冬小麦秸秆不同处理饲喂肉牛的效果观察

将冬小麦秸秆经微贮、氨化处理后进行饲喂肉牛增重育肥试验,对照牛喂自然干麦秸。48 头供试牛(每组16 头),试验结果为:喂微贮麦秸组头均日增重0.89kg,喂氨化麦秸组头均日增重0.84kg,对照组头均日增重0.57kg。试验组与对照组比较差异极显著(P< 0.01),两试验组差异不显著(P> 0.05)。将各组耗料(包括精料、粗料)、增重按市价进行效益分析,60 天试验期结束,微贮组平均每头获得114.00 元,氨化组平均每头获利63.13 元,对照组平均每头亏损14.36 元。冬小麦秸杆处理后饲喂肉牛效果明显。微贮法优于氨化法,成本低,易操作,饲喂效果好,在农区应大力推广。     

FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸饲喂肉牛效果试验

[目的]为了探讨和观察FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸调制及其饲喂肉牛育肥效果.[方法]以20头18～24月龄雄性西门塔尔杂交肉牛为试验对象,随机分为两组,进行FP4秸秆发酵活干菌青贮玉米秸与氨化麦秸肉牛育肥比较试验.两组日粮水平完全相同,试验组日饲喂袋装青贮玉米秸,对照组饲喂氨化麦秸.[结果]表明,试验组头均日增重为1 170 g,比对照组的892.4 g提高23.7%.试验组头均纯收入为1 051元,比对照组的585元多收入466元,经济效益提高了44.3%,收益显著.[结论]说明FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸杆能显著提高饲养效益.     

氨化麦秸育肥肉牛效果分析

运城地区是全国小麦生产基地，年产麦秸７．５亿ｋｇ，牛的饲草８０％来源于麦秸。为了确定氨化麦秸喂牛对提高增重和麦秸利用率等的效果，进行了氨化麦秸育肥肉牛饲养试验，试验结果，试验组喂氨化麦秸牛比对照组饲喂普通麦秸牛肥育期平均日增重增加１９７．８ｇ，试验组比对照组牛平均每头日增加收入０．４８４４无。     

氨化麦秸饲喂奶山羊效果分析

为探讨氨化麦秸饲喂奶山羊的效果,2016年,在官桥镇奥华奶山羊场进行了氨化麦秸饲喂奶山羊的对比试验,试验分为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂氨化麦秸,对照组饲喂普通麦秸,两组补充同样水平的精料,饲养在条件完全相同的同一羊舍内。通过对比试验,经济效益提高11.8%,结果表明,试验组比对照组效果显著。     

氨化麦秸饲喂育肥牛的效果

在青海省海东地区现有农舍条件下，进行了用氨化秸秆饲喂育肥牛的试验，结果表明：试验组与对照组相比较，增重提高２９．４４％，每公斤增重消耗精料减少１２．７３％，直接经济效益提高２９．７６％，说明饲喂氨化麦秸是提高肉牛业经济效益的有效途径。     

氨化、微贮秸秆饲喂鲁西黄牛不同增重效果的比较研究

将小麦秸、玉米秸经氨化、微贮处理后进行饲喂鲁西黄牛增重肥育试验。30头供试牛随机分成6组,分别与饲喂未处理秸秆牛进行对比,其结果为:氨化小麦秸组、氨化玉米秸组每头日均增重分别为0.931kg、1.012kg;饲喂微贮小麦秸组、微贮玉米秸组每头日均增重分别为0.985kg1、.064kg;小麦秸对照组、玉米秸对照组每头日均增重分别为0.684kg0、.708kg。小麦秸和玉米秸经氨化或微贮处理后增重效果都优于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),而氨化处理组与微贮处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。将所耗精料、粗料及增重按当时市价进行分析,60d试验期结束,期内每头每日获利:小麦秸氨化组、微贮组、对照组分别为:2.103元、2.665元、0.806元;玉米秸氨化组、微贮组、对照组分别为:2.279元、2.960元、0.819元。玉米秸秆微贮后饲喂鲁西黄牛经济效果优于小麦秸秆的氨化、微贮,更优于未处理秸秆,且操作简单,值得在农区进行推广。     

氨化小麦秸在阉牛生长育肥期的利用与效益分析

选用24头乌珠穆沁品种生长期阉牛,进行连续90天的饲喂氨化与未氨化小麦秸的对比生长试验,结果表明。在阉牛生长育肥阶段,采用精料比例连续递进(40％→60％→80％)的饲养制度时,饲喂氨化麦秸较未氨化麦秸可使阉牛日粮干物质进食量(DMI)平均提高18％,日增重(ADG)平均提高34％,日粮精料转化效率(C/G)平均提高12.8％,每公斤增重的饲料费用(FC/G)平均降低0.16元.其中,在40％、60％和和80％精料比例下,饲喂氨化麦秸可使阉牛日粮DMI分别提高45.3％、19.1％和2.3％;ADG分别提高111.1％、39.1％和5.8％;C/G分别改进30.2％、11.4％和2.9％FC/G分别降低0.41、0.19和0.03元。在40％—80％精料比例范围内,给阉牛饲喂氨化秸可以提高动物的生产性能,但其提高幅度随日粮精料水平提高而下降。     

冬小麦秸杆不同处理饲喂肉牛的效果观察

将冬小麦秸杆经微贮、氨化处理后进行饲喂肉牛增重育肥试验，对照牛喂自然干麦秸。４８头供试牛（每组１６头），试验结果为：喂微贮麦秸组头均日增重０．８９ｋｇ，喂氨化麦秸组头均日增重０．８４ｋｇ，对照组头均日增重０．５７ｋｇ。试验组与对照组比较差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），两试验组差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。将各组耗料（包括精料、粗料）、增重按市价进行效益分析，６０天试验期结束，微贮组平均每头获得１１４．０     

不同组合日粮对湖羊育肥效果的影响

为了研究不同组合日粮对湖羊育肥效果的影响,试验采用单因素随机区组设计,选用健康湖羊公羔45只,随机分为3组,每组15只。对照组饲喂商品饲料,2个试验组(Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组)饲喂2种不同的自配日粮,育肥期30 d。结果表明:试验Ⅰ组平均日增重250.22 g,试验Ⅱ组平均日增重282.67 g,对照组平均日增重250.67 g,2个试验组与对照组间平均日增重均差异不显著(P0.05),但2个试验组平均日增重均高于对照组;试验Ⅰ组料重比(只计算精料部分)3.24∶1,试验Ⅱ组料重比3.11∶1,对照组料重比3.27∶1;试验Ⅰ组育肥总收益934.20元,试验Ⅱ组育肥总收益1 260.00元,比对照组分别提高了20.42%和62.41%,3组间经济效益差异均不显著(P0.05),但试验Ⅱ组经济效益较高,说明试验Ⅱ组育肥效果最优。     

秸秆不同处理方法对小尾寒羊增重效果的比较

将小麦秸、玉米秸经氨化、微贮处理后饲喂小尾寒羊进行增重肥育试验。30只供试羊随机分成6组,分别与饲喂未处理秸秆羊进行对比,其结果为:氨化小麦秸组、氨化玉米秸组每只日均增重分别为0.169 kg、0.196 kg;饲喂微贮小麦秸组、微贮玉米秸组每只日均增重分别为0.173kg、0.200 kg;小麦秸对照组、玉米秸对照组每只日均增重分别为0.148 kg、0.150 kg。小麦秸和玉米秸经氨化或微贮处理后增重效果都优于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),而氨化处理组与微贮处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。将所耗精料、粗料及增重按当时市价进行分析,60 d试验期内每只每日获利:小麦秸氨化组、微贮组、对照组分别为0.32、0.37和0.25元;玉米秸氨化组、微贮组、对照组分别为0.46、0.50和0.24元。玉米秸秆微贮后饲喂小尾寒羊经济效果优于氨化、微贮的小麦秸秆,更优于未处理秸秆,且操作简单,值得在农区进行推广。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -