不同作物施用敌敌畏烟剂残留快速检测试验研究

根据敌敌畏烟剂在昌平区使用现状,采用农药残留快速检测方法,对黄瓜等4种作物施用敌敌畏30％烟剂后的农药残留进行追踪检测,初筛黄瓜等4种作物的农药残留情况。     

茼蒿对瓜蚜的控制作用研究

采用叶碟法研究瓜蚜对寄主植物的选择性,并在田间开展周植茼蒿控制黄瓜瓜蚜的试验。结果表明,瓜蚜对小叶茼蒿的选择率明显高于其他被试茼蒿品种。在小叶茼蒿不同生育期内,对开花期的选择率较苗期及现蕾前高。瓜蚜对开花期小叶茼蒿选择率明显高于黄瓜、辣椒、番茄、茄子4种寄主蔬菜。田间周植茼蒿对黄瓜瓜蚜的相对防效高于黄板诱杀处理,二者联合使用可提高对瓜蚜的控制效果。     

早春大棚黄瓜化瓜的原因及防治方法

早春大棚黄瓜栽培, 1株瓜秧一般平均可结 40～ 50个瓜,但真正能长成商品瓜仅占 33%～ 50%,有 50%以上的雌花不能形成商品瓜而被化掉,严重地影响早春大棚黄瓜的产量和经济效益.根据笔者实践,现将化瓜原因与防治方法介绍如下:     

吡虫啉包衣对黄瓜瓜蚜的防治效果及包衣后药剂在植株体内的分布

为探讨吡虫啉包衣对黄瓜瓜蚜的防治效果及包衣后吡虫啉在黄瓜植株体内的分布动态,以不同剂量的40%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂包衣处理黄瓜种子,并测定了不同时间内其对瓜蚜Aphis gossypii Glover的防治效果,同时使用HPLC检测了瓜苗出土后不同时期吡虫啉在黄瓜植株各部位的分布量。结果表明,100 kg黄瓜种子用吡虫啉(有效成分)240 g、480 g和960 g的处理在瓜苗出土35 d后,瓜苗上所接瓜蚜的校正虫口减退率仍分别达到89.2%、92.0%和97.7%。经过吡虫啉包衣处理后的黄瓜种子在出苗后 3~14 d内,植株体内的吡虫啉含量逐渐增加,14 d时达到峰值后逐渐减少; 黄瓜植株不同地上部位中吡虫啉的含量不均匀,其中下部叶片药剂含量最高,其次是上部叶片,茎部最低。     

敌敌畏与溴氰菊酯混用对菜豆蚜的增效作用

通过敌敌畏和溴氰菊酯混用配比的筛选 ,结果表明 ,敌敌畏与溴氰菊酯的配比以11:1增效作用最明显 ,其共毒系数为133.70;田间药效试验表明 ,混配药剂防治效果均高于单剂敌敌畏和溴氰菊酯     

氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力及协同增效作用

为探寻防治瓜蚜的高效协同增效药剂组合,采用叶片带虫浸渍法测定了氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力。结果表明:处理后24 h,氟啶虫胺腈对瓜蚜的毒力最高,吡蚜酮最低,LC₅₀值分别为10.15和369.63 mg/L;48 h时依然是氟啶虫胺腈毒力最高,而高效氯氟氰菊酯最低,LC₅₀值分别为2.35和117.57 mg/L。在此基础上进行协同增效药剂筛选,结果表明:按质量比计,氟啶虫酰胺与吡蚜酮1 : 1、氟吡呋喃酮与吡蚜酮1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与吡蚜酮1 : 3、氟吡呋喃酮与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5几种组合的增效作用显著,共毒系数分别达1 271、820、561、1 277和478。研究结果可为田间瓜蚜的高效化学防治提供科学依据。     

10%哒螨灵烟剂防治朱砂叶螨试验

朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Boisduval）]目前已成为危害甘肃省保护地黄瓜、茄子等蔬菜的主要害螨。此虫以成螨和若螨聚集在叶背面吸食汁液，使受害后叶片呈现灰白色或枯黄色细小的失绿斑点，进而叶片成焦糊状，严重时叶片干枯脱落，甚至造成植株死亡，产量损失一般在10％～25％。生产上主要使用阿维菌素类药剂喷雾防治，而喷雾会增加棚室湿度，从而加重病害的发生流行。烟剂以其施药简便、防效高、见效快、不增加棚室内湿度、环境污染较轻等特点，近年来在保护地使用面积逐年扩大。     

西瓜花叶病毒二号和黄瓜花叶病毒的新介体——伞形蚜的研究

伞形蚜Aphis umbrella(Borner)在我国尚未见报道。1980年在新疆五家渠一种锦葵科多年生植物上观察到一种蚜虫,传毒试验证明它可以传播西瓜花叶病毒二号(WMV—2)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV),从此,被列为瓜类病毒的主要介体之一。1985—1986年作者对该虫的生活周期、寄主、传毒习性及天敌进行了初步调查研究,简报如下。     

西瓜田笼罩下多异瓢虫对瓜蚜的控制作用

本文对多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata成虫对瓜蚜Aphis gossypii的捕食功能反应和西瓜田笼罩条件下释放多异瓢虫对瓜蚜的防治效果进行了研究.结果表明,多异瓢虫成虫对瓜蚜的捕食功能反应模型为:Na=0.81228N/(1+0.013646N);蛹/蚜为30/1000的处理释放后5d和11d对瓜蚜的防效分别达到80.43%和98%,卵/蚜为20/30的处理释放后7d和14d对瓜蚜的防效分别达到72.22%和87.36%,均表现出较好的防效,为两虫态的最适释放量,蛹为最适释放虫态.     

大棚黄瓜霜霉病无公害防治技术

霜霉病是洋县大棚黄瓜生产中的主要病害．它具有传播快、潜育期短、来势凶猛、为害严重等特点。低温高湿是霜霉病发生与流行的关键因素。保护地栽培黄瓜．其生长环境更有利于该病的发生。经过几年探索。我们总结出了一套以推广健身栽培、实施农业防治为基础、以生态防治为核心、辅之化学防治的无公害防治技术,取得了较好的防治效果。     

山东省主要菜区瓜(棉)蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)抗药性及机理研究

利用毛细管点滴法测定了山东省 4个主要菜区瓜 (棉 )蚜 (Ap his gossypiiGlover)对氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、氧乐果和灭多威的抗性。结果表明 ,聊城种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性高达 12 1710 .1倍 ,对吡虫啉、氧乐果和灭多威也分别产生了 9.6、2 9.4及 7.9倍的抗性 ;寿光种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性也高达 2 74 59.3倍 ,对吡虫啉、氧乐果和灭多威的抗性分别为 4 .1、18.1及 2 .9倍 ;苍山、泰安两种群对 4种药剂的抗性亦有不同程度的提高。离体酶活性和增效剂测定结果表明 ,聊城种群的抗药性与多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力提高均有关系。     

Foliar Sprays and Disulfoton Granules for the Control of Aphis gossypii on Okra

Abstract

Monocrotophos, omethoate, formothion, methomyl, pirimicarb and phosphamidon applied as foliar sprays were the most effective of insecticides evaluated in field trials for the control of Aphis gossypii Glov. on okra. Three applications were required to control infestations on plants sown during October to February. Disulfoton granules applied to the soil at sowing remained active for a long period, the duration depending on the method and rate of application. A dosage of 0.1 g a.i./plant hole was effective throughout the season. Residues of disulfoton and its metabolites in the harvested crop were negligible. Using such methods of aphid control, okra yields were increased by 97–119%.     

短期高温脉冲对瓜型棉蚜的抑制作用及其在防治中的应用

模拟北方冬暖式大棚内的日变温模式,试验了日最高温分别为33、35和37℃的高温脉冲对1～5日龄瓜型棉蚜即瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)繁殖和寿命的影响。与日最高温33℃和35℃的高温脉冲相比,日最高温37℃的高温脉冲能显著降低成蚜的寿命和终身生殖量,高日龄瓜蚜经历高温后的终身生殖量和寿命明显降低。在43℃和45℃下1～6 h的短期高温对1～5日龄瓜蚜存活率影响的试验结果表明,45℃高温下处理3 h,瓜蚜的平均存活率可降到70％以下;43℃高温下处理4 h,除低日龄瓜蚜有较低的存活率外,高日龄的全部死亡。表明高温闷棚防治温室瓜蚜在生产实践中可考虑适当降低温度、延长高温持续的时间,也能达到抑制瓜蚜种群增长目的。     

Effects of air temperature,relative humidity and canopy wetness on gray mold of cucumbers in unheated greenhouses

Microclimatic variables were monitored in cucumber crops grown in polyethylene-covered, unheated greenhouses in Israel during the winter of 1987/88. The winter was characterized by a relatively large number of rainy days. The relative humidity (RH) in the greenhouses was high (>97%) during most of the day, resulting in long periods of dew persistence. Dew point temperature and duration of dew deposition were calculated for the plant canopy. Disease incidence was monitored in 2-m-high plants, both on senescing female flowers (‘fruits’) and on stems. Multiple linear correlations were calculated for gray mold incidence and duration of air temperature and RH at specific ranges, and of leaf wetness (LW). Disease was characterized by two stages, according to the rate of its development and the microclimatic conditions influencing it. In the first phase of the epidemic a high correlation was found between infected fruits and air temperature in the range of 11–25°C, and RH in the range of 97–100% or LW. In the second phase, disease incidence was better correlated with air temperature in the range of 11–16°C and RH above 85% (R² = 0.681); there was no correlation between disease and LW at this stage. Development of stem infections was correlated with air temperature in the range of 11–16°C during the first phase of the epidemic. By contrast, the second phase was characterized by a close correlation between stem infections and RH in the range of 80–100% but also with air temperature in the range of 11–16°C, or with air temperature in the range of 11–25°C and RH 80–100%, and LW.     

覆膜方式和保水剂对旱作马铃薯光合特性及产量的影响

为了探讨内蒙古阴山北麓地区旱作马铃薯生产中适宜的覆膜种植方式,以马铃薯"克新1号"品种为材料,通过大田小区试验,研究了露地平播(CK)、平作行上覆膜(PZHS)、双垄全膜覆盖沟播(QFM)、起垄覆膜膜侧播种(QLMC)四种不同覆膜方式和保水剂对旱作马铃薯光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,无论施保水剂还是不施保水剂条件下,不同种植方式的马铃薯叶片Pn、Gs、Tr随生育进程的推进均呈先增加后降低的变化,块茎形成期达到最高值,Ci则呈逐渐降低的变化;QLMC、QFM、PZHS三种覆膜方式的马铃薯叶片Pn、Gs、Tr均显著高于CK,Pn较CK分别增加4.5μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、2.6μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、1.2μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),三种覆膜Gs较CK分别增加3.14 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、2.56 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、1.63 mmol·m-2s-1,Tr较CK分别增加0.31 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.21 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.09 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),Ci与之相反,三种覆膜方式均极显著低于对照,且表现为PZHSQFMQLMC,较CK分别低9.92μmol·mol-1、21.23μmol·mol-1、30.31μmol·mol-1;三种覆膜方式的马铃薯产量均高于对照,且均表现为QLMCQFMPZHS,分别较对照增产35.96%、15.99%、15.68%,其中QLMC与CK和PZHS间差异均达到显著水平;同种覆膜方式下,施保水剂较未施保水剂的产量及叶片Pn、Gs、Tr高,但Ci则是未施保水剂的高于施保水剂的。综合分析覆膜方式与马铃薯叶片光合特性及产量的关系,笔者认为,起垄覆膜膜侧播种可作为内蒙古阴山北麓旱作地区马铃薯覆膜种植的首选方式。     

有机无机肥配施对科尔沁沙地衬膜稻田沙土理化特性的影响

有机无机肥配施对培肥地力,提高土壤有机质含量有重要作用。研究有机无机肥配施对沙地衬膜稻田沙土理化性质的影响,旨在为科尔沁沙地衬膜水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。本试验样品采自未开垦沙地(衬膜前沙土)和采用有机无机肥配施1年(A1)、5年(A2)、10年(A3)衬膜稻田的沙土,研究沙地衬膜稻田沙土的物理性质(容重、孔隙度及机械组成)和沙土的化学性质(全量、速效养分及阳离子交换量等)的变化。结果表明:与CK相比,A1、A2和A3处理沙土容重下降了0.63%~3.80%,孔隙度上升了2.15%~7.89%;沙粒(2~0.02 mm)含量下降了1.33%~7.72%,粉粒(0.02~0.002 mm)和粘粒(0.002 mm)含量分别上升了4.44%~21.53%和0.28~1.76倍,其中沙土孔隙度、粉粒和粘粒含量各处理间差异达到了极显著水平(P0.01),沙粒各处理间差异达显著水平(P0.05)。A1、A2和A3处理沙土全氮、全磷和全钾的含量分别比CK处理增加了85.42%、12.00%和27.91%,除CK处理外,各处理间这三项指标之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。衬膜稻田沙土有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和沙土阳离子交换量分别比CK处理增加了0.12~4.06 g·kg~(-1),0.74~3.21 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25~9.21 mg·kg~(-1)、0.11~1.10 mg·kg~(-1)、2.49~16.30 mg·kg~(-1)和0.22~6.31 cmol(+)·kg~(-1),其中有机质和速效磷各处理之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。有机无机肥配施使衬膜稻田沙土有机质、速效养分和全量养分的含量显著增加,CEC含量提高,沙土容重下降,孔隙度上升,土壤颗粒细化(粘化),有机无机肥配施是改良沙土理化性状,提高科尔沁沙地衬膜稻田沙土肥力的有效途径。     

Quantitative approach for the early detection of selection for virulence of Meloidogyne incognita on resistant tomato in plastic greenhouses

Resistant tomato cultivars are an important tool to control Meloidogyne spp., which cause the highest yield losses attributed to plant‐parasitic nematodes. However, the repeated cultivation of Mi resistant cultivars can select virulent populations. In the present study, the susceptible tomato cv. Durinta and the resistant cv. Monika were cultivated from March to July in a plastic greenhouse for 3 years to determine the maximum multiplication rate, maximum nematode density, equilibrium density, relative susceptibility and population growth rate of M. incognita; these were used as proxy indicators of virulence and yield losses. The values of population dynamics and growth rate on the resistant tomato increased year by year and were higher when it was repeatedly cultivated in the same plot compared to when it was alternated with the susceptible cultivar and the level of resistance decreased from very to moderately resistant. The relationship between the nematode density at transplanting (P_i) and the relative yield of tomato fitted to the Seinhorst damage model for susceptible, but not resistant, cultivars. The tolerance limit and the relative minimum yield were 2–4 J2 per 250 cm³ of soil and 0.44–0.48, respectively. The tomato yield did not differ between cultivars at low P_i, but it did at higher P_i values, at which the resistant yielded 50% more than the susceptible. This study demonstrates the utility of population dynamics parameters for the early detection of selection for virulence in Meloidogyne spp., and that three consecutive years were not sufficient to select for a completely virulent population.     

Populations of aphids, whiteflies and associated predators and parasites on different vegetables cultivated in plastic greenhouses

During 1996 and 1997, populations of aphids and whiteflies and their parasites were studied in plastic greenhouses under a chemical control program and in those free of pesticides. In the greenhouses free of pesticides, the parasite A. colemani destroyed 14.7% of the aphids. B. tabaci had no effect on the cucumbers during the spring cultivation. However, it attacked the autumn cultivation. The parasite E. mundus killed 30% of these nymphs. The parasite A. colemani parasitized up to 10% of aphids on tomato plants in greenhouses free of chemical pesticides. The parasite E. mundus killed 15.7% of whitefly nymphs. In greenhouses under a chemical pesticides program, aphids and whiteflies were found on the plants at the end of the plantation season, after the pesticide spraying had stopped. Although the pest population was low, the parasite A. colemani parasitized 8% of the aphid population. Whiteflies were not found on tomato plants in greenhouses under extensive pesticides use.     

Populations of aphids, whiteflies and associated predators and parasites on different vegetables cultivated in plastic greenhouses

During 1996 and 1997, populations of aphids and whiteflies and their parasites were studied in plastic greenhouses under a chemical control program and in those free of pesticides. In the greenhouses free of pesticides, the parasite A. colemani destroyed 14.7% of the aphids. B. tabaci had no effect on the cucumbers during the spring cultivation. However, it attacked the autumn cultivation. The parasite E. mundus killed 30% of these nymphs. The parasite A. colemani parasitized up to 10% of aphids on tomato plants in greenhouses free of chemical pesticides. The parasite E. mundus killed 15.7% of whitefly nymphs.