不同基因型小白菜硝酸盐积累量差异研究

本研究以浙江地区主栽的16个不同基因型小白菜品种为材料,在温室条件下,分析了不同基因型小白菜品种间硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐积累量及品质指标粗蛋白和总糖的变异情况;同时以硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量存在显著差异的4个不同基因型品种为材料,在实验室条件下测定了这4个品种的NO3-吸收速率。结果表明：小白菜不同基因型品种间硝酸盐积累量存在较大变异,且与亚硝酸盐积累量及品质指标间没有必然的联系,可以筛选出低硝酸盐且优质的品种。四月慢和绿领裕农一号为高硝酸盐积累品种;华冠青梗菜、夏抗F1青菜、夏帝和高华青梗菜为低硝酸盐积累品种。吸收液的NO3-浓度在5～20mM范围内,四月慢的NO3-吸收速率显著高于华冠青梗菜,同时,吸收动力学参数Vmax和Km值显示,高硝酸盐积累品种四月慢对硝酸根的吸收能力强于低硝酸盐积累品种高于华冠青梗菜。本研究结果为低硝酸盐积累品种的选育提供理论依据。     

增施不同有机物质对烤烟叶片中含氮化合物的影响

以烤烟品种龙江911为材料,研究了增施不同有机物质(芝麻、小磨芝麻油、豆糁、豆浆)对烤烟叶片中含氮化合物的影响.结果显示,穴施豆浆使烟叶中烟碱含量适中、蛋白质含量最低,氨基酸含量最高,硝酸盐含量适中,亚硝酸盐含量较低,烟叶的品质最为理想;穴施芝麻的烟叶烟碱含量相对其他处理较低,硝酸盐含量较低,亚硝酸盐含量较高,氨基酸和蛋白质含量较高;穴施小磨芝麻油的烟叶烟碱含量最高,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量偏高,氨基酸含量较低,蛋白质含量较高;穴施豆糁的烟叶烟碱含量适宜,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量相对最低,氨基酸含量相对其他处理偏低,蛋白质含量较高.综合比较,穴施豆浆和豆糁的烤后烟叶中含氮化合物的含量适宜,有益烤烟品质的提高.     

合肥市蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染现状评价

本文研究了合肥市六个蔬菜市场出售的主要蔬菜品种中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染现状。结果表明：在被调查的5类17种蔬菜中,硝酸盐含量依次为叶菜类＞豆类＞根茎类＞茄果类＞瓜菜类,硝酸盐污染轻的占52.9%,污染中等的占35.3%,污染重的占11.8%;亚硝酸盐含量普遍较低,均未超标, 含量依次为叶菜类＞豆类＞茄果类＞瓜菜类＞根茎类;同一蔬菜,叶片中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量高于叶柄中。     

Pb、Cd复合污染对不同品种的小白菜生长及营养品质的影响

[目的]为了筛选出适应Pb、Cd复合污染土壤种植的高品质、低积累小白菜品种。[方法]本研究采用盆栽试验方式将15个小白菜品种分别种植在四种Pb、Cd复合污染土壤中,通过测定各品种小白菜株高和鲜重以考察重金属对其生长的影响；采用原子吸收法测定小白菜中Pb、Cd含量；采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定维生素C含量、水杨酸法测定硝酸盐含量、考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定可溶性蛋白质含量。[结果]随着Pb、Cd浓度增加,小白菜株高和可食部分鲜重呈先升后降趋势,且不同小白菜品种受重金属Pb、Cd影响的程度不同。15个小白菜品种可食部分Pb、Cd含量随Pb、Cd胁迫加剧呈上升趋势；轻度污染处理下,小白菜品种间Cd含量无显著性差异,其中Pb含量以义和快菜1269最低；脆嫩飘儿白次之,其Pb含量依次为0.05 mg/kg、0.06 mg/kg。但义和快菜1269硝酸盐含量超标,而脆嫩飘儿白相对较低。中度污染处理下,仅义和快菜1269 Pb、Cd均未超标,但其硝酸盐含量超标。重度污染下,无符合要求的小白菜品种。在轻度污染处理下,对小白菜维生素C含量和可溶性蛋白质含量测定,发现脆嫩飘儿白Vc含量居于第二；可溶性蛋白含量居于第三,为一个相对优质的小白菜品种。[结论]脆嫩飘儿白为一种适应轻度铅镉复合污染土壤种植的低积累、高品质小白菜品种。     

Pb、Cd复合污染对不同品种小白菜生长及营养品质的影响

为筛选出适应Pb、Cd复合污染土壤种植的高品质、低积累小白菜品种,采用盆栽试验方法将15个小白菜品种分别种植在4种Pb、Cd复合污染土壤中,通过测定各品种小白菜株高和鲜重以考察重金属对其生长的影响;采用原子吸收法测定小白菜中Pb、Cd含量;采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定维生素C含量、水杨酸法测定硝酸盐含量、考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定可溶性蛋白质含量。随着Pb、Cd浓度增加,小白菜株高和可食部分鲜重呈先升后降趋势,且不同小白菜品种受重金属Pb、Cd影响的程度不同。15个小白菜品种可食部分Pb、Cd含量随Pb、Cd胁迫加剧呈上升趋势;轻度污染处理下,小白菜品种间Cd含量无显著性差异,其中Pb含量以‘义和快菜1269’最低;‘脆嫩飘儿白’次之,其Pb含量依次为0.05、0.06 mg/kg。但‘义和快菜1269’硝酸盐含量超标,而‘脆嫩飘儿白’相对较低。中度污染处理下,仅‘义和快菜1269’Pb、Cd均未超标,但其硝酸盐含量超标。重度污染下,无符合要求的小白菜品种。在轻度污染处理下,对小白菜维生素C含量和可溶性蛋白质含量测定,发现‘脆嫩飘儿白’Vc含量居于第二;可溶性蛋白含量居于第三,为一个相对优质的小白菜品种‘。脆嫩飘儿白’为一种适应轻度铅镉复合污染土壤种植的低积累、高品质小白菜品种。     

菜薹硝酸盐积累与品种、营养品质之间的关系

为获得3种不同颜色菜薹的硝酸盐积累和营养品质间的关系,以绿菜薹(菜心)、白菜薹和红菜薹为试验材料,采用水肥一体化种植和对菜薹的营养品质测定相关方法对不同颜色菜薹的硝酸盐积累与维生素C、可溶性固形物等营养品质间的关系进行研究。结果表明:绿、白和红菜薹不同品种间硝酸盐含量差异显著。硝酸盐聚类分析将44个菜薹品种划分为硝酸盐含量高和低的2个类群:硝酸盐含量高的类群(33个品种)中包括绿菜薹33个品种中的31个品种和白菜薹5个品种中的2个品种;硝酸盐含量低的类群(11个品种)包含2个绿菜薹品种和3个白菜薹品种,另6个红菜薹品种均属于硝酸盐含量低品种。菜薹硝酸盐积累与其营养指标密切相关,根据硝酸盐含量和营养品质指标(包括维生素C、还原糖、可溶性固体物质和蛋白质含量)的聚类分析结果分为3类:第1类包含32个绿菜薹品种和2个白菜薹品种,为高硝酸盐含量和营养品质指数低的品种;第2类包含6个红菜薹品种和2个白菜薹品种,为低硝酸盐含量和营养品质较高的品种;第3类包含1个绿菜薹和1个白菜薹品种,硝酸盐含量低且营养品质佳的品种。PCA分析表明,硝酸盐积累与各营养指标存在差异,且相关性分析也证实硝酸盐与营养指标存在显著相关。菜薹硝酸盐与营养品质分类和相关性分析为筛选和选育低硝酸盐高品质品种奠定基础。     

漂烫处理对两种蔬菜中硝酸盐亚硝酸盐及VC含量的影响

分析了莴苣、茼蒿经不同时间的漂烫(焯菜)后菜及汤中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及VC的含量变化。实验结果表明,两种菜中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及VC的含量都随着漂烫时间的增加而逐渐降低。     

不同氮素水平下生菜累积硝酸盐能力的品种差异分析

利用盆栽试验研究了生菜3个不同品种（苦苣、大速生、油麦）在不同氮素供应水平（0、0.2、0.4、0.6gN/kg土）下硝酸盐累积能力的差异。研究结果表明：同一氮肥水平下不同品种生菜硝酸盐含量和硝酸还原酶活性均存在显著性差异;在不同氮肥水平下,生菜各个品种硝酸盐含量具有显著差异性,且随氮肥水平的升高,其硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性呈递增趋势。因此,实际生产中选择降低硝酸盐措施时应将降低氮肥施用量及筛选低硝酸盐含量品种同时加以考虑。     

潮州产13种野菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量

根据潮州产13种野菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的测定结果,参考蔬菜中硝酸盐含量分级评价标准和我国的无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量限量标准(≤4.0mgkg),对13种野菜的品质进行了评价。结果显示,菜、酢浆草、野茼蒿、黄鹌菜和腋花蓼硝酸盐含量低于轻度污染水平,亚硝酸盐含量低于我国制定的无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量的限量标准(≤4.0mgkg),属于一级无公害野菜,可以安全食用;少花龙葵、马齿苋、鳢肠、叶下珠、铁苋菜、小藜和牛繁缕的硝酸盐含量高于432mgkg,而低于785mgkg,亚硝酸盐含量低于限量标准(≤4.0mgkg),属于二级野菜,不宜生食,煮熟和盐渍可安全食用;鼠曲草的硝酸盐含量高于785mgkg,低于1440mgkg,属于三级野菜,不可生食和盐渍,可熟食。     

永州4种野菜营养成分及亚硝酸盐含量的测定

对永州市四种常见的野菜马齿苋、苦荬菜、车前和蕨菜的亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、维生素C等成分进行了测定和分析。结果表明：这四种野菜中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和维生素C含量高,前三者维生素C的含量甚至比白菜要高。苦荬菜、蕨菜中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量较低,是可以放心食用的野菜。马齿苋和车前中硝酸盐的含量略超标,在烹饪时除采取一定的处理措施外,还要限量食用。     

Genetic variation for nitrate content between cultivars of endive (Cichorium endiviae L.)

Summary A high nitrate content is a negative quality trait in vegetables. Endive (Cichorium endiviae L.) contributes considerably to human nitrate intake in Northwestern Europe. A collection of 125 commercially available cultivars of endive were grown on nutrient solution and evaluated for genetic variation between cultivars for the nitrate concentration in expressed sap. In two subsequent experiments 23 cultivars, representing the range of nitrate levels found in the first experiment, were grown both in soil and on nutrient solution. There were significant differences between cultivars in nitrate accumulation. Cultivar Vicor consistently had the lowest nitrate content. Averaged over all experiments the nitrate concentration in expressed sap of this cultivar was 0.7 g·l^-1 (19%) lower than that of two recommended cultivars. The results indicate that there may be some possibilities to reduce the nitrate content of endive by cultivar choice or breeding. However, the chances of obtaining a substantial reduction of the nitrate content of endive seem less than in some other crops, such as lettuce. The nitrate levels of the cultivars showed interactions with experiments and growth medium. There was no correlation between the cultivar means for the concentrations of nitrate and chloride, or between the concentration of nitrate and the osmolarity of the plant sap.     

The inheritance of nitrate content in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Summary The inheritance of nitrate content in lettuce was analysed using 16 F₂ populations and three F₃ populations. Frequency distributions of nitrate content in F₂ and F₃ populations were unimodal and symmetrical, indicating a quantitative inheritance. Both significant positive and negative deviations of the F₂ mean from the mid-parent value were found, indicating dominance or epistasis. Deviations towards low nitrate content were more frequent than deviations in the other direction. Estimates of heritabilities for nitrate content in the F₂ populations ranged from 18% to 69% and were in most cases above 50%. Crosses between low nitrate cultivars did not have lower estimates of heritability in the F₂ than crosses between cultivars with larger differences in nitrate content. In one case a genotype x experiment interaction for nitrate content of parental cultivars was found.Three F₃ populations of crosses between cultivars with low nitrate content were analysed. Estimates of heritabilities for F₃ line means ranged from 78% to 91% and estimates of the genetic standard deviation of nitrate content in unselected advanced generations ranged from 0.24–0.33 g kg^–1. The estimates of heritabilities and of genetic variation in advanced generations offer good prospects of selection of low nitrate genotypes in lettuce. A comparison of efficiency of selection in the F₂ generation and F₃ line selection is made.     

Alternate Selection Indices for Leaf Photosynthetic Rate in Greengram (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) Cultivars

Significant differences were observed for leaf net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, nitrate reductase activity, stomatal frequency and specific leaf mass among ten greengram cultivars. Leaf net photosynthetic rate had significant positive correlation with soluble protein, nitrate reductase activity, stomatal frequency and specific leaf mass. Leaf net photosynthetic rate had no relationship with leaf chlorophyll content in greengram.     

Breeding for low nitrate content in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Summary To study prospects of reducing nitrate content of radish roots by breeding, plants with varying nitrate content were selected from four populations of the diploid cultivar Robijn (two populations with a low, one with an intermediate and one with a high nitrate content) and from two tetraploid cultivar, Boy and Oscar, with low nitrate contents.Correlation coefficients between nitrate contents of parent plants and their I₁'s were generally significant, but rather small (between 0.48 and 0.78), as were the parent-offspring regression coefficients (between 0.18 and 0.54). Significant differences in nitrate content occurred between I₁'s of each of the parent populations, I₁'s were also present with significantly higher or lower nitrate contents than the corresponding parent populations. Genetic variation for nitrate content was still present within I₁'s. I₂'s could be selected with a significantly lower or higher nitrate content than their I₁'s.It is possible to select radish cultivars with less than 2.0 mg nitrate per gram fresh weight of root under low light conditions in winter. As appeared from crosses with cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile plants, their was no relationship between cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility and nitrate content, indicating that hybrid cultivars with low nitrate contents can also be selected.     

甜菜子叶期幼苗硝态氮吸收特性及其与硝酸还原酶活性的关系

６个有代表性的甜菜品种在人工气候室的营养液培养试验表明，甜菜子叶期幼苗对ＮＯ３＾－的吸收要经最初２ｈ的适应阶段后才可均匀进行。均匀吸收后，观察到多倍体的吸收量〉２倍体，倍性相同品种中Ｅ型〉ＮＥ型〉ＮＺ型〉Ｚ型的初步结果。不同类型品种间ＮＯ３＾－吸收的表观米氏常数（Ｋｍ，ａｐｐ）、最大吸收速率（Ｉｍ）有明显差异，除多倍体ＮＺ型品种甜研３０１的Ｋｍ，ａｐｐ较低而Ｉｍ较高外，其余品种的Ｋｍ，ａｐｐ和Ｉｍ     

转基因(Bn-csRRM2)高产棉花对土壤速效养分和酶活性的影响

在田间试验条件下,以转基因(Bn-cs RRM2)高产棉及其亲本常规棉中棉所12为研究对象,比较分析2种棉花在不同生育期(苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期)对土壤速效养分和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随生育期推进,转基因高产棉土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化趋势与常规棉一致,土壤速效磷含量变化趋势与常规棉不同。转基因高产棉土壤速效磷含量在蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期与常规棉无显著差异;铵态氮含量在苗期、蕾期和花铃期与常规棉无显著差异;硝态氮含量在吐絮期显著高于常规棉,其余3个时期显著低于常规棉。随生育期推进,转基因高产棉土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化趋势与常规棉一致,碱性磷酸酶活性变化趋势与常规棉略有不同。转基因高产棉土壤脲酶活性在苗期、蕾期和吐絮期显著高于常规棉,在花铃期无显著差异;过氧化氢酶活性在苗期和吐絮期与常规棉无显著差异;碱性磷酸酶活性只在吐絮期与常规棉无显著差异。表明,土壤养分和酶活性受转基因高产棉的影响较小,其变化主要受到生育期的影响。     

Genetics of nitrate content in lettuce

Summary Adverse effects on human health makes the high nitrate content frequently found in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under low light conditions an undesirable trait. Efforts have been made to breed cultivars with a reduced capacity for nitrate accumulation. In this study components of variance for nitrate content were estimated in F₂ and F₃ generations of ten lettuce crosses. Additive genotypic variances (A) were estimated from F₃ variance components and from the covariance between F₂ plants and corresponding F₃ lines. Estimates of wide sense heritability of the F₂ from crosses between a high nitrate genotype and four low nitrate genotypes ranged from 0.44 to 0.74 and the estimates for A ranged from 0.25 to 0.40 g·l^-1. Estimated wide sense heritabilities of F₂'s from six crosses involving two low nitrate parents ranged from 0.15 to 0.52. The parents of four of the low nitrate crosses showed relatively large effects of genotype x environment (GE) interaction in successive experiments: the nitrate content of the parents reacted differently to environmental changes between experiments. Estimates of A for crosses between low nitrate genotypes without large effects of GE interaction ranged from 0 to 0.19 g·l^-1. The estimated probability of selecting transgressive low nitrate lines in the progeny of a cross between a high and a low nitrate genotype was low (P=0.002–0.039), indicating that large populations should be evaluated to combine the positive traits of modern high nitrate cultivars with low nitrate content from genotypes not adapted to modern cropping practices. In the progenies from crosses between two low nitrate genotypes without important GE effects, only low estimates of the probability of obtaining transgressive low nitrate lines were obtained (P=0.04–0.06). With the growth conditions used in this study, the probability of selecting lines with a nitrate content compatible under all winter conditions with the proposed future maximum permissible level of 2.5 g nitrate per kg fresh matter is low. Therefore the solution of this problem should be found in a combination of low nitrate cultivars and cultural measures that reduce the nitrate content of the crop.     

硝酸还原酶活力与作物耐肥性的研究 Ⅲ.北方粳稻品种演变过程中硝酸还原酶活力与品种性状之间的关系

对北方粳稻栽培品种演变过程中品种性状和硝酸还原酶活力变化的研究表明:1)品种性状在演变过程中有了明显的变化,即从大穗高秆向多穗矮秆的方向变化;2)品种抗倒耐肥性变化的总趋势是由弱到强,其硝酸还原酶活力从高到低的变化。这就是说过去老品种大穗高秆,不抗倒不耐肥,硝酸还原酶活力高,而目前推广品种多穗矮秆,抗倒耐肥,硝     

两种浓度营养液下水培生菜和小白菜生长特性及品质研究

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