牛磺酸对虹鳟仔鱼生长、体成分和免疫指标的影响

本试验研究了牛磺酸对虹鳟仔鱼生长、体成分和免疫指标的影响。试验共分4个处理,分别添加0、500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg牛磺酸,试验共进行12周。结果表明:与未添加牛磺酸组相比,12周时添加1 000 mg/kg组体重、体长和平均日增重显著下降(P<0.0 5),饵料系数极显著提高(P<0.0 1)。添加1 5 0 0 mg/kg组体脂肪显著下降(P<0.0 5)。4周时,添加1 000和1 500 mg/kg组提高超氧化物岐化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),但酸性磷酸酶却下降(P<0.05)。添加500(P<0.05)和1 500 mg/kg组(P<0.01)丙二醛也升高。添加牛磺酸各组碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)。12周龄时,添加1 500 mg/kg组显著降低SOD水平(P<0.05),添加1 000和1 500 mg/kg组总抗氧化能力也显著下降(P<0.05),添加牛磺酸各组丙二醛、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶显著下降(P<0.05)。本试验得出,添加500~1 500 mg/kg牛磺酸不能改善虹鳟仔鱼生长性能,但可提高4周时免疫力,但长时间添加(16周)却降低免疫力。     

Acute handling disturbance modulates plasma insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effects of acute stressor exposure on proximal (growth hormone [GH]) and distal (insulin-like growth factor-I [IFG-I] and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins [IFGBPs]) components of the somatotropic axis are poorly understood in finfish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a 5-min handling disturbance to mimic an acute stressor episode, and levels of plasma GH, IGF-I, and IGFBPs at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h post-stressor exposure were measured. An unstressed group was also sampled at the same clock times (09:00, 10:00, 13:00, and 08:00 [the following day]) as acute stress sampling to determine temporal changes in the above somatotropic axis components. The acute stressor transiently elevated plasma cortisol and glucose levels at 1 and 4 h post-stressor exposure, whereas no changes were seen in the unstressed group. Plasma GH levels were not affected by handling stress or sampling time in the unstressed animals. Plasma IGF-I levels were significantly depressed at 1 and 4 h post-stressor exposure, but no discernible temporal pattern was seen in the unstressed animals. Using a western ligand blotting technique, we detected plasma IGFBPs of 21, 32, 42, and 50 kDa in size. The plasma levels of the lower-molecular-weight IGFBPs (21 and 32 kDa) were unaffected by handling stressor, nor were there any discernible temporal patterns in the unstressed animals. By contrast, the higher-molecular-weight IGFBPs (42 and 50 kDa) were affected by stress or time of sampling. Levels of the 42-kDa IGFBP levels significantly decreased over the sampling period in unstressed control animals, but this temporal drop was eliminated in stressed animals. Levels of the 50-kDa IGFBPs also decreased significantly over the sampling time in unstressed trout, whereas handling disturbance transiently increased levels of this IGFBP at 1 h but not at 4 and 24 h post-stressor exposure compared with the control group. Overall, our results suggest that acute stress adaptation involves modulation of plasma IGF-1 and high-molecular-mass IGFBP levels (42 and 50 kDa) in rainbow trout.     

养殖虹鳟与大西洋鲑肉质和营养成分比较研究

试验选取10尾贵州都匀养殖场的虹鳟(1562±32)g和10尾市场出售的挪威大西洋鲑(1856±45 g),采集其背部肌肉,分别进行质构特性及营养成分分析。结果表明:质构特性上,虹鳟肌肉的失水率显著低于大西洋鲑(P<0.05),剪切力显著高于大西洋鲑(P<0.05);常规成分中,虹鳟肌肉的粗脂肪含量显著低于大西洋鲑(P<0.05),二者的粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05);脂肪酸组成上,虹鳟肌肉的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于大西洋鲑(P<0.05),但基于脂肪酸组成获得的饱和度(S/P)、动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)、凝血指数(TI)和降胆固醇/致高血脂比率(HH)等指标无显著性差异(P>0.05);氨基酸组成方面,虹鳟肌肉内的人体必需氨基酸比例显著低于大西洋鲑(P<0.05),鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于大西洋鲑(P<0.05)。结果表明,养殖虹鳟在肉质质构上相比大西洋鲑较“干硬”,且虹鳟肌肉多不饱和脂肪酸和必需氨基酸含量均低于大西洋鲑。     

哈茨木霉的耐镉性及其对狗牙根耐镉能力的影响

为明确耐镉微生物的生物学特性及其对植物耐镉性的影响,并为微生物—植物联合修复重金属污染土壤提供参考,以从湖南株洲清水塘化工厂重金属污染土壤样品筛选鉴定出来的一株耐镉性较强的真菌—哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）为试验材料,研究了其基本生物学特性和对镉胁迫下狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）生长与生理的影响。结果表明:哈茨木霉生长的适宜pH约为7,最大生长量的培养时间约为72 h;哈茨木霉对镉离子的吸附率在镉浓度为100 mg·L^-1时最高,达到63.54%;在镉浓度为0～300 mg·L^-1条件下,哈茨木霉对镉离子的吸附方式主要为细胞壁吸附;在不同镉浓度下,哈茨木霉均能产生吲哚乙酸（Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）;正常培养条件下(镉浓度为0 mg·L^-1时),哈茨木霉产IAA量为30.88μmol·L^-1,镉浓度为300 mg·L^-1时,产IAA量为10.46μmol·L^-1;外源添加哈茨木霉能有效缓解镉胁迫对狗牙根根长的抑制、降低丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量,并有效促进狗牙根对镉离子的吸收。本试验研究结果不仅为镉污染土壤的微生物修复提供重要菌株,同时提供了一种高效的微生物—植物联合修复重金属污染土壤的途径。     

虹鳟Ⅰ型干扰素IFNa原核表达与抗病毒活性分析

为了解重组虹鳟Ⅰ型干扰素(interferon,IFN)IFNa的抗病毒效果,本研究根据NCBI中登录的虹鳟IFNa基因序列(AM489418)设计引物,PCR扩增IFNa基因,并构建重组质粒pET32a(+)-IFNa,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测结果显示,获得的重组IFNa(rIFNa)蛋白以可溶性和包涵体两种形式表达,大小约为35 ku;重组蛋白纯化后经western blot检测,结果显示rIFNa蛋白大小符合预期;通过细胞病变抑制法检测了rIFNa蛋白的抗病毒活性,结果显示rIFNa蛋白的生物活性与其浓度呈正相关关系,抗病毒效价约为1×10~4U/mg。以上结果表明,原核表达的虹鳟rIFNa蛋白具备较好的抗病毒活性。本研究为后续研究rIFNa蛋白作为免疫增强剂抵抗病毒感染奠定了基础。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对镉污染下草地早熟禾种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探究外源缓解剂对草坪草修复镉(Cd)污染土壤效果的影响。本研究以镉为污染物,草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)作为修复草种,茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)为外源缓解剂,设定培养皿和土壤作为培养环境,对草地早熟禾种子萌发、植物体内镉含量和土壤镉含量进行分析。结果表明：发芽实验中,MeJA浓度为50μmol·L^-1时,与单一镉处理相比,发芽率、活力指数分别增加117.39%和492.63%;75μmol·L^-1的MeJA处理较单一镉处理,转移系数和溶液中镉含量分别增加63.33%和23.10%。土壤培养环境中,施用浓度为75μmol·L^-1的MeJA后,较单独镉胁迫,转移系数和根系镉含量分别增加了62.07%和32.45%,富集系数上升97.80%,土壤镉含量最低点出现在MeJA施用浓度为50μmol·L^-1时,较单一镉处理下降23.28%。说明适宜浓度的MeJA可缓解镉对草地早熟禾的损害,提升草地早熟禾对土壤中镉离子的吸附能力。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对镉胁迫下高羊茅生长及生理指标的影响

本研究以镉污染土壤为研究对象,茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)为缓解剂,将高羊茅作为镉污染土壤的修复草种,通过测定高羊茅的相关生理指标、以及植物和土壤中的镉含量,探究MeJA对高羊茅修复镉污染土壤的影响。结果表明,较单一Cd胁迫(100μmol·L^-1),施用MeJA(25～75μmol·L^-1)可使高羊茅的叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和超氧自由基(·O^-₂)含量下降;施用<75μmol·L^-1的MeJA可使高羊茅根系和叶片的镉含量最高上升59.58%和38.64%,且土壤的镉含量最多下降27.49%;50μmol·L^-1的MeJA浓度下,高羊茅根系鲜重及长度增加了136.79%和58.18%,超过此浓度后,高羊茅代谢被影响,植物体对镉吸附能力减弱。说明一定浓度的MeJA可增强高羊茅的生理活性,从而减轻Cd²⁺对高羊茅的损害,进一步加...     

Increasing stocking density causes inhibition of metabolic–antioxidant enzymes and elevates mRNA levels of heat shock protein 70 in rainbow trout

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of stocking density on the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes in liver, muscle, gill and kidney tissues of rainbow trout. Fish were reared at different stocking densities (15 kg/m³, 20 kg/m³, 25 kg/m³ and 30 kg/m³). After adaptation period of 30 days, the experiment was carried out for two months. Stocking density of the control group was 15 kg/m³. Increasing stocking density caused inhibition in the activities of the enzymes except for kidney G6PD and 6PGD. Activity of both pentose phosphate pathway enzymes unexpectedly increased only in kidney whereas inhibition was observed in other tissues. Since the most powerful and gradual attenuation was observed in muscle tissue for all enzymes, we performed quantitative Real Time PCR to examine the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp70) gene in muscle in order to understand whether the decrease in enzyme activities is associated with stress. The mRNA expression data showed that Hsp70 expression levels significantly elevated at 25 kg/m³ and 30 kg/m³ stocking densities. Overall results indicate that increasing stocking density blocks the activity of metabolic and antioxidant enzymes and causes considerable stress in rainbow trout. The most susceptible tissue to increasing stocking density was observed to be the muscle.     

Efficacy of lipopolysaccharide antigen of Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout by intraperitoneal and bath immersion administration

In this study, Intraperitoneal (IP) and bath immersion (BI) vaccine trials were conducted in fish with a mean weight of 6.3 g. Rainbow trout vaccinated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was 50 mg/L protein concentration and challenged by IP injection with 9.8 × 10⁶ cell/ml of Yersinia ruckeri at 45 days post-immunization had a relative percent survival (RPS). To obtain an effective bath immersion vaccine against yersiniosis, LPS preparation was obtained from the Y. ruckeri and with the LPS antigen. After 28 and 60 days vaccinated fish with first and second immunizations by LPS were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with 9.8 × 10⁶ cell/ml of Y. ruckeri for evaluating the mortality rates and calculating the relative percentage of survival (RPS). RPS value of experimental groups, which was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of the control group.     

南京和潍坊猪肉中重金属及部分微量元素含量调查

本试验就南京和潍坊市的农贸市场和大型超市的猪肉进行随机抽样,检测猪肉腿肌中重金属（砷、铅、镉、汞、铬、铜）及部分矿物质微量元素（铁、锰、锌）的含量。结果表明,潍坊的猪肉检测指标均符合我国肉食品中的卫生标准,可以安全食用,但南京部分猪肉中存在一定的铅超标现象,超标率达38．46％;所检猪肉中锰的含量较低,锌的含量较高。     

外源硒对镉胁迫下黑麦草生长和生理的影响

为明确外源硒对重金属镉胁迫下黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）的影响,本研究以一年生黑麦草品种\"杰威\"（Lolium multiflorum ‘Jiewei’）为试验材料,分析了施加0.05、0.1和1.0 mg·L^-1硒对镉胁迫（60 mg·L^-1）下黑麦草株高、根长、电导率（Electrolyte leakage,EL）、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达的影响。结果表明：60 mg·L^-1镉胁迫下黑麦草株高和根长显著（P<0.05）降低,EL和MDA含量显著升高,同时超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性显著升高而过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性显著降低,谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione reductase,GR）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione peroxidase,GPX）、锰超氧化物歧化酶（Manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD）基因表达量显著下调,而过氧化物体抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（Peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase,pAPX）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）基因表达量则显著上升;施加外源硒后,镉胁迫得到缓解,在硒浓度为0.1 mg·L^-1时,株高和根长缓解效果最明显,EL和MDA降低,SOD活性下降以及POD活性上升,抗氧化酶基因表达量也恢复至对照水平,表明施加适宜浓度外源硒可调节抗氧化能力,从而维持细胞膜稳定性和有效缓解镉胁迫对黑麦草的毒害现象,其中硒浓度为0.1 mg·L^-1时效果最好。     

Changes in plasma hormones profile and liver function in cows naturally exposed to lead and cadmium around different industrial areas

The present study was carried out to assess the endocrine status and liver function in adult cows reared in polluted environment around different industrial units in India.The effect on endocrine system was examined by determination of plasma level of thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T4) (n=269) and triidothyronin (T3) (n=269), stress hormone cortisol (n=266), and reproductive hormones such as estradiol (n=84) and progesterone (n=84) in cows (>3 years) reared around different polluted industrial and non-polluted areas.The respective blood lead and cadmium concentration was also determined in all the cows.The mean plasma levels of both T3 and T4 were significantly (P<0.05) higher around lead zinc smelter (2.43+/-0.26 and 41.1+/-2.9nmol/L) and closed lead cum operational zinc smelter (1.81+/-0.16 and 42.4+/-6.2nmol/L), where the mean blood lead level (0.86+/-0.06 and 0.51+/-0.09mug/ml) was also significantly higher than that of cows (0.07+/-0.01mug/ml) from unpolluted areas.Regression analysis of data from 269 cows revealed a significant (P<0.01) positive correlation between the blood lead and plasma T3 (r=0.287) and T4 (r=0.173).The correlation between thyroidal hormones and the blood cadmium concentration (r=-0.079 and -0.48; P>0.05) was not significant.Plasma cortisol level had also a non-significant (P>0.05) correlation (r=-0.092) with blood lead level.However, the mean cortisol level (4.02+/-1.96nmol/L) of cows in phosphate rock mining areas was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of controls (1.98+/-0.70nmol/L). The mean plasma estradiol level was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cows around closed lead cum operational zinc smelter (47.1+/-19.5pg/ml) than that of the control animals (21.8+/-3.9pg/ml) and in rest of the areas, the difference did not reach the statistical significance (P>0.05).The serum biochemical analysis in 36 cows around lead-zinc smelter with the highest mean blood lead level (0.86+/-0.06mug/ml) amongst all the industrial/urban areas surveyed, and in 15 animals from non-polluted areas revealed a significant positive correlation between blood lead and serum ALT (alanine transaminase) (r=0.688, P<0.01) and AST (aspartate transaminase) (r=0.390, P<0.01) and a negative correlation with serum total lipids (r=-0.337, P<0.05), total protein (r=-0.449, P<0.01) and albumin(r=-0.662, P<0.01). It is concluded from the study that the natural exposure to lead in polluted environments disturbs the endocrine profile and the higher blood lead level alters serum biochemical parameters indicative of liver functions.     

重金属胁迫对4种草坪草种子萌发的影响

通过发芽试验探讨Cu2+,Zn2+,pb2+,Cd2+共4种重金属离子胁迫对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)和白三叶(Tri folium repens)种子萌发的影响,旨在为重金属污染土壤中草坪草种植的适宜性研究提供参考.结果表明:草地早熟禾对各重金属离子抗性较差,其相对发芽率均显著低于对照(P＜0.05),其中Cu2+浓度为400 mg·L-1时(土壤环境质量3级标准)已达致死剂量;多年生黑麦草对4种重金属离子表现出不同程度的抗性,虽然其相对发芽率均显著低于对照(P＜0.05),但仍有大部分种子顺利发芽;高羊茅在Zn2+为1100mg·L-1处理下其相对发芽率达102.08％,显著高于对照(P＜0.05),且各处理下其相对发芽率变化趋势与多年生黑麦草类似;白三叶除对Cd2+抗性较强外,对其余3种重金属离子抗性均较差;4种草坪草相对发芽率均随处理浓度升高而逐渐降低.重金属离子对胚根的抑制作用高于胚芽.4种草坪草种发芽指数和活力指数均有随着重金属离子浓度升高而逐渐降低的趋势,且多数处理下均显著低于对照(P＜0.05),说明重金属离子对种子萌发和活力有较大影响.     

铜尾矿对五种牧草生长情况的影响

通过盆栽实验,分析了铜尾矿对五种牧草生长发育和重金属抗性的影响。结果表明,百喜草、狗牙根、苇状羊茅能在铜尾矿上正常生长,实验草种的优劣势比较结果依次为:百喜草1.00>狗牙根0.98>苇状羊茅0.85>黑麦草0.73>苏丹草0.55。百喜草、狗牙根、苇状羊茅被认为是铜尾矿植被恢复与重建的优良先锋草种,并具有较强的重金属抗性。