulted in 5% of the p. major muscles having greater than 4 kg yield force (slightly tough).
5. Although post‐mortem ageing of argon stunned broilers improved the texture of breast muscle, it is inferred that filleting at 2 h postmortem resulted in breast muscle with acceptable texture. 相似文献
2. In a second experiment, the effect of a pelleted or mash balancer, relative feeding trough space for whole wheat and balancer (1:1 or 2:1 with total feeding space constant) and group size (20, 40 or 80 broilers maintained at a constant stocking density) on the diet selection of choice‐fed broilers was examined.
3. Food form had a large effect on diet selection although there was no effect on total food intakes or weight gains. If a mash balancer was provided, the broilers selected a greater proportion of wheat when it was ground rather than whole, but if the balancer was pelleted a greater proportion of wheat tended to be selected when whole wheat was provided.
4. No significant differences in diet selection were observed as a result of differences in the strain of broiler, the relative amounts of feeder space for wheat and balancer or group size. 相似文献
2. At 8 weeks of age, selected chickens were different in glucose tolerance but similar in body weight, food conversion efficiency, carcass composition and glucose‐induced insulin release.
3. Therefore, variations in glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity which are detectable at an early age, do not appear to be related to body composition in 8‐week‐old broilers. 相似文献
2. Compared with the normal diet the low‐protein diet caused a decrease in growth rate which at 38 d was 37% and 25% for male and female chickens, respectively.
3. A genotype‐level of protein interaction was demonstrated for weight at 38 d. Expressed as a genetic correlation for the same trait and measured in the two feeding environments the values were about 0.33.
4. In estimating the genetic correlation the interaction as well as the covariance method were used. The two methods did not give the same estimates.
5. Heritabilities for weight at 38 d tend to be larger in the low‐protein environment. 相似文献
2. In the first experiment, free range and standard broiler carcases were air‐chilled under normal commercial conditions at 0°C. Strong negative correlations between pH values 15 min post‐mortem (pH15 min) and sarcomere length indicated that some cold shortening had occurred, while evidence supporting the occurrence of rigor shortening was much weaker. Regardless of the cause of muscle shortening, weak negative correlations between shear force and sarcomere length indicated that shorter sarcomeres were associated with tougher meat. In addition, strong negative correlations between pH values 24 h post‐mortem (pH24 h) and cooking losses suggested that increased juiciness is associated with higher ultimate pH values.
3. In the second experiment, carcases were either chilled rapidly in water at 0°C (23 h) or in water at 10°C (10 h or 23 h) to identify the individual contributions of cold and rigor shortening to textural variability more precisely. In carcases chilled rapidly in water at 0°C, textural variability was low and toughness was absent, suggesting an absence of both cold and rigor shortening. However, few of these carcases had pH15 min values sufficently high (≥ 6.70) to promote a cold shortening effect. In contrast, carcases chilled in water at 10°C, which had a similar deep muscle cooling rate as air‐chilling at 0°C, showed evidence of rigor shortening, because they had a wider range of sarcomere lengths and higher shear force values than carcases chilled in water at 0°C.
4. In the final experiment, carcases were either chilled in air at – 12°C, a cooling rate similar to that of water‐chilling at 0°C, or chilled in air at 0°C. Cold shortening and increased toughness was evident with both chilling regimens in those carcases with pH15 min values ≥ 6.70. In contrast, in carcases with pH15 min values < 6.70, both chilling regimens reduced sarcomere shortening and improved tenderness. However, the mean shear value of the carcases chilled in air at – 12°C was almost 1.00 kg cm–2 lower than diose chilled in air at 0°C.
5. In conclusion, both cold shortening and rigor shortening can occur during the commercial air‐chilling of broilers at 0°C and thereby contribute considerably to textural variability and incidences of toughness. Faster chilling, either in water at 0°C or in air at – 12°C, has been shown to eliminate the risk of adverse rigor shortening and toughness. 相似文献
2. Short‐term treatment with biotin or animal tallow reduced the mortality from FLKS and prevented the clinical signs.
3. Lactic acidosis may be a major factor contributing to the mortality and physical symptoms observed in birds affected by FLKS. The lactic acidosis and the hypoglycaemia observed in FLKS are due primarily to an accumulation of pyruvate as a result of an insufficiency of biotin for normal pyruvate carboxylase activity. 相似文献
2. Sixteen odours of differing intensities were registered, some, but not others, coinciding with recognisable GC peaks. Identifications were made on the basis of retention data, mass spectrometric information and odour quality agreement.
3. Dimethyltrisulphide was found to be the most potent and obnoxious compound (foul gas, sulphurous), followed by cis‐3‐ and trans‐6‐nonenals (soapy), oct‐1‐en‐3‐one (mushroom) and bis(methylthio‐)methane (foul). With the exception of oct‐1‐en‐3‐one, none of these compounds has been reported before in irradiated raw chicken.
4. α‐Tocopherol and ascorbic acid induce stability in tissues in vivo and post mortem. Chickens were reared on diets supplemented with high concentrations (800 mg/kg food) of each of these vitamins. Yields of irradiation volatiles from the tissues of these birds were very much reduced, compared to yields from similar tissues from birds fed unsupplemented diets.
5. Concomitantly with the reduced yield of volatiles, less odour was associated with the samples when analysed by GC‐olfactory analysis.
6. The use of enhanced concentrations of the two vitamins in combination in the diet of poultry may provide a means of controlling development of off‐odour in irradiated raw chicken, thus improving acceptability to the consumer. 相似文献
2. The results showed that indomethacin was able to block the fever response induced by iv endotoxin injection, and IL‐1β and PGE2 were both effective in producing fever when injected icv. These data suggest a prostaglandin‐mediated fever response by broilers, and also a strong evidence of the involvement of endogenous pyrogen (interleukin‐1) in fever response in birds. 相似文献
2. The inclusion of 90 to 100 g of either type of SCP/kg of the diet caused a 2 to 3% reduction in weight gain, a 3 to 5% decrease in food consumption, and up to a 2% improvement in food utilisation. The reduced growth rate could be fully explained by the decrease in food intake, with essentially no effect on food : gain ratio.
3 In diets containing Pruteen, arginine was second limiting after the sulphur amino acids.
4 An odd‐numbered fatty acid (17 carbons, unsaturation unknown) of Pruteen was not found in the carcass lipids of broilers fed on a diet containing 120 g Pruteen/kg. 相似文献
2. In semi‐synthetic diets 0, 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg of cellulose was replaced by CMC on weight basis. These diets were fed to male broilers from 3 to 5 weeks of age.
3. When 10.0 g/kg CMC was included in the diet, food intake and body weight gain were reduced, compared to the 0, and 5.0 g/kg CMC diets. Food:gain ratio and water intake were increased at each CMC concentration. The significant quadratic response showed an increased response per 5.0 g/kg dietary CMC at the higher CMC concentration.
4. The viscosity in the supernatant of the chyme was linearly increased in all intestinal segments by CMC. A quadratic increase was observed in the crop. In the lower ileum, differences between the 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg CMC diets were not significant.
5. CMC increased the mean retention time of chromium in the duodenum and in the upper jejunum, and reduced the maximal rate of marker excretion. The transit time (first appearance of the marker in the excreta), however, was significantly reduced at the highest CMC concentration.
6. The osmolality of the intestinal fluid decreased less as the chyme moved from the duodenum into the lower ileum, with increasing concentrations of CMC.
7. The ileal pH was reduced linearly by the CMC content of the diet.
8. Based on a higher moisture content of the chyme in the CMC‐fed birds, and the higher jejunal and ileal osmolarities in those birds, it was concluded that the efficiency of both digestion and absorption was reduced by CMC inclusion in broiler diets. 相似文献
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and veterinary pathogen that causes economic loss in the poultry industry. This study aimed to compare therapeutic efficacy of 4 commonly used antibiotics in poultry on S. aureus–induced arthritis in broilers.
Sixty broilers, 8 weeks of age, were assigned at random into 7 groups as follows: (1) negative control (n = 5); (2) vehicle control (n = 5); (3) sulfadiazine-trimethoprim, 250 ml/1000 l drinking water (n = 10); (4) oxytetracycline 20%, 1 mg/l drinking water (n = 10); (5) florfenicol 10%, 1/1000 v/v in drinking water (n = 10); (6) enrofloxacin 10%, 1/1000 v/v in drinking water (n = 10) and (7) positive control (n = 10).
Birds in group 2 were injected with 1 ml of sterile TSB medium into the right tibiotarsal joint on d 0 while other birds (except group 1) were challenged with 1 ml of 1.2 × 1010 CFU/ml suspension of S. aureus bacteria.
Antibiotic therapy was started from d 4 post challenge and continued for 5 d. At the end, birds were weighed and clinical severity of arthritis was determined. After blood collection, birds were slaughtered and tibiotarsal and hip joints were evaluated grossly. The content of inflammatory exudates of tibiotarsal joint and the degree of femoral head necrosis were recorded. Mucin clot test and histopathological evaluation were performed on right tibiotarsal joint. Serum interleukin 6 was also assayed.
Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim had higher therapeutic efficiency with regard to most of the assayed criteria, whereas none of the antibiotics significantly affected femoral head necrosis and body weight. These data will help clinicians to have better antibiotic choice in field conditions.
2. Plasma AGP concentration increased in the 3 d after hatching, and then stabilised at 240 ± 33 μg/ml up to 14 d of age.
3. No sex‐related differences in plasma AGP concentration were observed up to 6 weeks of age.
4. A single injection of 900 μg LPS per chick resulted in a 5‐fold increase in AGP concentration compared with that in saline‐injected chicks. Multiple injections of LPS (200 μg/chick every 2d for 14d) caused only a 50% increase in AGP concentration. 相似文献
2. Extrusion cooking of rice bran resulted, in improved chick weight gain and food efficiency for the first two weeks of feeding, but this advantage was lost by the end of the feeding period.
3. Addition of 10 g calcium/kg to the stabilised rice bran diet prevented the decline in performance after two weeks of age, and birds fed on this diet continued to gain at an increasing rate until the end of the experiment.
4. Calcium supplementation of stabilised rice bran diets produced significantly greater gains and superior food utilisation compared to stabilised rice bran diets without added calcium.
5. Calcium supplementation did not affect weight gain of chicks fed on diets containing raw rice bran.
6. Taste panel evaluation of meat from birds fed on diets containing raw rice bran, stabilised rice bran, or no rice bran indicated a significant preference in only one combination tested. Any ‘off flavour could not be related to dietary treatment. 相似文献