Effect of milk protein concentrate on lipid oxidation and formation of fishy volatiles in herring mince (Clupea harengus) during frozen storage

The effect of milk protein concentrate (MPC) at 0, 2, 4, and 6% on lipid oxidation and volatile formation in frozen stored herring mince (-18 degrees C) was evaluated by analyzing samples at 0, 2, and 4 months for fatty acid composition, volatiles, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Sensory evaluation was also conducted to assess the intensity of fishy odor, and the volatiles were analyzed using static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHGC-MS). The addition of 4 and 6% MPC to herring mince resulted in a 33% and 50% reduction of TBARS, respectively, at month 4 and lessened the intensity of fishy odor throughout storage. However, MPC did not protect fatty acids from enzymatic degradation unless it was added immediately after mincing. Volatile analysis using SHGC-MS showed that 4% MPC was able to reduce headspace volatiles associated with fishy odor. MPC is most effective for reducing 4-heptenal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-hexenal, and 1-penten-3-ol, which are known to be potent odorants associated with lipid oxidation.     

Analysis of the peptide profile of milk and its changes during thermal treatment and storage

In this study a new method was developed for analysis of the low molecular weight protein fraction of milk, allowing a simple and fast overview of the peptide profile of various milk samples. For this purpose, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) was coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). By this technique, two major peptides in milk could be identified as fragments of alpha-s1-casein. During heat treatment of raw milk, five new peptides were generated, the origin of which could be assigned to the casein fraction. Storage experiments with extended shelf life milk at 4 degrees C did not show any changes in the peptide profile, whereas in ultra high temperature milk stored at room temperature, one peptide increased significantly, which was identified as the N-terminus of alpha-s1-casein. The peptide was assumed to be formed in an enzymatic reaction, which was confirmed in a storage experiment with sterilized milk. Analyses of different commercially available milk samples confirmed the results obtained with the heated and stored milk. Furthermore, differences in the peptide profiles of the samples, probably due to different cow breeds or lactation stages, were observed. These results establish IMAC prior to MALDI-TOF-MS as a valid tool for the rapid analysis of the peptide profile of milk.     

宏基因组学探究原料乳冷藏过程菌群变化规律

为探究原料乳4 ℃冷藏期间细菌群落的变化规律,该研究使用Illumina Hiseq测序平台,对原料乳冷藏期间微生物变化及功能注释进行宏基因组学分析。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的延长,原料乳中的微生物在数量和种群构成上均发生了显著改变。冷藏72 h期间,优势菌群由不动杆菌属、链球菌属、无浆体属和梭菌属向黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属和乳球菌属逐渐演替。功能注释结果显示：复制重组修复、翻译/核糖体结构与生物发生、细胞壁/膜的生物发生、脂质代谢在冷藏前期相对丰度较高。氨基酸、碳水化合物的转运与代谢在冷藏后期相对丰度较高。其中脂质代谢与不动杆菌属显著相关（P<0.001）,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢与假单胞菌属显著相关（P<0.01）。研究表明冷藏原料乳中不动杆菌属及假单胞菌属对乳成分影响较大。通过控制冷藏原料乳有害微生物繁殖,能够维持乳成分稳定。研究结果可为生鲜乳保藏、液态乳灭菌控制、奶酪加工等提供理论依据。     

Composition and chemical changes during storage of fish meal from Capelin (Mallotus villosus)

The stability of fish meal depends on processing and storage conditions, but habitat and seasonal variations in composition and naturally occurring anti- and pro-oxidants may be equally important. Capelin meal from four different seasons was examined by measuring chemical composition and monitoring lipid oxidation during storage. The results revealed that lipid content was high in the summer but low in the spring. It was further demonstrated that among naturally occurring antioxidants, astaxanthin was high during summer, whereas alpha-tocopherol was highest in spring. Mineral content varied, with a high copper content in the summer, whereas iron, selenium, and zinc were highest in the winter. Measurements on the stability of capelin meal indicated a decrease in peroxide values, oxygen uptake, and thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds with storage, whereas browning and CO concentration increased with time. Rancidity was highest in autumn, but free fatty acids were highest during spring and summer.     

Sensory and chemical changes in tomato sauces during storage

The present work aimed to identify the key odorants of tomato sauces responsible for the flavor change during storage. Products made from paste or canned tomatoes were stored at 25 and 40 degrees C. Sensory properties and quantification of the key odorants were measured and correlated. Significant sensory changes appeared after 1 and 3 months at 25 degrees C in the respective dice and paste sauces (p < 0.01). The dice sauce was characterized by a steep loss of the sensory quality during the early storage and then by identical changes within the same time span at 25 and 40 degrees C. In the paste sauce the sensory deterioration was slower than for the dice sauce and occurred more extensively at 40 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. Correlation between sensory and instrumental data revealed that the source of sensory changes should be (E,E)-deca-2,4-dienal in the dice sauce. The sensory change in the paste sauce could be due to acetaldehyde, methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, oct-1-en-3-one, 3-methylbutanoic acid, deca-2,4-dienal, 2-methoxyphenol, and beta-damascenone.     

Molecular changes in soy and wheat breads during storage as probed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Addition of raw ground almond has been shown to improve loaf quality (e.g., loaf specific volume) of soy bread. To better understand the effects of almond addition to soy bread and to follow these through storage, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy relaxation times and cross-relaxation experiments were performed. Spin-spin relaxation times of water protons were similar for the two soy breads, and therefore changes of water interactions with the other components of the soy breads (with and without almond) were not considered to be major contributors to the differences in loaf quality observed between these breads. Additionally, T2 values of water protons were found to have a similar decreasing trend during storage, especially up to day 3, for all of the products studied. On the other hand, during storage, lipid proton relaxation times exhibited only small changes in wheat and regular soy bread, whereas the soy-almond bread showed a major decrease of lipid proton mobility in particular after day 3 and up to day 10. These findings may indicate that, after a few days of storage, the lipid fraction contributes to better plasticization of the soy bread with almond, which can affect acceptability and storage stability of the final product. Thus, the higher amount of lipids introduced in the almond-enriched soy bread is likely to be responsible for the improved loaf quality and may significantly affect shelf stability of the soy-containing product.     

Development of milk powder reference materials certified for aflatoxin M1 content (Part II): Certification of milk powder RM 283

The development of a full cream milk powder reference material, certified for its aflatoxin M1 content (target concentration: 0.1 microgram/kg), is described. The material (RM 283) was prepared and certified within the Reference Material Programme of the Community Bureau of Reference, along with other members of a series of milk powder reference materials. Homogeneity, evaluated by determining the aflatoxin M1 content of 30 units, was found to be acceptable (coefficient of variation of analysis results: 9.1%); stability has been demonstrated in a long-term study. The certification exercise involved 7 laboratories. Calibration, control of recoveries, blank values, and independence of the replicate measurements were emphasized. All sets of results of the certification exercise were accepted for statistical evaluation. A certified value for the aflatoxin M1 content: 0.09(+0.04)(-0.02) micrograms/kg was derived. The certification of RM 283 completes the series of 4 milk powder reference materials having certified aflatoxin M1 contents.     

Changes in the volatile compounds and chemical and physical properties of Kuerle fragrant pear (Pyrus serotina Reld) during storage

Volatiles from stored Kuerle fragrant pears (Pyrus serotina Reld) were studied using high-resolution gas chromatography and the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The dominant components were hexanal, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethanol, alpha-farnesene, butyl acetate, and ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate. By using GC-olfactometry, it demonstrated that the volatile compounds from SPME were responsible for the aroma of the Kuerle fragrant pear. The levels of sugars, organic acids, and phenolic acids in Kuerle fragrant pears were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fructose was the dominant sugar, followed by glucose and sucrose. With increasing storage time, sucrose levels decreased; however, changes in fructose and glucose levels were not remarkable. There was a slight decrease in flesh firmness during storage. The general soluble solids concentration (SSC) declined slightly after 5 months storage. Some aroma-related volatile components increased during storage, while others decreased, especially the esters. The organic acids and phenolic acids also changed. The flavor of the Kuerle fragrant pears was affected by the change of volatile compounds and changes in chemical and physical properties.     

Rheological properties of concentrated skim milk: influence of heat treatment and genetic variants on the changes in viscosity during storage

Heat treatment during manufacturing of milk powder is one of the most important tools for manipulation of its functional properties, and it is the basis of the classification of these proteins into low-, medium-, and high-heat types. Slight differences in the sequences of the major proteins in milk (genetic variants) seem to have also a significant effect in milk powder processing (U.S. patent). Therefore, the effects of high-temperature storage and heat treatment on skim milk of defined genetic variants of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) were measured. The samples had 45% total solids, the temperature of aging was 50 degrees C, and the heat treatment was 90 degrees C for 10 min prior to evaporation. Measurements on shear rate and on apparent viscosity were determined for each sample. During storage of the concentrated milk, the apparent viscosity and yield values increased markedly, and the age-dependent increase in viscosity in heat-treated concentrated skim milks was much more pronounced than in those prepared from unheated skim milks. The increase in apparent viscosity and yield value with storage time was notably different for milks containing different genetic variants. Unheated concentrated milks containing the B variant of beta-LG showed the most rapid increase in apparent viscosity with storage time, whereas the viscosity increase was slowest in the concentrate containing the A variant. In contrast, heat-treated concentrated milks containing the A variant of beta-LG showed the most rapid increase in viscosity with storage time, whereas the viscosity increase was slowest in the concentrate containing the AB variant. The changes in apparent viscosity of concentrated milk were largely reversible under high shear during the early stages of storage, but samples stored for a long time showed irreversible changes in apparent viscosity. Particle size analysis confirmed irreversible aggregation and fusion of casein particles during storage.     

Chemical and biochemical changes during laboratory-scale composting of allelopathic plant leaves (Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camara)

Leaves of eupatorium and lantana were separately composted in the laboratory in two phases. The first phase was run for 28 days at 50°C inside a hot-air oven and the second phase at room temperature for more than 5 months. After composting, the C/N ratio of the dry matter fell from 13.4 and 12.9 to 8.2 and 9.2 in eupatorium and lantana, respectively. The nitrogen contents of composted materials increased by 43 and 29% in eupatorium and lantana, respectively. In both composts, ammonium contents were much higher than nitrate contents. The light absorbance at 665 nm by acetone extracts decreased by 39% in eupatorium in comparison to 87% in lantana. The total extractable lipid phosphate contents decreased in both composts from about 4 μmol (during the mid-thermophilic phase) to less than 0.5 μmol lipid phosphate g^–1 dry matter. After composting, germination bioassays with Chinese cabbage seeds showed nearly complete elimination of allelopathic potentials of both plant materials. However, the germination index of Dia sorghum indicated that eupatorium, but not lantana, compost still retained a significant inhibitory potential. Received: 5 March 1997     

Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes

Summary Castings of Eisenia fetida from sheep manure alone and mixed with cotton wastes analysed for their properties and chemical composition every 2 weeks for 3 months and compared with the same manures in the absence of earthworms. The results showed that earthworms accelerated the mineralization rate and converted the manures into castings with a higher nutritional value and degrees of humification. The castings obtained from manure mixed with cotton wastes exhibited good agronomic quality, suggesting that this kind of industrial residue may be used in vermicomposting.Work supported by Obra Social Caixa de Barcelona     

Behavior of protein in the presence of calcium during heating of whey protein concentrate solutions

The effect of added CaCl(2) on heat-induced changes in whey protein (WP) solutions prepared from whey protein isolate (WP1), acid whey protein concentrate (WP2), and cheese whey protein concentrate (WP3) was investigated. The loss of native-like, proteins, aggregation, and gel firmness of WP were maximum at certain levels of added CaCl(2). These levels were different for different WP products. The effect of added CaCl(2) on these changes appeared to be related to the initial calcium concentrations of these solutions. The higher the calcium content of the product, the less available sites for added CaCl(2) to bind. It was considered that addition of CaCl(2) changed the types of protein interactions that formed the protein aggregates during heating. Added calcium caused dramatic decreases in fracture stress of WP gels due to the formation of large protein aggregates.     

Monitoring chemical and physical changes during thermal flavor generation

On-line techniques were developed to monitor chemical and physical changes occurring during the heating of skim milk powder (SMP). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCIMS) followed the generation and release of volatile compounds from SMP in a packed-bed reactor. Operating conditions were optimized to avoid condensation of high boiling compounds such as maltol, and the system was highly reproducible (CV < 7%). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of SMP identified a potential glass transition at an onset temperature of 67.9 degrees C and a series of exothermic events that were related to different stages of the Maillard reaction. No lactose crystallization was found after heating. Using a heated stage reflectance FTIR device, spectra were obtained at different temperatures. Analysis of the data showed a correlation between the intensity ratio at wavenumbers 1017 and 1064 cm(-1) and the glass transition measured by DSC. This FTIR system was not sensitive enough to detect Maillard intermediates. Combining data from the three techniques provides a fuller picture of the physical changes during the Maillard reaction and their effects on the chemical reactions.     

糙米储藏过程中生理生化指标变化动力学研究

为了探讨糙米储藏品质指标的变化规律及有效控制糙米仓储流通过程中的品质变化,选择两个粳型糙米样品进行实验室模拟低温、常温及高温储藏,条件分别为15℃、25℃及35℃,湿度为75%,储期为210 d,每30 d取样1次,测定储藏过程中发芽率、生活力及脂肪酸值三项生理生化指标变化趋势并做动力学分析。结果显示,随储藏时间的延长,样品的发芽率、生活力均呈下降趋势,且储藏温度越高下降趋势越明显,脂肪酸值在各储藏条件下随着储藏时间的延长均呈上升趋势。对各指标进行动力学分析后显示,一级动力学模型可以很好反映这三项指标的变化,并且糙米储藏中脂肪酸值的增加、发芽率及生活力的衰减随绝对温度倒数的变化均符合Arrhenius方程,这三项指标在储藏过程中均属于需能反应（△G＞0）。不同糙米品种相对应的活化能存在差异,辽星样品的三项指标反应活化均高于盐丰样品,且同一糙米品种的生活力与发芽率的活化能明显高于脂肪酸值的。     

糙米储藏陈化过程中生理生化指标变化特性

为了探讨糙米储藏品质指标的变化规律及有效控制糙米仓储流通过程中的品质变化,选择2个粳型糙米样品进行实验室模拟低温、常温及高温储藏,条件分别为15、25及35℃,相对湿度为75%,储期为210 d,每30 d取样1次,测定储藏过程中发芽率、生活力及脂肪酸值3项生理生化指标变化趋势并做动力学分析。结果显示,随储藏时间的延长,样品的发芽率、生活力这2项指标均呈下降趋势,且储藏温度越高下降趋势越剧烈,脂肪酸值在各储藏条件下随着储藏时间的延长均呈上升趋势。对各指标进行动力学分析后显示,一级动力学模型可以很好反映这3项指标的变化,并且糙米储藏中脂肪酸值的增加、发芽率及生活力的衰减随绝对温度倒数的变化均符合Arrhenius方程。这3项指标在储藏过程中均属于需能反应（DG＞0）,不同糙米品种相对应的活化能存在差异,辽星样品的3项指标反应活化均高于盐丰样品,且同一糙米品种的生活力与发芽率的活化能明显高于脂肪酸值。陈化动力学的运用可为仓储流通过程中糙米品质变化的预测和控制提供理论依据。     

Flavonoids in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): changes during plant growth and storage

The variation in flavonoid concentration and composition was investigated in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cv. Emilia sown on three occasions, each harvested at three growth stages at 6-day intervals. After harvest, leaves were stored in polypropylene bags at 2 or 10 degrees C. Flavonoids were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC. Twelve flavonoid peaks were detected. The main flavonoid, making up on average 43% of the total flavonoid concentration, was identified as 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6:7-methylenedioxyflavone-4'-glucuronide. Four other flavonoids each contributed 7-12% of the total flavonoid content. Total flavonoid content was relatively stable during normal retail storage conditions, although some of the individual flavonoid compounds showed considerable variation. The youngest plants had the highest flavonoid concentration, indicating that by harvesting the baby spinach a few days earlier than the current commercial stage of harvest, the flavonoid concentration in the product may be increased and the content of potentially health-promoting compounds enhanced.     

Chemical and physical fractions of manganese in soil during intensive ryegrass cropping

Abstract

Ryegrass was grown under greenhouse conditions in pots containing two types of calcareous soil. After 8 harvests, the soil was left in the pots for a simulated fallow period, then reseeded with ryegrass, from which 4 further harvests were obtained. The manganese (Mn) content in the soil samples, taken before seeding and after intensive cropping, was fractionated chemically and physically. Although different trends were apparent in the different fractions, ryegrass cropping enhanced the overall mobilization of soil Mn, which easily surpassed the cumulative Mn uptake. The organically bound Mn and clay‐associated Mn fractions released significant amounts of the element, whereas the behavior of exchangeable Mn, Fe‐oxide associated Mn and sand‐associated Mn fractions varied in the two different soils studied. The silt‐associated Mn fractions increased significantly in both soils.