Effects of nitrogen management on the ratoon crop yield and head rice yield in South USA

Ratoon rice cropping is an important component of the rice cropping system in Texas and south Louisiana, USA, and expanded to Asian countries in 1970. Two field studies were conducted with widely planted rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars at Eagle Lake, Texas, USA to determine the effects of nitrogen(N) management in main(first) crop(MC) and ratoon(second) crop(RC) on RC yield. In 2012 and 2013, one cultivar(Presidio) was adopted to determine the effects of RC N management on ratoon yield and head rice yield. In 2016 and 2017, CL153, CL163 and CL272 in addition to Presidio were adopted to examine the effect of MC N management on ratoon yield and head rice yield. N applied at preflood after MC harvest considerably improved RC yield. Application of 99 kg N ha–1 at preflood after MC harvest was practically adequate for RC regrowth, development and approaching the yield potential for Presidio. RC could produce quite high average grain yields of 5.90 to 6.53 t ha–1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Main crop N rate only significantly affected MC yield; however, given N applied of 99 kg ha–1 at preflood after MC harvest, ratoon yield was not significantly affected by MC N rate. Neither the main nor ratoon crop N management had a significant effect on RC head rice yield. Considerable RC head rice yields(55–65%) were observed in all of the four cultivars and 4 years except for CL272 in 2016. These results indicat that without very high N fertilizer application, rice ratoon crop could produce a considerable grain yield and an expectative head rice yield. Rice ratooning could be a practical way to increase rice yields with the minimal input in south Texas and regions with a similar climate.     

Factors Affecting Yield and Yield Components of Main and Ratoon Rice: A Review

Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop.Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors.These factors include varieties selection,water management,fertilizer management,stubble height,plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review,we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice.Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection.Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases.Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice.Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice.Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield.It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently,the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased.There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.     

Factors Affecting Yield and Yield Components of Main and Ratoon Rice:A Review

Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop. Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors. These factors include varieties selection, water management,fertilizer management, stubble height, plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review, we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice. Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection. Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases. Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice. Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice. Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield. It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently, the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased. There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.     

Optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer in the main rice crop and its carrying-over effect on ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China

This study attempted to clarify the carrying-over effect of different nitrogen treatments applied to the main crop on the crop population growth and yield formation of ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China.  Based on the constant total nitrogen application amounts (225.00 kg ha^–1) in the main crop, an experiment with different ratios of basal and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer (the ratio of basal fertilizer:primary tillering fertilizer:secondary tillering fertilizer:booting fertilizer at 3:1:2:4 (N1), 3:2:1:4 (N2), 3:3:0:4 (N3), and 4:3:0:3 (N4), respectively, and a control without nitrogen treatment (N0)) was set up across two consecutive years in field using hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 as the test materials.  The results showed that the total tiller number and effective tillering percentage increased in the main crop under the N1 treatment, more nitrogen fertilizer applied in late growth stage of the main crop, and its effective tillering percentage of the main crop was the highest at up to 70.18%, which was 9.15% higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment (N4), more nitrogen fertilizer applied in early growth stage of the main crop.  The same tendency was observed in leaf area index (LAI) value of the main crop and its subsequent ratoon rice, which were 16.52 and 29.87% higher, respectively, in the N1 treatment than that in the N4 treatment at the full heading stage.  The same was true in the case of the transport rates of stem and sheath dry mater and the canopy light interception rates in both the main and its ratoon crops.  The transport rate of stem and sheath in main crop rice under N1 treatment increased by 50.57% compared with N4 treatment.  The canopy light interception rate of N1 treatment increased by 5.07% compared with N4 treatment at the full heading stage of the ratoon crop.  Therefore, the total actual yield was the highest in the main and its ratoon crops under N1 treatment, averaging 17 351.23 kg ha^–1 in two-year trials, which was 23.00% higher than that in the conventional fertilization treatment (N4).  The results showed that appropriate nitrogen treatment was able to produce a good crop stand in the main crop, which was essential for producing a good ratoon crop population and high yield especially under mechanized cultivation with low stubble height of the main crop.  The study suggested that shifting the proper nitrogen application amounts to the late growth stage of the main crop, such as N1 treatment, not only had a higher productive effect on ensuring the yield of the main crop, but also had a positive effect on the axillary bud sprouts from the stubbles for ratoon rice, resulting in an increased percentage of productive panicles and achieving the goal of one planting with two good harvests under the conditions of our study.     

中国再生稻的产量差及影响因素

【目的】阐明再生稻的产量差及影响因素,为揭示其生产潜力和制定高产高效栽培措施提供科学依据。【方法】从中国知网和Web of Science两个数据库,分别以“再生稻产量、品种、施肥、种植密度、留桩高度、种植方式和收割方式”和“ratoon rice,variety,fertilizer and China”为关键词检索,共收集目标文献119篇。总结再生稻头季、再生季和两季总的产量潜力和产量差,通过分析品种、施肥、种植密度、留桩高度、种植方式和收割方式对再生稻产量的影响,阐明再生稻产量差的影响因素及缩小产量差的途径。【结果】当前我国再生稻头季、再生季和两季总的产量潜力分别为11.65、6.90和17.10 t·hm ^-2,总样本平均产量仅分别实现了产量潜力的71%、53%和68%。籼稻和杂交稻的再生稻产量分别比粳稻和常规稻增产24%—19%和18%—8%;头季的最优施肥量约为N 168 kg·hm ^-2,P₂O₅ 123 kg·hm ^-2,K₂O 124 kg·hm ^-2;再生季的最优施肥量约为N 145 kg·hm ^-2,P₂O₅ 50 kg·hm ^-2,K₂O 200 kg·hm ^-2。再生稻头季的适宜种植密度为22.4—29.1万穴/hm ²;适宜留桩高度为40—50 cm;手栽种植利于再生季产量的提高因而总产量也最大;人工收割比机械收割的再生季产量高12%,虽然机种机收会减少产量,但差异不显著。【结论】我国再生稻头季、再生季及两季总产量的增产潜力分别为3.38、3.27和5.41 t·hm ^-2。合适的品种、肥料管理、种植密度、留桩高度、种植和收割方式可以缩小产量差,其中品种以籼稻和杂交稻为主;优化施肥量可以使头季和再生季分别增产9%和22%,优化种植密度则分别增产8%和17%;适宜的留桩高度为40—50 cm;机种机收更符合轻简化现代农业的需求。     

不同品种和栽培条件对再生稻产量及其构成因素的影响

探索不同品种和不同栽培因素综合对再生稻产量及其构成因素的影响,为提高再生稻产量水平的最优栽培模式提供理论依据,采用L_9(3~4)正交设计原理,研究不同品种、不同留桩高度、不同促芽肥施用量3个因素对再生稻头季、再生季及年产量及其产量构成因素的综合影响。结果表明:无论对头季、再生季还是年产量,品种、留桩高度和促芽肥施用量三因素的最优组合为两优616、留桩高度为10cm、促芽肥为140kg·hm-2,可获得高产;对再生稻年产量的影响顺序为:品种留桩高度促芽肥,品种对产量起最主要的作用;对头季稻产量的影响顺序为品种促芽肥留桩高度,最主要的影响是品种;在再生季,对有效穗和穗粒数的影响程度顺序为品种留桩高度促芽肥,而对千粒重和结实率的影响程度为品种促芽肥留桩高度。综合来看,在本试验范围内,品种两优616、留桩高度10cm、促芽肥140kg·hm-2的组合有利于再生稻获得高产。     

留桩节位与母叶对再生稻生长发育的影响

本文探讨了头季稻收获时保留的母茎节数与母叶数对再生稻生长发育与产量形成的影响．结果表明：在同样保留例二节上休眠芽的情况下，保留母茎到叶或倒二叶和倒一节可以增加母茎的干物重和营养物质贮藏量，因而可以减少头季稻收获后再生芽的死亡率，促进再生芽的萌发，增加发南数。相应地也使再生稻育效德数有所增加．但发苗期延长．迟发苗和弱苗增多，加之母叶与倒一节的严重荫蔽作用，使再生稻株生长发育较差，结实率、稳实粒数和千粒重均降低．产量不高。在去除倒二节后的第三节再生芽较保留了第二节的发苗多、生长好、有效稳增加、结实率、德实粒数和千粒重提高，在去除了第三节后的第四节再生芽也表现同样趋势，表明再生芽的萌发生长也具有顶端优势现象。再生稻产量以去掉第一节保留第二节的最高。     

头季氮肥不同施用量对再生稻生长发育及产量的影响

以天优华占为材料,头季设置5个氮肥水平(N0:0kg·hm~(-2)、N1:69.00kg·hm~(-2)、N2:138.00kg·hm~(-2)、N3:207.00kg·hm~(-2)、N4:276.00kg·hm~(-2)),再生季统一施用氮肥160.50kg·hm~(-2),研究其对再生稻头季光合物质生产、两季产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥增加头季分蘖数和干物质积累,促进贮藏物质向籽粒的转运,过量施用氮肥会降低氮素农学利用效率。与N0处理相比,施用氮肥处理头季产量增加了12.12%~23.35%,N3处理最高。穗数随氮肥用量增加而增加,穗粒数则先增加后减少。再生季产量N4处理较0kg·hm~(-2)氮肥处理减少4.73%,其余处理产量增加1.61%~5.54%。再生季产量结构表现为穗数随头季氮肥增加呈减少趋势,穗粒数逐渐增加。试验表明,在福建中部山区条件下,天优华占再生季施用氮肥160.50kg·hm~(-2)条件下,头季氮肥用量为174.12kg·hm~(-2)最佳,可以充分发挥头季产量潜力,同时对再生季产量无显著影响,实现两季高产目标。     

伏旱期土壤水分对再生稻的影响

高温伏旱期，再生稻头季稻齐穗后１５天排水，稻株冠层和２／３高处的日均温和相对湿度呈极显著相关，收后稻桩冠层的也然。在伏旱期，稻田土壤水分随排水期提早和土层深度降低而减少，土壤干旱，有机质，ｐＨ值和全Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ均较有水田低。齐穗后１５天排水的茎秆绿叶数少。粒重和结实率下降，产量较低，活芽短，但早熟，稻米的蛋白质含量增加，倒５节的活芽较其他处理和对照的长，再生稻的成苗率，成穗率，活芽利用率和穗茎比低。     

High quality and high efficiency fertilization of rice

正Rice (Oryza sativa L.), one essential staple cereal, feeds over 60%of the world’s population (FAO 2020). As the global population grows, improving rice yield becomes an effective strategy to achieve food security (Deng et al. 2019).The use of chemical fertilizer, especially N fertilizer,has historically played a critical role in the growth of rice yield (Zhang et al. 2015; Wood et al. 2020). However,     

杂交中稻齐穗后叶片SPAD值衰减对再生力的影响

 【目的】探明影响再生力的主作关键植株性状,为杂交水稻及其再生稻的高产育种与栽培提供参考。【方法】以18个杂交中稻品种为材料,在大田高产栽培条件下,通过相关、回归与通径分析,研究了杂交中稻植株性状与再生力关系及主作和再生总体高产组合的穗粒结构。【结果】活芽率、发苗力、再生稻有效穗和产量4个性状是代表品种再生力的关键因子,增加有效穗是进一步提高再生稻产量的重要途径;穗粒数、叶颖花比、叶粒数比、叶粒重比、LAI衰减指数和SPAD值衰减指数分别与活芽率、发苗力、再生稻有效穗和产量呈显著或极显著相关,其中仅有头季稻齐穗期至成熟期叶片SPAD值衰减指数对活芽率、发苗力、再生稻有效穗和产量的偏相关均达显著以上水平;同一个组合同时实现头季稻和再生稻均分别达到最高产量的可能性小,两季总产同时满足理论产量达11.5 t?hm-2和产量潜力达14 t?hm-2的高产组合的主作群体主要特征最佳取值范围：穗粒数为160～190粒,叶粒重比0.0737～0.0827 cm2?mg-1、SPAD值衰减指数0.4029～0.5409、有效穗232.12万～249.40万/hm2、结实率81.54%～85.74%、千粒重28.58～30.07 g、单穗重4.13～4.43 g。【结论】再生稻进一步高产的主攻目标是增加有效穗,头季稻齐穗到成熟叶片SPAD值衰减指数可作为鉴定再生力的新指标,中等偏大穗品种是中稻-再生稻总体高产的重要特征。     

不同播栽方式下杂交籼稻非结构性碳水化合物与枝梗和颖花形成及产量性状的关系

【目的】研究播栽方式对杂交籼稻非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）积累与分配及对枝梗和颖花分化与退化的影响,并探明穗分化期NSC代谢与枝梗及颖花分化与退化的关系及抽穗后NSC积累与产量构成的关系。【方法】在前2年试验的基础上,于2014年采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了3种播栽方式（机直播、机插和手插）下2个杂交籼稻组合（宜香优2115和F优498）抽穗前和抽穗后植株NSC积累与分配、稻穗不同部位枝梗和颖花分化与退化的规律及差异。【结果】（1）穗分化期NSC的竞争茎鞘较幼穗有明显优势;机插在抽穗期茎鞘贮藏了较多NSC,在籽粒灌浆结实期茎鞘向籽粒高效输送较多的NSC,使其成熟期穗部获得较高的NSC积累量。（2）各播栽方式的枝梗分化及退化差异主要是二次枝梗现存数及退化率、三次枝梗分化数;机插的二次枝梗分化数及现存数、二次颖花分化数及现存数较高,从而有较高的总枝梗数和总颖花数;二次枝梗和一次颖花的退化主要分别发生在穗的下部和上部;二次枝梗分化数和二次颖花退化数均为下部＞中部＞上部;二次颖花分化数为中部＞下部＞上部;机插的下部、中部、上部二次颖花现存数均高于手插和机直播;（3）抽穗前12 d和抽穗前4 d及抽穗期茎鞘较高的NSC贮藏量不利于幼穗枝梗和颖花的分化与退化,而抽穗前16 d至抽穗前8 d幼穗NSC积累量与大多数颖花性状呈显著或极显著正相关,是决定大穗形成的关键时期;抽穗后NSC分配主要是通过影响叶片和穗部NSC分配从而影响产量;枝梗及颖花性状与产量关系密切,千粒重和单位面积有效穗均与枝梗及颖花性状呈显著或极显著负相关,而每穗粒数、结实率及产量与枝梗及颖花性状呈显著或极显著正相关;（4）F优498较宜香优2115有更高的茎鞘NSC转运率及对穗部的贡献率,且其大多数枝梗及颖花性状显著或极显著高于宜香优2115,F优498的每穗粒数和结实率极显著高于宜香优2115,相应产量也较高。【结论】不同播栽方式下NSC积累与分配及枝梗和颖花分化与退化有较大差异,且品种间差异较大,机插配合大穗型品种有更高的增产潜力。     

全履带式再生稻收割机行走底盘碾压率的模拟与分析

为减少全履带式再生稻收割机收获再生稻头季时行走底盘对留桩的碾压率(履带碾压面积与收割面积的比值),以利于提高再生季水稻产量、并改善再生季稻米品质,基于履带式车辆设计理论,以割幅Z、轨距B、履带接地长度L、履带宽度b、转向半径R0、底盘中心轴线与割台割刀纵向距离X为影响因素,建立了全履带式再生稻收割机行走底盘结构模型及其田间直行转弯碾压模型,以种植行距i,株距c,穴径br的水稻为对象,对上述各参数对碾压率的影响规律进行了分析,结果表明,其他参数相同条件下,直行时,碾压率δ1随割幅Z与履带宽度b的比值增加而减小;转弯时,全履带式再生稻收割机碾压率δ2随转向角度θ增大而减小,随转向半径R0的增大而减小;碾压率不受底盘中心轴线与割台割刀纵向距离X的影响;轨距B以及割幅Z与轨距B之差为行距和株距的公倍数时有利于减少碾压率;在相同接地比压条件下,割幅Z增加有利于减少碾压率。为减少碾压率,全履带式再生稻收割机结构设计时,在满足接地比压前提下,应减少履带宽度b和接地长度L,增大割幅Z,轨距B取行距和株距的公倍数,割幅Z与轨距B之差为行距和株距的最小公倍数,采用回转式行走路径;结合田块形状与面积,优先选用较大转向半径R0;在农艺上,建议水稻种植行距与株距有整数倍关系。     

再生稻和双季稻田CH4排放对比研究

【目的】 为了探索生态可持续的稻作模式,对比研究了长江中下游地区双季稻和再生稻稻作模式的产量潜力和CH₄排放特征,以此为选取绿色、生态经济可持续的稻作模式提供科学依据。【方法】 于2017—2018年依托湖南省益阳市大通湖区宏硕生态农业农机合作社科研基地,设置了双季稻和再生稻2种模式,对比分析了产量潜力、稻田生育期间CH₄排放动态和稻田生态系统CH₄季节性累积排放规律以及评估了单位产量稻田CH₄排放。【结果】 试验期间,从产量方面来看,双季稻早稻产量为7.37 t·hm ^-2,再生稻头季产量为8.84 t·hm ^-2,头季相比早稻增产19.95%。双季稻晚稻产量为6.82 t·hm ^-2,再生稻再生季产量为3.39 t·hm ^-2,再生季相比晚稻减产50.29%。综合两季,双季稻总产量为14.19 t·hm ^-2,再生稻总产量为12.22 t·hm ^-2;从生育期间CH₄排放动态来看,双季稻在分蘖期和齐穗期左右排放较强峰值,再生稻除了在分蘖期和齐穗期有较强的排放以外,其在施用促芽肥时也出现了小峰值。但总体双季稻的排放范围（- 0.06—1.30 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1）要高于再生稻的排放范围（- 0.01—0.70 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1）;从稻田CH₄季节性累积排放来看,双季稻CH₄累积排放要高于再生稻。再生稻头季累积排放范围在23.90—266.59kg·hm ^-2,再生季累积排放范围在0.00—46.14 kg·hm ^-2。双季稻早稻季节累积排放范围在为35.57—251.29kg·hm ^-2,晚稻季节累积排放范围在为10.74—321.59 kg·hm ^-2。双季稻CH₄季节累积排放A-B（两叶一心至分蘖后期）段>B-C（分蘖后期至齐穗期）段>C-D（齐穗期至成熟期）段,且全生育期双季稻累积排放达922.35 kg·hm ^-2。再生稻CH₄累积排放B-C段>A-B段>C-D段,且全生育期CH₄累积排放为609.74 kg·hm ^-2,即相比对照双季稻,再生稻CH₄累积排放降低了33.89%;最后通过评估单位产量CH₄排放可知,早稻单位产量CH₄排放为0.069 kg·kg ^-1,头季单位产量CH₄排放为0.062 kg·kg ^-1,头季相比早稻减少了10.14%;晚稻单位产量CH₄排放为0.061 kg·kg ^-1,再生季单位产量CH₄排放为0.018 kg·kg ^-1,再生季相比晚稻降低了70.49%。综合两季,双季稻单位产量CH₄排放为0.065 kg·kg ^-1,再生稻单位产量CH₄排放为0.050 kg·kg ^-1,再生稻相比双季稻降低了23.08%。 【结论】 从单位产量下CH₄排放角度来看,在长江中下游双季稻的主产区扩大种植再生稻是为良策。     

道县中稻-再生稻高产栽培模式研究初报

以Y两优9918和晶两优华占2个水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同水稻品种进行中稻-再生稻高产栽培时头季稻、再生稻的生育期、产量和经济效益的变化。结果表明:在中稻-再生稻高产栽培模式下,2个水稻品种水稻生育期均无明显差异;头季稻产量以Y两优9918较高,达545.88 kg/667m~2;再生季水稻产量以晶两优华占较高,达254.53 kg/667m~2。两季水稻,以Y两优9918的经济效益较高,为910.37元/667m~2。总的来说,选择Y两优9918水稻品种开展中稻-再生稻栽培模式能获得较高的经济效益,具有一定的应用前景。     

头季稻收割前施促芽肥对再生稻出苗及产量的影响试验

为充分利用一季中稻地区的光温资源,提高复种指数,增产增收,以超级稻中浙优1号为材料,进行了头季稻收割前不同时期施用促芽肥对再生稻出苗及产量的影响试验。结果表明,在头季稻收割前8～12 d施促芽肥（尿素,225 kg/ha）对再生稻出苗及产量有一定的促进作用,以收割前12 d施用促芽肥出苗最快,生育期长（69 d）,有效穗数300.9万穗/ha、每穗总粒数84.13粒、每穗实粒数71.83粒、结实率85.38%和产量5208.89 kg/ha等性状均最高,可在一季中稻区推广应用。     

Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes

Biochar is considered as a beneficial soil amendment for crop production. However, limited information is available on the effects of continuous applications of biochar on rice. In this study, a fixed field experiment was conducted in the early and late rice-growing seasons from 2015 to 2017. Grain yield and yield attributes with a widely-grown rice cultivar Zhongzao 39 were compared, with and without applications of biochar in each season. The results showed that grain yield initially decreased with biochar applications in the first three seasons due to decreases in grain weight and harvest index. Although there were further relative decreases in grain weight and harvest index for rice that was supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons, grain yield was increased(by 4–10%) because of increases in sink size(spikelets per m2) and total biomass. The increased sink size in rice whose soil had been supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons was achieved by increasing panicle size(spikelets per panicle) or number of panicles, or both. Our study suggests that the positive effects of biochar application on rice yield and yield attributes depend on the duration of biochar application. Further investigations are needed to determine what are the soil and physiological processes for producing yield responses associated with ongoing applications of biochar. Also, it should be evaluated the performance of biochar application combined with other management practices, especially those can increase the grain weight and harvest index in rice production.     

Approaches to achieve high grain yield and high resource use efficiency in rice

This article discusses approaches to simultaneously increase grain yield and resource use efficiency in rice. Breeding nitrogen efficient cultivars without sacrificing rice yield potential, improving grain fill in later-flowering inferior spikelets and enhancing harvest index are three important approaches to achieving the dual goal of high grain yield and high resource use efficiency. Deeper root distribution and higher leaf photosynthetic N use efficiency at lower N rates could be used as selection criteria to develop N-efficient cultivars. Enhancing sink activity through increasing sugar-spikelet ratio at the heading time and enhancing the conversion efficiency from sucrose to starch though increasing the ratio of abscisic acid to ethylene in grains during grain fill could effectively improve grain fill in inferior spikelets. Several practices, such as post-anthesis controlled soil drying, an alternate wetting and moderate soil drying regime during the whole growing season, and non-flooded straw mulching cultivation, could substantially increase grain yield and water use efficiency, mainly via enhanced remobilization of stored carbon from vegetative tissues to grains and improved harvest index. Further research is needed to understand synergistic interaction between water and N on crop and soil and the mechanism underlying high resource use efficiency in high-yielding rice.     

再生稻产量形成特点与关键调控技术研究进展

发展再生稻是充分利用秋季光热资源,提高稻田产出效益的一条重要途经。根据已报道资料,结合笔者20余年的研究结果,综述了再生稻产量形成特点及关键调控技术研究进展。主要内容包括:（1）头季稻中上部节的再生穗抽穗期比下部抽穗早、着生叶片数少、出叶速度快、生育期短、穗子小、成穗率和结实率较高。头季稻抽穗后光合物质主要供给穗部籽粒灌浆结实,分配给再生芽生长利用的光合物质极少,是齐穗后大量再生芽开始死亡的机理所在;改善头季稻抽穗期间植株行间的光照条件对再生芽生长的促进作用,必须在一定光合物质供给基础上才能显现。头季稻齐穗后品种间再生力取决于头季稻的叶粒比,强再生力品种头季稻单位颖花的绿叶面积占有量较大,其光合产物满足头季稻高产之后剩余量较多,对再生稻高产提供了重要的物质基础,杂交组合间再生力与穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。（2）水稻品种再生力可分为4级,头季稻及再生稻两季高产品种的库源特征：穗粒数160-190粒、叶粒重比0.0737-0.0827 cm²·mg^-1、有效穗232.12-249.40万/hm²、结实率81.54%-85.74%、千粒重28.58-30.07 g、单穗重4.13-4.43 g。（3）促芽肥提高再生力的作用,是通过施氮延缓了头季稻生长后期绿叶衰老速度,提高母茎叶片全氮含量及其净光合速率,增加叶片当时的光合产物向头季稻穗部输入比例,减少先期贮藏于母茎鞘中光合产物向穗部输入量,相对地提高了母茎鞘干物重而增强再生力。促芽肥对再生稻的作用效果在品种间的表现不尽相同,头季稻穗粒数较多的大穗型品种要提早施用促芽肥并增加施用量,才能获得较高的再生稻产量。利用杂交中稻齐穗期剑叶叶绿素计读数（SPAD值）可预测再生稻促芽肥高效施用量;通过防治纹枯病保护头季稻基部叶片和适度烤田提高根系活力,是再生稻高产的重要保证;头季稻收获期的成熟度与再生力呈极显著正相关,以头季稻完熟期再生芽开始破鞘现青时收割头季稻为宜,留桩高度以保留倒2节并高出5-7 cm处割苗即可。（4）针对目前再生稻生产上存在的主要制约因素,即再生稻开花期的低温危害、再生稻大面积产量不平衡和机械收获头季稻对再生稻生产的不利影响,提出了相应的对策与解决途经。（5）提出再生稻理论与技术的研究重点,包括“生态与农艺措施对头季稻后期冠层性状与再生芽生长的多因素互作机制”、“头季稻收割后再生芽停滞于母茎鞘中的原因及其调控途径”、“提高再生稻氮肥利用效率的技术途径”和“适应机械插秧与机械收割的杂交水稻-再生稻配套技术”4个方面。     

促芽肥施用时期对杂交中稻再生力的影响

以K优 5号为材料 ,研究了促芽肥施用时期与杂交中稻再生力关系。结果表明 :促芽肥对再生芽生长的作用从头季稻齐穗后 10d左右开始显现 ;从头季稻齐穗至成熟 ,促芽肥施用时期越早越有利于提高再生力 ,以头季稻齐穗期施肥为佳 ,提早促芽肥施用时期对提高再生力的效果与母茎营养状况有关 ,当母茎营养状况过好或极差时 ,其作用效果极小