3个新疆地方小麦品种Glu-A3位点低分子量谷蛋白亚基新基因的序列分析

麦谷蛋白可分为高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS),其中低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对小麦品质具有重要影响.本文采用PCR方法从中国小麦微核心种质中的3个新疆小麦品种红春麦(新疆玛纳斯)、红春麦(新疆昌吉)和红金包银(新疆伊吾)中分别得到了3个低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-CS)新基因(GenBank:DQ519084、DQ519085和DQ517534).它们具有LMW-i型基因的典型结构特征,与已报道的Glu-A3位点编码的LMW-GS基因序列有很高的一致性,高达79.06%～94.24%.DQ519084和DQ517534在C末端保守区有9个半胱氨酸残基,DQ519085其编码区内存在1个提前终止密码子,推测其为假基因.     

Molecular structure of a novel y-type HMW glutenin subunit gene present in Triticum tauschii

An unusually small y-type high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit gene from Triticum tauschii was sequenced. This gene, encoded at the Glu-D^t1 locus was designated 12.4^t and is the smallest HMW glutenin subunit gene described so far in Triticum species. Oligonucleotide primers based on published sequences of HMW glutenin genes were designed to amplify the encoding region and the central repetitive domain of the gene, which produced fragments of 1.4 and 0.85 kb, respectively. PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The derived amino acid sequence was compared with the amino acid sequences of the HMW glutenin subunits Dy12^t, from T. tauschii, and subunits Dy10 and Dy12 of T. aestivum. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence demonstrated that deletions of hexapeptides and nonapeptides were responsible for the reduction in the size of this HMW glutenin subunit. The estimated molecular weight of the Dy12.4^t subunit, calculated on the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence, was 45,228 Daltons. There were also single amino acid differences in the N-, C-terminal and central repetitive domains of this gene in comparison to the three other y-type subunits encoded at the Glu-D1 locus. The Dy12.4^t subunit showed the highest similarity to the Dy12 subunit present in the hexaploid wheat Chinese Spring.     

硬粒小麦Glu-B3基因家族新成员的克隆及其分子标记的开发

获得小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因家族新成员, 为深入研究该基因家族的组成及其在染色体上的分布与进化奠定基础。本研究根据已发表的小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白基因序列设计了1对简并引物, 以从硬粒小麦品种Langdon BAC文库中筛选的携带小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因的BAC为模板, 利用同源序列克隆技术克隆了1个MET类型的小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因LMWLDN-M, 该基因编码350个氨基酸。利用LMWLDN-M与本实验室克隆的Langdon品种其他类型的小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因之间的SNP, 设计了该类型基因特异的引物。以Langdon代换系和中国春小麦缺体-四体为模板进行PCR扩增, 将该基因定位到小麦B基因组上。序列分析表明, LMWLDN-M为Glu-B3基因家族的一个新成员。     

Mapping a diploid wheat abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase homologue in the seed dormancy QTL region on chromosome 5A<Superscript>m</Superscript>

In Arabidopsis, two genes of abscisic acid (ABA) 8′-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 (CYP) 707A1 and A2) have been found to play important roles in seed dormancy through the regulation of ABA content in seeds. In order to examine the role of wheat ABA 8′-hydroxylase gene in seed dormancy, a diploid wheat ABA 8′-hydroxylase gene was cloned that showed high similarity to a barley ABA8′-hydroxylase gene (HvABA8′OH-2), and the cloned gene was designated as TmABA8′OH-2. Using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between diploid wheat Triticum boeoticum L. (Tb) and Triticum monococcum L. (Tm), TmABA8′OH-2 has been mapped to near the centromeric region of the long arm of chromosome 5A^m, where the major seed dormancy QTL has been previously found. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of TmABA8′OH-2 between Tb and Tm revealed five amino acid residue substitutions. These amino acid residues have distinctly different characteristics, and one of the substitutions occurs in the highly conserved amino acid residues in CYP707A family, indicating that these substitutions may have effects on the enzyme activities. Moreover, hexaploid wheat TmABA8′OH-2 homologue revealed that the level of its expression during seed development peaks at mid-maturation stage. This resembles the expression pattern of the Arabidopsis CYP707A1, which was shown to control seed dormancy. These results imply a possibility that TmABA8′OH-2 might be involved in seed dormancy, and associated with the QTL on chromosome 5A^m.     

Genetic diversity of European spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. em. Thell.) revealed by glutenin subunit variations at the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci

Summary High and low molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) compositions of 270 European spelts, 15 Iranian spelts and 25 bread wheat cultivars were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results revealed a total of 22 HMW-GS alleles (4 at Glu-A1, 11 at Glu-B1 and 7 at Glu-D1) and 32 allele combinations among the three Glu-1 loci. Two major genotypes of HMW-GS: 1, 13+16, 2+12 and 1, 6.1+22.1, 2+12 were found to occur in Central European spelt wheat cultivars and landraces at higher frequencies of 35 and 28%, respectively. The Glu-B1 locus displayed the greatest variation and genetic diversity index (H) was 0.69 whereas Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 showed H index values of 0.26 and 0.19, respectively. The dendrogram constructed by HMW and LMW glutenin subunit bands revealed that European spelts form a separated cluster from common wheat suggesting that spelt and common wheat form distinct groups. In addition, all 15 Iranian spelt land variety accessions differed from European spelts and possessed similar HMW-GS alleles to common wheat. Because of a wider polymorphism Central European spelt wheats are an important genetic reserviour for improving common wheat quality. Both authors contributed equally to this work     

Analysis of puroindoline a and b sequences from Triticum aestivum cv. `Penawawa' and related diploid taxa

Flanking sequences of the puroindoline a(pinA) and puroindoline b (pinB) genes from Triticum monococcum, T. urartu, Aegilops speltoides and A. tauschii were obtained by inverse PCR. Two accessions from each of these related diploid taxa were sequenced, and the sequences compared to those of the soft hexaploid wheat cultivar `Penawawa'. As expected from the origin of the D-genome in hexaploid wheat, the highest sequence identity was observed for the A. tauschii sequences, whereas the sequences for A.speltoides were the most divergent. The promoter sequences were further analyzed for putative regulatory elements, and the possible significance of several highly conserved sequence motifs is discussed. Western blots of Triton X-114 extracted proteins separated by SDS-PAGE confirmed the accumulation of pinA and pinB gene products in the endosperm of all the germplasm lines studied. The deduced amino acid sequences for the related diploid taxa do not imply any major structural changes as compared to the wild-type T. aestivum puroindolines, and is therefore in agreement with the soft endosperm texture of these species. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

普通小麦品种小偃54中α/β-醇溶蛋白编码基因的克隆与序列分析

醇溶蛋白是小麦籽粒贮藏蛋白的重要组分,其组成与含量对小麦加工品质具有重要影响。本研究建立了利用PCR从普通小麦基因组BAC文库中筛选含有α/β-醇溶蛋白基因序列BAC克隆的方法,并获得9个不同的含有α/β-醇溶蛋白基因的BAC克隆。从其中鉴定出17个α/β-醇溶蛋白基因,其编码区序列长度为852~957 bp。12个序列在编码区内存在提前终止密码子,推测为假基因。其他5个成员(Gli-Xy54-1、Gli-Xy54-2、Gli-Xy54-3、Gli-Xy54-7和Gli-Xy54-13)分别编码291、310、311、287和317个氨基酸残基,都具有α/β-醇溶蛋白一级结构的典型特征。根据推导的氨基酸序列中乳糜泻病诱发因子的分布情况及多聚谷氨酰胺重复区的长度差异,推测Gli-Xy54-7可能定位于6A染色体,Gli-Xy54-2、Gli-Xy54-3和Gli-Xy54-13可能定位于6B染色体,Gli-Xy54-1可能定位于6D染色体。基因聚类分析支持了上述推论。这是第一次从普通小麦中筛选到包含α/β-醇溶蛋白基因的BAC克隆,并从中得到目标基因全长,对进一步研究普通小麦基因组中α/β-醇溶蛋白编码基因的组成、表达与功能有较好的参考价值。     

硬粒小麦Glu-B3基因家族新成员的克隆及其分子标记的开发

获得小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因家族新成员, 为深入研究该基因家族的组成及其在染色体上的分布与进化奠定基础。本研究根据已发表的小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白基因序列设计了1对简并引物, 以从硬粒小麦品种Langdon BAC文库中筛选的携带小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因的BAC为模板, 利用同源序列克隆技术克隆了1个MET类型的小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因LMWLDN-M, 该基因编码350个氨基酸。利用LMWLDN-M与本实验室克隆的Langdon品种其他类型的小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因之间的SNP, 设计了该类型基因特异的引物。以Langdon代换系和中国春小麦缺体-四体为模板进行PCR扩增, 将该基因定位到小麦B基因组上。序列分析表明, LMWLDN-M为Glu-B3基因家族的一个新成员。     

小麦新品种“川农16”低分子量谷蛋白亚基新基因的分子克隆

采用PCR方法从小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）新品种“川农16”中克隆得到一个低分子量谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）新基因LMWCN16-2（GenBank No.AY296753）。该基因具有LMW-GS基因的典型结构特征，编码区全长906 bp，编码301个氨基酸。推导氨基酸序列比较显示，LMWCN16-2与已报道的LMW-GS基因，尤其是Glu-A3位点编码的基因序列有很     

小麦品种陕253 γ-醇溶蛋白基因的克隆、原核表达与功能鉴定

利用设计合成的特异γ-醇溶蛋白基因引物,采用PCR方法从小麦品种陕253克隆获得一个γ-醇溶蛋白基因(GenBank登录号GQ857626)。序列分析表明,该基因编码产物的II区由于碱基转换产生一个额外的半胱氨酸残基。构建了GQ857626的原核表达载体并转入表达菌株E. coli Rosetta gami B(DE3),IPTG诱导其成功表达。使用HisTrap HP组氨酸标记亲和层析柱纯化该基因的表达产物,并使用4 g粉质仪分析其功能。结果显示,将此纯化蛋白通过氧化还原反应整合到基础面粉后,面团的形成时间缩短,稳定时间减少,弱化度增加,导致主要的粉质指数明显下降,说明该亚基对面团流变学性质整体表现不利。     

Characterization of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes from Elytrigia elongata

Three high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) genes from Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski were characterized by determining the coding sequences of two x‐type subunit genes Ee2.1 and Ee1.9, and one y‐type subunit gene Ee1.8 with 2082, 1938 and 1788 bp, respectively. The numbers of amino acids in the central repeat domains of Ee2.1, Ee1.9 and Ee1.8 were considerably fewer than the other known HMW‐GSs with substitutions, insertions and/or deletions involving a single or more amino acid residues. Moreover, an extra cysteine (Cys) was found in the repeated domain of x‐type subunit Ee2.1. The difference in the number and position of Cys residues might be associated with the good dough quality. The extra Cys in the good‐quality subunit Dx5 was at the beginning of the repetitive domain, while the extra Cys in Ee2.1 was at the central repetitive domain. Evolutionary relationships between the HMW‐GSs from E. elongata and the known HMW‐GSs were estimated. It transpired that Ee1.9, Ee2.1 and Bx7 were clustered into one subgroup with high bootstrap values, while Ee1.8 was closely related to Ay.     

An alanine to threonine change in the Wx-D1 protein reduces GBSS I activity in waxy mutant wheat

The Wx-D1 protein (granule-bound starch synthase) of Kanto 107, Tanikei A6099 (low amylose line), and Tanikei A6599-4 (waxy line) has been analyzed by SDS-PAGE, peptide mapping and DNA sequencing. Kanto 107 and Tanikei A6099 have the same amino acid sequences in the mature protein, but amino acid substitution (alanine to threonine) occurs at position 258 in the mature protein in Tanikei A6599-4. A comparison of deduced amino acid sequences of the mature Wx-D1 protein in these lines indicates that point mutation in the Wx-D1 gene of Tanikei A6599-4 is responsible for its waxy character.This mutant waxy wheat does not show a reduction in amylose content identicalto other waxy wheats, which probably reduces activity of the GBSS I enzyme but does not to a complete loss of activity. We discuss the function of the mutant Wx-D1 protein in starch synthesis. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦Glu-D3和Glu-B3位点LMW-GS基因特异引物设计与PCR扩增

用CTAB法提取小麦基因组DNA，根据GenBank中公布的已知LMW-GS基因序列，设计并合成染色体位点特异PCR引物1～7；利用特殊小麦材料——六倍体普通小麦阿勃二体、1A、1B和1D缺体，四倍体小麦及二倍体的一粒小麦和节节麦的基因组DNA为模版，在优化的PCR体系下进行特异性扩增和引物验证。结果表明：引物3和引物4为小麦谷蛋白Glu-D     

Allelic variation at the storage protein loci of 55 US-grown white wheats

Fifty soft white and hard white wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), and five club wheat cultivars (T. compactum L.) were partially characterized in terms of their storage protein compositions, i.e. gliadins, and high molecular weight and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS and LMW-GS, respectively). At the Glu-1 loci, HMW-GS composition 1,7 + 9,2+ 12 was found to be predominant, being expressed in 11 cultivars out of 55. The most common alleles at the loci coding for gliadins and LMW-GS were found to be Gli-A1/Glu-A3a (43.6%), Gli-B1/Glu-B3b (36.4%), Gli-D1a/Glu-D3a (38.1%) and Gli-Dli/Glu-D3a (21.8%). Two-dimensional fractionation (acid-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) × sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)) of reduced and alkylated glutenins revealed that the number and the relative mobility of LMW-GS polypeptides were different from those reported for the corresponding Glu-3 alleles of hard-bread wheat cultivars. This result could account for the different technological properties of soft white wheats compared with hard-bread wheat cultivars, owing to the major impact of LMW-GS on dough quality.     

小麦品种“陕253”低分子量谷蛋白亚基基因的克隆及原核表达

利用LMW-GS特异引物,从强筋小麦品种陕253中克隆了1个1 498 bp的片段(GenBank登录号为FJ172533),该片段包含全长为912 bp的低分子量谷蛋白亚基的完整编码序列.经比较推导氨基酸序列的同源性,发现该基因属于Glu-D3位点编码低分子量谷蛋白亚基的基因,编码产物N-端具有LMW-m型低分子量谷蛋白亚基的典型特征,系统演化分析也支持这一结果.构建了该基因的表达载体pET32a-GluD3-S253,在宿主菌E. coll Rosetta-gami B(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白.SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测表达产物,证实融合蛋白表达成功.     

Genetical analysis of contribution of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits to dough strength in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

To evaluate the effect of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes on dough strength, locus-specific primers of LMW-GS genes and gliadin bands tightly linked to LMW-GS genes were analyzed in common wheat. Segregation analysis of the F₂ progeny from a cross between Haruhikari, a good bread-making quality cultivar, and Asakaze-komugi, a poor bread-making quality cultivar, showed that dough strength significantly correlated with one amplified LMW-GS gene located at the Glu-B3 locus from Haruhikari. There was no specific reference to the gliadin bands identified as promising markers in the cross under study. The LMW-GS gene of Haruhikari had a seven amino-acid deletion in the repetitive domain relative to Asakaze-komugi, as well as six amino-acid substitutions, three of which would be expected to cause changes in hydrophilicity. The presence of the LMW-GS gene and other LMW-GS genes tightly linked to it may affect the dough strength of wheat.     

Genetic and molecular analysis of the restoration of fertility ( Rf ) genes for Ogura male-sterility from a Japanese wild radish ( Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides Makino)

Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm is one of the most extensively studied cytoplasms in Brassicaceae. In this study, in order to gain better understanding of the variation and evolution of the restoration of the fertility (Rf) gene for Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm, the nucleotide sequence of the orf687 homologue in the Japanese wild radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides Makino) was analyzed using an F₂ population made with a cross between a Japanese wild radish plant containing the Rf gene and ‘Uchiki-Gensuke’ (a maintainer of Ogura-male sterility). Segregation of male-fertile/-sterile plants in the F₂ generation suggested that another unidentified Rf gene unlinked to orf687 exists in the Japanese wild radish. The genotype of orf687 was determined for each F₂ plant by Southern hybridization with an orf687 gene probe, mismatch-specific endonuclease digestion of PCR products, and direct sequencing of a PCR product. Genotyping revealed that some fertility-restored plants are homozygotic for the ‘Uchiki-Gensuke’ type orf687 allele, supporting the idea that another gene different from orf687 also functions as an Rf gene for Ogura male-sterility. Protein analysis using an antibody raised against the Ogura-specific ORF138 protein suggests a mechanism of fertility restoration by the unidentified Rf similar to that by orf687. Sequence analysis of orf687 from a Japanese wild radish plant and ‘Uchiki-Gensuke’ revealed that both orf687 regions encode a mitochondrially-targeted protein consisting of 687 amino acids with 16 PPR motifs. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with those of the known orf687 sequences from ‘Yuan hong’ and ‘Kosena’ containing Rf and recessive one (rf), respectively, showed that three unique amino acid replacements are present in ORF687 of the Japanese wild radish. Two of the three replacements, that from lysine to isoleucine at position 232 and from asparagine to asparate at position 240, confer negative charges to the protein. Since the Rf of ‘Yuan hong’ was reported to have a unique replacement that confers a negative charge to ORF687 (from asparagine to aspartate at position 170), it is proposed that the amino acid replacements conferring a negative charge to ORF687 are important for determining the status of the Rf/rf gene.     

Puroindoline allelic diversity in Indian wheat germplasm and identification of new allelic variants

Grain hardness is an important quality trait that influences product development in wheat. This trait is governed by variation in puroindoline proteins (PINA and PINB). Our study evaluated 551 Indian wheat germplasm lines for diversity in Pina and Pinb genes. Eighty-two lines were shortlisted for full length sequencing and grain hardness studies. Sequencing studies identified six unknown alleles: two for the Pina gene and four for the Pinb gene. Five of them were novel with non-synonymous changes in the corresponding amino acid sequences. Identified mutations in the deduced mature proteins and their pre- and pro-peptides influenced the hardness characteristics of the grain. We classified these 82 varieties into different hardness categories with reference to international and Indian systems of classification. The majority of Indian wheat varieties were categorized as hard. This study revealed that unexplored Indian wheat germplasm can be a good source of genetic variability for both Pina and Pinb genes, helping in marker-assisted breeding and in obtaining wheat with different textural properties.     

小麦新品种“成电麦1号”α-醇溶蛋白基因的分离与序列分析

以染色体工程方法培育小麦新品种“成电麦1号”基因组DNA为模板,用小麦种子醇溶蛋白保守引物进行PCR扩增。扩增产物经克隆测序,获得978-1310 bp的6个序列（CD-1、CD-9、CD-11、CD-12、CD-17和CD-21）,其中3个序列（CD-1、CD-12、CD-17）编码284~301个氨基酸的α-醇溶蛋白基因,所编码的氨基酸序列在多聚谷氨酰胺区和重复区出现较大差异,在编码序列的半胱氨酸的数量和位置上,CD-1和CD-12序列具有特殊性。与乳糜泻（celiac disease）病人毒性抗原相关序列的比对结果表明CD-12不具有Glia-α20表位,而CD-1和CD-17序列只具有Glia-α9,Glia-α20的抗原序列。根据已发表的小麦A、B或D染色体组的α-醇溶蛋白基因的序列建立系统树,发现所克隆的“成电麦1号”α-醇溶蛋白基因序列具有特殊性,说明染色体工程方法培育的小麦新品种具有较大的种子蛋白基因变异,这些基因对小麦品质育种的作用值得进一步研究。     

The high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits and ω-gliadin composition of bread and durum wheats commonly grown in Portugal

A collection of 63 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and 21 durum wheats (Triticum durum Desf.) commonly grown in Portugal since 1982 were characterized for the composition of wheat storage proteins (WSP), high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) and ω-gliadins. The composition of HMW-GS, LMW-GS and &-gliadins, encoded at loci Glu-1, Glu-3 and Gli-1, respectively, was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. WSP allelic compositions of bread and durum wheat patterns were given. In the bread wheats, a total of 24, 24 and 18 patterns were observed for HMW-GS, LMW-GS and ω-gliadins, respectively. Forty-two different alleles were identified for the nine loci studied, Glu-A1 (3), Glu-B1 (7), Glu-D1 (4), Glu-A3 (5), Glu-B1 (7), Glu-D3 (2), Gli-A1 (2), Gli-B1 (8) and Gli-D1 (4). In the case of durum wheats, 19 alleles were identified: one allele at Glu-A1, two at Glu-B3, Glu-B2 and Gli-A1, three at Glu-B1, four at Glu-A3 and five at Gli-B1. For HMW-GS, LMW-GS and ω-gliadins, three, six and six different patterns were revealed, respectively. This study represents the first attempt to discriminate the bread and durum wheat varieties commonly grown in Portugal by the allelic variation of storage proteins. The database is useful for varietal identification and for plant breeders who seek to devise effective programmes aimed at improving wheat quality.