鱼类病毒性神经坏死病研究现状

鱼类病毒性神经坏死病是近年来严重危害海水鱼类,引起暴发性流行的重大病害之一。目前,已知受神经坏死病毒感染的鱼类达40多种。该病毒包括4 种血清型,即红鳍东方鲀神经坏死病毒、拟鲹神经坏死病毒、条斑星鲽神经坏死病毒、赤点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒。患病鱼常表现出游泳异常,身体失去平衡等典型神经性疾病症状。病理组织学观察可见中枢神经系统特别是脑和视网膜出现严重的坏死、空泡化。病毒可通过垂直和水平两种途径传播。关于病毒的命名、感染机制及其防治还需深入研究。     

草鱼、鲤鱼源嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定与耐药性检测

正嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonashydrophila)隶属气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),该菌在自然界中分布较广,且多存在于水生动物体内。嗜水气单胞菌可引起鱼类急性出血性败血症,是我国流行较广泛的一种人、畜及水生动物共患的条件致病菌,是淡水养殖鱼类爆发传染病的主要病原菌之一,给水产养殖业造成很大的经济损失[1-2],也可引起人的败血症、脑膜炎、肠炎等[3]。早在1891年就有因嗜水气单胞菌感染导致蛙"红腿     

鲑甲病毒的传入风险评估

目前我国尚未有发现鲑甲病毒(SAV)感染的相关报道。如果SAV随进口贸易的鱼类进入我国,会给我国的水产养殖业造成很大的损失。为了保障我国水产养殖业的健康发展,针对进境水生动物种类开展了SAV跨境传播的风险评估,并提出了科学的风险管理措施。综合风险分析认为,我国传入SAV的主要威胁是来自疫区的活的大西洋鲑、褐鳟鱼和虹鳟,其次是冰冻和冰鲜的大西洋鲑、褐鳟鱼和虹鳟。建议对活的、冰冻和冰鲜的易感鱼类以及用做鲜活饵料的鱼类,禁止从疫区进口;鱼肉、加工后的制品以及其它非易感鱼类是低风险的,可以自由贸易;对运输活鱼的水、包装等要进行强制常规消毒,无需检测。     

水生呼肠孤病毒基因组研究进展

水生呼肠孤病毒隶属于呼肠孤病毒科水生呼肠孤病毒属,可感染多种淡水或海水水生动物并造成不同程度危害,严重影响了水产养殖业健康发展。水生呼肠孤病毒基因组为分11个节段的双链RNA,推测编码12种结构多肽。论文综述了近年来水生呼肠孤病毒基因组序列测定及其应用的研究进展,为进一步了解水生呼肠孤病毒基因组的多样性,推测其编码蛋白的功能及检测方法的建立,基因工程疫苗的研制,以及抗病毒研究提供借鉴和参考。     

浅析犬瘟热的诊治

犬瘟热是犬瘟热病毒（CDV）引起的一种高度接触性传染病,该病毒可以感染所有的犬科,鼬科和獾熊科动物,病死率达30％～80％,犬瘟热病毒为副粘病毒科,麻疹病毒属,其发病率高,几乎达到100％,且临床症状多样,容易继发其他细菌,病毒的混合感染和二次感染,素有“毁灭性传染病”之称。对养殖业,毛皮动物养殖业造成巨大损失。     

水生动物疫病防治存在的问题及应对策略

正随着人们生活水平的提高,水生产品也成为我们饭桌上的常见食品,而水生动物疫病会对人类造成不可避免的伤害。我国的水产养殖业早就取得了很大的发展,但也存在着一些问题。其中最主要的是水生动物疫病防治。水生动物疫病不仅会使我国的水产养殖业的生产率下降,也会对人们的健康构成危害,尤其是那些水生动物与人类共患的疾病,如寄生虫病等。因此水产养殖业人员应该了解和分析水生动物疫病的特点,制定出相应的解决措施。     

浅析犬瘟热的诊治

犬瘟热是犬瘟热病毒(CDV)引起的一种高度接触性传染病,该病毒可以感染所有的犬科,鼬科和獾熊科动物,病死率达30%～80%,犬瘟热病毒为副粘病毒科,麻疹病毒属,其发病率高,几乎达到100%,且临床症状多样,容易继发其他细菌,病毒的混合感染和二次感染,素有"毁灭性传染病"之称.对养殖业,毛皮动物养殖业造成巨大损失.     

犬瘟热疫苗研究进展

犬瘟热（CD）是由副粘病毒科麻疹病毒属的犬瘟热病毒（CDV）引起的犬科、鼬科、猫科等多种动物感染的1种急性、高度接触性传染病。本病主要侵害动物的呼吸系统、消化系统以及神经系统,具有较高的发病率和致死率,其自然感染宿主已不断扩大到多种陆生和水生动物。CD呈世界性流行,     

犬瘟热的流行及发病特点

犬瘟热（CD）是由犬瘟热病毒（CDV）感染引起的急性、高度接触性传染病。犬瘟热病毒在分类上属于副粘病毒科,是单股的RNA病毒,外面有一脂蛋白囊膜。犬瘟热病毒的自然宿主是犬科动物和鼬科动物。感染犬临床表现为呼吸道和消化道症状,也常见神经症状。本病在世界范围内流行,是当前世界养犬业乃至毛皮动物养殖业和野生动物保护方面危害最大的疾病之一。     

基因芯片检测鱼类病毒的方法建立与优化

本研究建立并优化了一种基因芯片检测方法,可以同步检测7种重要的海水养殖鱼类病毒（淋巴囊肿病毒、细胞肿大病毒属虹彩病毒、赤点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒、传染性造血器官坏死病毒、传染性胰脏坏死病毒、病毒性出血败血症病毒、传染性鲑贫血病毒）。该基因芯片包含10条病毒特异性的寡核苷酸探针（25~30 mer）分别与病毒的CP、N、VP5、G、NS、MA等基因位点互补。将各病毒基因探针以50% DMSO稀释至20μmol/L,使用PersonalArrayer 16个人点样仪在醛基修饰玻片上点样,然后与Cy3标记的扩增产物在47℃条件下杂交1.5 h,最后在LuxScan 10K扫描仪上采集荧光信号、判断检测结果。初步应用表明,该基因芯片检测方法具有良好的特异性和可靠性,在鱼类病毒高通量检测技术领域有广泛的应用前景。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.